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THE 

CLASSICS  OF  INTERNATIONAL  LAW 

EDITED  BY 

James  Brown  Scott 

Member  of  the  Institute  of  International  Law 
Secretary  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 


De  Jure  et  Officiis  Bellicis  et  Disciplina  Militari  Libri  III 

By  Balthazar  Ayala 

Jurisconsult  and  Judge  Advocate  General  of  the  Royal  Army  in  the  Low  Countries 

Edited  by  John  Westlake,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L.,  K.  C. 

Late  IVhewell  Professor  of  International  Law  in  the  University  of  Cambridge 
Honorary  President  of  the  Institute  of  International  Law 

Vol.     \.     Reproduction  of  the  First  Edition,  with  Introduction 
by  John  Westlake. 

Vol.  II.     Translation  of  the  Text,  by  John  Pawley  Bate,  with 
Translator's  Note  and  Index  of  Citations. 


Original  Edition  Photographed  by  The  University  Press,  Oxford 

Photo-Reproduction  by  The  Columbia  Planograph  Co.,  Washington 

Typography  by  The  Lord  Baltimore  Press,  Baltimore 

2a 


PREFACE. 

The  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington  has  undertaken  the 
republication  of  the  leading  classics  of  International  Law  and  the 
present  volume,  edited  by  the  distinguished  publicist  Professor 
John  Westlake,  is  the  second  of  a  comprehensive  series. 

The  grounds  for  including  Ayala's  treatise  De  Jure  et  Officiis 
Bellicis  et  Disciplina  Militari  are  sufficiently  set  forth  by  Pro- 
fessor Westlake  in  his  introduction.  The  original  text  is  exceed- 
ingly difficult  to  procure  and  has  not  hitherto  been  translated 
into  English.  The  photographic  reproduction  places  the  work 
within  the  hands  of  scholars  of  any  and  all  countries,  and  the 
faithful  and  literary  translation  by  Mr.  John  Pawley  Bate  makes 
its  mastery  an  easy  matter  to  the  English-speaking  world. 

One  reason  for  republishing  the  classics  of  International  Law 
is  the  difficulty  of  procuring  the  texts  in  convenient  form  for 
scientific  study;  the  libraries  in  the  United  States  have  been 
searched  with  the  result  that  few  of  the  earlier  works  were  to  be 
found.  Another  reason  is  that  some  of  the  works  selected  for 
republication  have  never  been  translated  into  English.  The 
American  publicist  is  therefore  at  a  disadvantage  in  consulting 
works  of  admitted  authority,  and  when  found  they  are,  as  it  were, 
sealed  books  to  all  but  trained  Latinists.  The  specialist  is  thus 
forced  to  rely  upon  summary  statements  and  references  to  them 
to  be  found  in  treatises  on  International  Law,  or  is  driven  to 
examine  them  in  European  Libraries,  often  a  difficult  task,  while 
the  general  reader  is  practically  barred  from  the  stores  of  knowl- 
edge locked  up  in  the  earlier  works  on  the  Law  of  Nations.  The 
same  difficulty  exists  in  Latin  America,  Japan,  and  in  a  lesser 
degree  in  many  European  countries. 

Eminent  publicists,  European  and  American,  who  have  been 
consulted  as  to  the  usefulness  of  the  plan  to  republish  the  Classics, 
have  indorsed  the  project  and  have  pledged  their  personal  co- 
operation.   The  works  to  be  included  in  the  series  have  not  only 

30 


been  approved  but  suggested  by  them,  so  that  the  undertaking  is 
international  in  scope,  in  selection,  and  in  execution. 

The  underlying  principle  of  selection  has  been  to  reissue  those 
works  which  can  be  said  to  have  contributed  either  to  the  origin 
or  to  the  growth  of  International  Law  and  the  term  classic  has 
been  used  in  the  broad  rather  than  in  the  narrow  sense,  so  that 
no  work  will  be  omitted  which  can  be  said  to  have  contributed  to 
the  origin  or  growth  of  the  Law  of  Nations.  The  masterpieces 
of  Grotius  will  naturally  be  the  central  point  in  the  series,  but 
the  works  of  his  leading  predecessors  and  successors  will  likewise 
be  included.  The  text  of  each  author  will  be  reproduced  photo- 
graphically, so  as  to  lay  the  source  before  the  reader  without  the 
mistakes  which  might  creep  into  a  newly  printed  text.  In  the 
case  of  the  early  authors  the  photographed  text  will  be  accom- 
panied by  a  revised  text  whenever  that  course  shall  seem  de- 
sirable. An  Introduction  will  be  prefixed  to  each  work,  giving 
the  necessary  biographical  details  and  stating  the  importance  of 
the  text  and  its  place  in  International  Law;  tables  of  errata  will 
be  added,  and  notes  deemed  necessary  to  clear  up  doubts  and 
ambiguities  or  to  correct  mistakes  in  the  text  will  be  supplied. 
Variations  in  successive  editions  of  the  text  published  in  the 
author's  lifetime  will  be  noted,  but  little  or  nothing  in  the  nature 
of  historical  commentary  will  be  furnished. 

Each  work  will  be  accompanied  by  an  English  version  made 
expressly  for  the  series  by  a  competent  translator. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  series  will  enable  general  readers  as  well  as 
specialists  to  trace  International  Law  from  its  faint  and  uncon- 
scious beginnings  to  its  present  ample  proportions  and  to  forecast 
with  some  degree  of  certainty  its  future  development  into  that  law 
which  Mirabeau  tells  us  will  one  day  rule  the  world. 

James  Brown  Scott, 

General  Editor. 

Jraslilngton,  D,  C,  September  I,  igi2. 


Aa 


^lait  PI  l^Omtt  X*ea  r  Ik». 


iDi.XXXF.&  .^t.  XXXVI 


27- 


BALTHASAR  AYALA  I.CET  SENATOR 
REGIVS  MACHLINIENSIS. 

Ff L JX  ln££n!.o ,  rethor  ^niVIs  ,  at'te  dlsertVs 
Lln^Is^e ,  ct    QhtarVs  IVre  ptrliVs   erat . 

R^jjIVs  In  beLLo  IVdcX .  desCrlpsIt ,  et  iLLa 
BeLLJCa  ,  (^r   ir(^aLl ,  IVra    hlLaiiCe  dahat : 

PrlnCIpIhVs^c  VJrh  ^raiVs  ,  dfCoratVs  hoiuiro 
officio  ,    seros     oCCIdlt    ante    dies  . 

///./  Jr  UWrl   Syniliiut    4neuri/i 


BALTHAZARIS  AYALAE 

I.  C.  et  Exercitus  Regii  apud  Belgas  Supremi  Juridici 
De  Jure  et  Officiis  Bellicis  et  Disciplina  Militari 

Libri  III 


EDITED  BY 

John  Westlake,  LL.  D.,  Cambridge,   K.  C. 

Late  PFhewell  Professor  of  International  Law  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge 

Hon.  D.  C.  L.  Oxford,  Hon.  LL.  D.  Edinburgh 

Late  Member  of  the  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration  at  the  Hague 

Late  President  of  the  Institute  of  International  Law 

Honorary  President  of  the  Institute  of  International  Law 


VOLUME   ONE 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

Published  by  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington 
1912 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Volume  I. 

pages 

1 .  Preface,  by  General  Editor 3^-4^ 

2.  Introduction,  by  John  Westlake i-xxvii 

3.  Epistola  Dedicatoria,  Praefatio  de  Jure  Belli,  Enumeratio  Capitum, 

and  de  Jure  et  Officiis  Bellicis  et  Disciplina  Militari  Libri  III 1-226 

4.  Note   on  Corrections  of  the    Text    and    Errors   in    the    Marginal 

References 227 

The  text  here  reproduced  was  photographed  from  a  copy  of  the  original 
edition  of  1582,  belonging  to  the  library  at  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  and 
loaned  to  the  University  Press  for  the  purpose  of  photographing. 

The  portrait  of  Ayala  given  in  this  volume  has  been  reproduced  by  photog- 
raphy from  one  found  in  a  volume  of  portraits  of  Belgian  authors,  published  at 
Antwerp  in  1608,  with  the  title  Illustrium  Galliae  Belgicae  Scriptorum  hones  et 
Elogia:  ex  Musaeo  Auberti  Mirae  Canonici  Antwerp. 


Volume  1 1. 

pages 

1.  Translator's  Note  on  Corrections  of  the  Text,  Errors  in  the  Marginal 

References  and  Mode  of  Citation  adopted  in  the  Translation; 

and  classified  List  of  Authorities Ja-iOa 

2.  Translation  of  Epistola  Dedicatoria,   Praefatio  de  Jure  Belli,  Enum- 

eratio Capitum,  and   de  Jure  et   Officiis   Bellicis   et    Disciplina 
Militari  Libri  III i-xii  and  3--46 

3.  Index  of  Citations 247-250 


•7a 


INTRODUCTION. 


I. 

Ayala;  and  Book  I,  Chapter  1. 

In  a  celebrated  passage  of  the  prolegomena  or  preface  to  his 
great  work,  §  37,  Grotius  mentions  a  number  of  books  which  he 
had  seen,  some  by  theologians  and  some  by  doctors  of  law,  treat- 
ing specially  on  the  jus  belli,  an  expression  not  adequately  trans- 
latable in  any  short  English  form.    Besides  the  laws  of  war,  that 
is,  the  rules  according  to  which  it  ought  to  be  carried  on,  it  in- 
cludes all  that  relates  to  the  place  of  war  in  a  philosophical  system 
of  human  life  and  conduct.    And  these  predecessors  he  condemns, 
all  of  them  because  they  had  said  so  little  on  a  very  wide  subject, 
most  of  them  also  because  they  had  mixed  up  in  disorderly  con- 
fusion things  belonging  to  natural,  divine,  state  or  canon  law,  or 
to  the  received  law  of  nations  (jus  gentium).    He  goes  on  in  §  38 
to  name  three  others  who  had  attempted  to  supply  what  was  most 
lacking  in  the  first  mentioned,  the  light  thrown  by  history;  but  of 
these  he  at  once  dismisses  Faber  as  not  having  enunciated  propo- 
sitions to  which  his  citations  might  applii,  ^while  the  other  two, 
Balthazar  Ayala  and  Albericus  Gentilis,  had  referred  the  ex- 
amples cited  by  them  to  certain  propositions  laid  down  by  them. 
Grotius  then  admits  his  indebtedness  to  the  industry  of  Gentilis, 
though  he  leaves  readers  to  form  their  own  judgment  on  the 
doctrinal  use  to  which  Gentilis  put  his  collections.    Of  Ayala  he 
only  says — and,  as  we  shall  see,  incorrectly — that  he  did  not  touch 
the  causes  for  which  a  war  is  called  just  or  unjust.    If  these  notices 
do  not  amount  to  praise,  at  least  they  show  that  Grotius  agreed 
with  general  opinion  in  marking  Ayala  and  Gentilis  as  his  two 
chief  predecessors  in  what  is  now  called  international  law.    And 
in  any  comparison  of  their  merits  Ayala  claims  our  sympathy  and 


11 


our  excuse  for  his  shortcomings,  as  being  the  first  in  time.  He 
died  in  1584,  the  year  before  the  publication  of  Gentilis's  first 
book,  de  Legationibus  libri  tres.  How  early  they  both  were  in 
relation  to  the  development  of  thought  on  their  subject  will  be 
seen  from  the  fact  that  it  was  not  till  161 2,  after  the  deaths  of 
both,  that  Suarez,  the  greatest  of  Grotius's  predecessors  in  the 
philosophy  of  law,  published  his  Tractatus  de  Legibus  et  de  Deo 
Legtslatore. 

Balthazar  de  Ayala  was  born  a  subject  of  the  Emperor  Charles 
the  Fifth,  at  Antwerp  in  1548.  His  father,  Don  Diego  de  Ayala, 
was  a  native  of  Burgos  in  Spain,  and  had  obtained  the  rights 
of  citizenship  at  Antwerp  in  1531-1532.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  Charles  de  Renialme,  a  licentiate  in  law  and  an 
Alderman  {echevin)  of  the  same  city  in  1531,  1532  and  1534. 
Thus  Balthazar  had  ties  with  each  of  the  principal  parts  of  the 
vast  dominions  of  Charles  and  his  son  Philip,  but  he  was  essen- 
tially a  Netherlander  {Beige).  He  had  arrived  at  years  of  dis- 
cretion when  in  the  disturbances  of  1566  the  Netherlands  began 
to  be  convulsed  by  the  struggle  for  civil  and  religious  liberty, 
and  at  years  of  manhood  when  in  1572  the  insurrection  was 
placed  on  a  firm  footing  through  the  seizure  of  the  port  of  Brill 
by  the  Sea-Beggars  (gueux  de  la  mer).  But  neither  Balthazar 
nor  any  of  his  family  appears  at  all  to  have  doubted  which  side 
they  should  take.  His  brother  Gregory  was  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  Brabant.  His  brother  Philip  was  Spanish  ambassador 
at  the  court  of  Henry  the  Fourth  of  France,  and  afterwards  held 
an  important  place  in  the  financial  administration  of  the  Nether- 
lands under  the  Archduke  Albert.  His  first  cousin,  Gabriel  de 
Ayala,  doctor  of  medicine  of  the  University  of  Louvain,  became 
the  public  medical  officer  (medecin  pensionnaire)  of  the  city  of 
Brussels,  and  published  a  volume  of  epigrams  in  Latin  verse.  A 
relation,  the  Canon  de  Ayala,  was  a  correspondent  of  Cardinal 
Granvelle  and  was  employed  by  the  Netherland  bishops  as  their 
agent  at  Rome.  Balthazar  himself  became  a  licentiate  of  law  in 
the  University  of  Louvain,  and  we  may  conjecture  that  he  spent 
some  time  there  in  the  acquisition  of  the  learning  of  which  his 
book  is  full. 


Ill 


The  Netherlands  military  service  was  distinct  from  the  Span- 
ish, as  might  be  expected  from  the  fact  that  Charles  the  Fifth  and 
Philip  the  Second  held  the  Netherlands — that  is,  the  Burgundian 
inheritance  completed  by  the  acquisitions  made  by  Charles  on 
the  defeat  of  the  Schmalkaldic  League — in  a  merely  personal 
union  with  the  crown  of  Spain.  In  1553  Charles  created  for  the 
military  forces  of  the  Netherlands  two  great  officers,  the  auditor 
and  the  captain  of  justice.  The  character  of  the  former  office 
may  be  learnt  from  the  commission  of  its  first  holder,  Doctor 
Stratius,  in  which  it  is  said  that  "  in  order  that  we  may  be  the 
better  able  to  keep  our  said  army  in  good  discipline  and  justice, 
we  have  found  it  necessary  to  commission  some  scholarly  person 
(personnaige  de  lettres)^  learned  and  experienced  in  the  matter 
of  justice,  to  be  with  our  captain-general  of  our  said  army,  and 
under  him  to  execute  the  office  of  auditor  of  the  camp  and  give 
him  good  advice  and  counsel  in  what  shall  concern  justice  ".  The 
term  captain-general  was  combined  with  that  of  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor to  form  the  title  of  the  king's  representative  in  the  Nether- 
lands, as  in  Ayala's  dedication  of  this  book  we  find  it  applied  to 
the  Prince  of  Parma  in  its  Latin  form  of  imperator.  Thus  the 
auditor,  as  military  judge  and  judicial  adviser  of  the  chief  of  the 
army,  held  a  position  similar  to  that  of  the  English  judge-advo- 
cate-general, and  in  one  respect  with  more  extensive  attributes. 
For  while  the  rule  in  the  Netherlands  was  that  soldiers  were 
tried  for  common  crimes,  not  depending  on  the  quality  of  a 
soldier,  by  the  jurisdictions  to  which  they  were  subject  in  their 
civil  capacity,  an  exception  was  made  for  foreign  soldiers  and 
their  servants  who,  if  they  did  not  fall  under  the  special  jurisdic- 
tion existing  for  persons  attached  to  the  court,  were  tried  for  all 
crimes  by  the  military  judge.  Under  this  system  the  employment 
of  Spanish  troops  in  the  Netherlands  must  have  made  a  consid- 
erable addition  to  the  duties  of  the  auditor.* 

To  this  military  auditorship  Ayala  was  appointed  at  the  age 
of  thirty-two,  doubtless  in  consequence  at  once  of  family  interest 
and  of  the  reputation  earned  by  his  studies.     The  following 


*  Defacoz,  Ancien  Droit  Belgique,  t.  i,  pp.  80,  81 ;  citing  an  ordinance  of  the  Duke  of  Alba, 
dated  5th  July  1570. 


IV 

minute  of  his  commission,  preserved  in  the  state  archives  of  the 
kingdom  of  Belgium,  is  dated  at  Mons,  27th  May  1580: 

Philip  etc.  to  all  who  shall  see  these  presents  sends  greeting.  Since 
in  order  to  guard,  preserve  and  defend  our  countries  on  this  side  [the 
Netherlands,  as  dlstiugtiished  froin  Spain,  Naples  etc.]  from  the  enter- 
prises and  invasions  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  and  other  heretics  his 
adherents,  and  to  recover  the  countries,  towns  and  places  which  they 
occupy  unjustly  and  against  all  right,  divine  and  human,  we  are  now 
preparing  a  camp,  and  an  army  of  men  of  war  both  horse  and  foot, 
under  our  very  dear  and  well  beloved  good  nephew  the  Prince  of 
Parma  and  Piacenza,  lieutenant-governor  and  captain-general  of  these 
countries; 

And  since  in  order  that  we  may  be  so  much  the  better  able  to  keep 
that  army  in  good  discipline  and  justice,  we  have  found  it  very  requisite 
and  necessary  to  commission  some  scholarly  person,  learned  and  experi- 
enced in  the  matter  of  justice,  to  execute  in  It  the  office  of  judge-advocate- 
general  of  the  camp  [//  ivill  he  noticed  that  this  paragraph  has  become 
common  form]  ; 

We  make  it  known  that,  considering  this  and  desiring  to  provide  for 
the  advancement  of  the  said  justice  and  the  maintenance  of  good  mili- 
tary discipline,  and  fully  confiding  in  the  sense,  scholarship  {literature)  ^ 
loyalty,  diligence  and  experience  of  our  well  beloved  Master  Baltasar 
d'Ayala,  licentiate  in  the  laws,  we  have,  by  the  determination  of  our 
said  good  nephew  the  Prince  of  Parma  etc.  retained,  commissioned  and 
ordered,  and  do  by  these  presents  retain,  commission  and  order  him  to 
the  said  situation  and  office  of  judge-advocate-general  of  our  said  camp 
and  army,  giving  him  full  power  and  authority  and  special  command- 
ment to  execute  and  perform  that  office,  to  give  advice  and  counsel  to 
our  aforesaid  good  nephew  the  Prince  of  Parma  and  others  whom  it 
may  concern  in  matters  concerning  justice,  as  he  shall  find  to  be  accord- 
ing to  right  and  reason  and  conformable  to  our  proclamations  and 
ordinances  issued  and  to  be  issued  thereanent,  and  for  the  rest  to  do  well 
and  duly  all  that  a  good  and  loyal  judge-advocate-general  of  the  said 
camp  can  and  ought  to  do,  and  that  is  competent  and  belongs  to  the 
matter; 

At  such  wages  and  emoluments  as  by  our  further  letters  patent  shall 
be  taxed  and  ordered  on  that  behalf. 

The  minute  then  goes  on  to  direct  Ayala  to  take  the  appropriate 
oath,  which  is  to  include  a  denial  of  all  bribery  for  obtaining  the 
said  office,  always  excepting  the  accustomed  fees  of  the  Sieur  de 
Hauteville,  state  and  privy  councillor,  who  on  receiving  the  said 
oath  is  to  induct  Ayala  into  his  office. 


By  a  further  order,  dated  at  Mons,  ist  August  1580,  there  are 
appointed  for  Ayala,  by  the  month  of  thirty  days,  a  hundred 
florins  for  himself  and  sixteen  each  for  a  clerk,  two  Serjeants  and 
an  executioner,  for  the  whole  of  which  hundred  and  sixty-four 
florins  Ayala  is  to  give  a  receipt  together  with  an  attestation  of 
his  having  had  the  said  officers  in  his  service. 

Three  years  later  Ayala  received  an  accession  of  power  and 
dignity.  By  an  order  dated  at  Tournai,  20th  January  1583,  the 
Prince  of  Parma  appointed  him,  on  the  death  of  Jehan  aux 
Truyes,  a  member  of  the  great  council  and  master  of  requests  in 
ordinary,  his  oath  of  office  to  be  sworn  before  the  president  of  that 
council.  But  by  another  order,  dated  at  Tournai,  4th  April  1583, 
reciting  that  the  service  of  His  Majesty,  on  which  in  his  character 
of  auditor-general  Ayala  was  then  employed  near  the  person  of 
the  prince,  did  not  permit  his  going  to  take  the  oath  at  Namur— to 
which  place  the  great  council  had  been  transferred  from  its  usual 
seat  at  Mechlin,  in  consequence  of  the  occupation  of  the  latter  city 
by  the  forces  of  the  prince  of  Orange— he  is  permitted  to  swear 
it  before  the  president  of  the  privy  council,  and  is  confirmed  in 
the  receipt  of  the  salary  of  his  new  offices  notwithstanding  his  not 
being  resident  at  Namur  to  perform  the  duties  of  a  member  of 
the  great  council. 

It  would  indeed  seem  that  the  auditor-general  had  his  place  so 
fixed  at  the  side  of  the  captain-general  that  he  required  a  special 
command  to  absent  himself,  in  order  to  perform  elsewhere  even 
duties  appertaining  to  that  office.  Thus  we  find  an  order  of  the 
prince  directing  all  officials  to  assist  Ayala  in  the  execution  of  a 
command  which  he  had  received  to  accompany  the  Count  of 
Reulx  to  Louvain,  Aerschot,  Liege,  Maestricht  and  other  places, 
in  order  to  enquire  into  the  disorders  committed  by  the  troops 
there  in  garrison,  particularly  the  outrages  which  they  had  done 
to  the  commissioners  of  musters,  and  to  correct  and  chastise  those 
whom  he  should  find  guilty.  Thus  Ayala's  public  avocations 
must  not  only  have  been  engrossing,  but  also,  as  he  followed  the 
headquarters  of  the  army  from  place  to  place,  must  have  kept 
him  at  a  distance  from  libraries.  In  the  time  which  intervened 
between  his  appointment  and  the  dedication  of  his  book,  which  is 
dated  from  the  camp  before  Tournai,  31st  October  1581,  he  can 


VI 

scarcely  have  done  more  than  put  in  order  the  notes  which  he 
had  collected  before  his  appointment,  and  the  three  years  which 
remained  of  his  life  did  not  allow  him  to  render  any  further 
service  to  legal  literature.  He  died,  Nys  tells  us,  "  at  Alost,  ist 
September  1584,  according  to  the  authorities,  but  in  August,  if 
we  follow  the  text  of  his  successor's  commission,  which  is  dated 
the  20th  of  that  month.  He  left  a  natural  daughter,  Barbe,  who 
married  Henry  Zoes,  professor  of  law  at  Louvain,  one  of  the  good 
Belgian  jurists  of  the  period,  who  died  in  1627."  * 

The  impression  at  once  derived  from  reading  the  work  of 
Ayala  is  that  it  is  not  a  treatise  of  w^hich  the  system  and  the  parts 
have  been  logically  thought  out,  and  of  which  the  conclusions  are 
supported  by  the  authorities  cited,  but  a  mass  of  authorities  and 
examples  collected  from  all  ages  and  sources,  arranged  under  the 
heads  supplied  by  their  tenour,  and  accompanied  by  the  author's 
determinations  on  those  heads.  The  learning  is  ^rst  and  the 
thought  second.  This  however  does  not  seem  to  be  attributable 
to  any  deficiency  of  the  author,  except  in  the  sense  that  Ayala 
certainly  had  not  an  original  mind.  His  thought  ran  on  the  lines 
which  had  been  handed  down  for  many  ages,  and  demanded  no 
rearrangement  of  the  traditional  sign-posts  by  which  its  course 
was  marked  out.  It  must  be  believed  that  his  authorities  had 
been  collected  during  the  years  which  preceded  his  appointment 
as  judge-advocate-general,  in  view  of  a  work  to  be  carefully  pre- 
pared, and  that  when  the  press  of  official  business  interfered  with 
careful  preparation  he  deemed  it  better  to  throw  his  materials 
together  into  such  form  as  he  could  speedily  give  them,  than  to 
delay,  and  perhaps  risk  altogether,  the  publication  of  much  that 
was  especially  appropriate  to  the  time.  The  want  of  final  polish 
in  arrangement  is  thus  easily  accounted  for  and  condoned,  but 
the  nature  of  the  author's  mind  stands  out  not  the  less  clearly. 

The  question  of  Ayala's  character  is  no  less  interesting  than 
that  of  his  mind.  Can  we  trace  what  it  was  in  the  times  in  which 
he  lived  that  most  excited  his  grief  or  displeasure,  and  to  which 

*  We  must  acknowledge  our  great  indebtedness  to  the  work  of  M.  Ernest  Njs,  now  a 
professor  at  the  university  of  Brussels  and  a  member  both  of  the  Belgian  court  of  appeal  in 
that  city  and  of  the  permanent  international  court  of  arbitration  at  the  Hague,  Le  droit  de  la 
Guerre  et  les  Precurseurs  de  Grotius,  1882,  pp.  173-182.  Besides  other  information  we  owe  to 
this  source  the  ofRcial  documents  which  we  have  translated  or  summarized. 


Vll 

he  most  earnestly  desired  to  bring  some  remedy?  The  answer 
to  this  question  may  be  learnt  from  the  dedication  and  the  preface, 
which,  though  no  doubt  the  last  parts  of  the  book  to  be  written, 
disclose  for  that  reason  the  thoughts  of  which  the  abiding  force 
dwelt  with  the  writer  when  the  details  of  his  subject  had  been 
dismissed.  Of  Ayala's  dedication  to  the  Prince  of  Parma  the 
key-note  is  the  necessity  of  maintaining  ancient  institutions,  and  of 
his  preface  the  key-note  is  the  necessity  of  maintaining  justice. 
These,  and  not  reason  or  humanity,  were  his  dominant  considera- 
tions. His  spirit  was  conservative  and  stern.'  Against  innovation 
he  would  make  a  stand.  In  accordance  with  this  bent  we  find  that 
the  first  of  the  three  books  into  which  his  work  is  divided  begins 
with  the  statement  that,  as  the  Romans  were  in  all  things  careful 
to  study  law,  they  followed  that  habit  in  declaring  war  no  less 
than  in  the  things  of  peace,  and  that  their  constant  success  in  war 
was  the  result  of  it.  He  then  devotes  the  opening  chapter  to  the 
existence  of  the  Roman  fecials  as  a  body  to  which  the  form  of 
commencing  war  was  entrusted,  the  fixed  law  which  they  ob- 
served with  regard  to  that  and  to  the  other  ceremonies  relating  to 
war,  and  the  Roman  respect  for  such  law. 


II. 

Book  I,  Chapter  2. 

We  will  now  notice  the  most  remarkable  among  the  further 
contents  of  the  work  here  offered  to  the  reader,  in  the  order  of 
the  text. 

It  will  be  well  to  premise  that  the  three  books  into  which  it  is 
divided  were  evidently  intended  to  bear  titles  corresponding  to 
the  divisions  implied  in  the  general  title — De  Jure  Belli,  De 
Officiis  Bellicis,  and  De  Disciplina  Militari.  In  each  book  each 
chapter  except  the  first  has  a  title  of  its  own,  while  to  the  first 
there  is  prefixed,  in  the  case  of  the  second  and  third  books,  the 
special  title  of  the  book,  De  Officiis  Bellicis  or  De  Disciplina 
Militari.  In  the  case  of  the  first  book  the  title  which  occupies 
the  corresponding  position  is  not,  as  it  should  have  been  by 
analogy,  De  Jure  Belli,  but  that  which  logically  belongs  to  it 
as  expressing  the  substance  of  the  chapter — De  Ratione  Belli 
Indicendi  aliisque  Caerimoniis  Bellicis  quae  antiquo  jure  feciali 
proditae  fuerunt.  There  is  thus  some  confusion,  which  may  have 
been  made  either  by  Ayala  in  putting  his  papers  together,  or  by 
the  printer,  who  may  have  been  led  to  omit  De  Jure  Belli  as  the 
title  of  the  first  book  because  that  form  does  not  appear  sepa- 
rately in  the  general  title  of  the  work. 

It  must  also  be  premised  that  the  division  of  each  chapter  into 
sections,  quoted  here  as  §  §  ,  is  made  by  figures  in  the  margin 
which  are  not  placed  accurately  opposite  breaks  in  the  context, 
or  even  opposite  the  ends  of  sentences.  Their  length  is  variable, 
and  their  origin  is  difficult  to  account  for. 

In  the  second  chapter  of  the  first  book  we  are  told  at  the  outset 
that  in  general  peace  is  preferable  even  to  a  just  war  with  the 
devastation  which  accompanies  it,  but  that  a  righteous  war  is 
better  than  a  dishonourable  peace.  That  a  war  may  be  called 
just,  it  must  be  declared  and  waged  by  the  authority  and  com- 
mand of  the  sovereign  prince.    A  private  person  can  not  wage 


IX 

it  because  he  must  resort  to  the  courts  of  law  for  the  defence  of 
his  rights;  but  immediately,  as  if  perceiving  the  inappropriate- 
ness  of  that  reason  to  a  case  where  the  opponent  is  not  amenable 
to  a  court  of  law,  Ayala  adds  that  a  private  person  taking  any 
steps  of  the  nature  of  war  without  the  command  of  the  prince  is 
guilty  of  laesa  majestas  by  the  lex  Julia,  the  ground  of  which  is 
the  lex  regia,  by  which  the  people  has  transferred  to  the  prince  all 
sovereignty  over  itself  and  all  power.  If,  however,  the  cause  is 
great  and  necessary,  the  prince  absent,  and  delay  dangerous,  war 
may  be  waged  even  without  his  order,  especially  for  defence,  the 
right  of  which  is  allowed  to  every  one  by  the  law  of  nature,  which 
includes  in  that  permission  not  only  vengeance  but  even  expelling 
the  enemy  from  his  own  land  if  with  less  we  can  not  be  safe  from 
him.  In  such  cases  there  will  be  a  just  war  and  the  laws  of  war 
will  have  place,  because  effects  follow  their  causes,  and  booty  will 
become  the  property  of  the  captors. 

But  even  the  prince  ought  not  to  wage  war  without  a  just  and 
necessary  cause,  and  ought  not  to  be  influenced  by  any  lust  for 
doing  harm,  for  cruel  revenge,  or  for  domination:  §  lo.  The 
principal  objects  of  just  war  are  the  defence  of  one's  self  and  of 
one's  friends  and  allies,  the  recovery  of  what  has  been  unjustly 
taken  away  by  violence,  the  vindication  of  injuries  received,  and, 
if  the  injury  has  been  done  by  private  persons  without  public 
authority,  their  surrender  for  punishment.  The  refusal  of  passage 
through  another's  territory  will  justify  war,  for  passage  without 
doing  harm  {transitus  innoxtus)  is  free  by  the  law  of  human 
society.  That  the  passage  meant  is  that  of  a  military  expedition 
against  an  enemy  is  shown  by  the  example  cited,  that  of  the  war 
of  the  Israelites  against  the  Amorites  who  had  refused  them  a 
passage  to  the  promised  land:  §ii.  Nothing  more  clearly  marks 
the  rudimentary  conception  of  neutrality  entertained  in  the  time 
of  the  renaissance  than  the  assertion  of  this  right,  which  indeed 
was  still  axiomatic  to  Grotius.  But  the  most  just  of  all  causes 
of  war  is  given  by  rebels  or  seceders  (rebelles  et  imperio  defi- 
ctentes),  for  they  commit  an  injury  against  God,  from  whom  all 
power  is  derived:  §  §  12,  13.  Yet  since  a  rebel  can  not  properly 
be  called  an  enemy,  an  armed  contention  with  such  is  less  prop- 
erly called  a  war  than  an  execution,  and  does  not  require  the 


authority  of  the  prince,  but  the  order  of  a  judge  having  jurisdic- 
tion will  be  sufficient:  §  14.  This,  however,  is  only  true  so  far 
as  regards  the  measures  taken  for  defence  or  for  the  enforcement 
of  jurisdiction.  The  further  rights  of  war  can  only  be  exercised 
against  rebels  when  the  authority  of  the  prince  has  made  the  con- 
test a  true  war,  but  even  then  the  acts  of  the  rebels,  like  those  of 
pirates  and  robbers,  will  not  be  covered  by  the  laws  of  war,  and 
therefore  they  will  not  acquire  the  property  of  the  things  which 
they  capture  and  persons  captured  by  them  will  not  become 
slaves:  §  15. 

It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  here  we  are  concerned  with  the 
question  which  in  consequence  of  the  Netherlands  insurrection 
must  have  bulked  largest  in  Ayala's  thoughts.  Accordingly  he  is 
not  content  till  he  has  submitted  it  to  a  further  examination. 
Ulpian  had  said  that  the  parties  in  civil  dissensions  were  not  ene- 
mies to  one  another,  so  that  the  laws  of  war  relating  to  capture 
and  to  postliminy  should  be  in  force  between  them,  and  that 
therefore  enslavement  was  not  the  consequence  of  capture  on 
either  side.  And  the  "  ordinances  of  the  kingdom  of  Spain," 
an  authority  which  must  have  touched  Ayala  more  nearly, 
ordered  the  sevenfold  restitution  of  things  captured  in  the  course 
of  civil  dissensions.  These  rules,  he  explains,  as  is  shown  by 
Ulpian's  use  of  the  word  "  parties,"  hold  when  citizens  are  at 
variance  only  with  citizens,  but  those  who  contend  against  the 
majesty  of  the  state  and  aim  at  its  destruction  are  deemed  to  be 
enemies. 

So  Cicero  considered  that  the  Sempronian  law,  which  made  a 
vote  of  the  people  necessary  for  the  capital  punishment  of  a 
Roman  citizen,  did  not  prohibit  him  from  putting  Cethegus  and 
Lentulus,  the  fellow  conspirators  of  Catiline,  to  death.  And  so 
also  the  Romans  habitually  visited  their  subject  allies,  w^hen  in- 
surgent, with  the  extreme  penalties  of  war:  ^  16.  Indeed  the 
law  of  Solon,  condemning  to  banishment  Athenians  who  took 
neither  part  on  the  occasion  of  a  popular  outbreak,  had  much  to 
recommend  it,  and  in  Ayala's  own  time  the  modest  patience  of 
so  many  of  the  Netherlands  people  greatly  aided  the  rebels:  ^  17. 

But  although  the  exercise  of  private  judgment  between  con- 
tending parties  is  admissible  in  a  democracy  or  an  aristocracy 


XI 

when  there  are  rival  governments  (scisso  imperio)  ^  in  a  monarchy 
every  good  and  wise  subject  will  rank  himself  on  the  side  of  the 
prince  who  lawfully  enjoys  the  supreme  power:    §  19.     For  as 
soon  as  it  has  been  determined  that  the  commonwealth  shall  be 
administered  by  one  person,  to  whom  by  the  lex  regia  the  people 
have  granted  all  rule  and  power  over  themselves,  and  who  is 
the  common  parent  of  all,  there  is  the  same  duty  to  defend  him 
that  there  is  to  defend  the  country:    §  20.    Armed  resistance  to 
him  is  parricidal  and  can  never  be  justified:   §  21.    The  prince 
and  the  commonwealth  are  so  connected  that  no  one  can  be  the 
enemy  of  one  without  being  the  enemy  of  the  other:   §22.    Re- 
bellion against  the  prince  is  comparable  to  heresy,  and  a  person 
disobedient  to  him  is  called  infidelis,  the  double  meaning  of 
which  term — faithless  and  infidel — is  justified  by  the  question 
of  St.  Jerome,  "  how  can  a  man  be  faithful  in  the  matter  of  God 
(in  substantia  Dei)  who  could  not  keep  his  faith  to  his  lord  in 
the  flesh?"    To  obey  kings  is  ever  the  general  pact  of  human 
society,  and  w^hile  good  kings  are  sent  by  God,  bad  ones  must  be 
endured  and  their  misdeeds  referred  to  his  judgment:    §  23.    It 
follows  that  although  a  usurper  (tyrannus)  who  has  seized  the 
throne  by  illegal  violence  may  be  lawfully  killed  by  any  one  if 
the  usurpation  can  not  otherwise  be  ended,  it  is  not  lawful  for  a 
private  person  to  kill,  or  for  the  people  to  reject  or  to  revolt 
against,  one  who  is  the  prince  by  right  of  succession  or  election, 
however  cruelly  or  unjustly  he  may  act :  §  24. 

It  must  be  noticed  with  reference  to  this  passage  that  on  15th 
June  1580  the  prince  of  Parma  had  issued  the  edict  which  set  a 
price  on  the  head  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  that  on  26th  July 
1 58 1  the  Dutch  states-general  had  declared  Philip  to  have  for- 
feited the  sovereignty.  Ayala  must  have  written  with  these 
recent  facts  expressly  in  view.  He  proceeds  to  declare  that  all 
rule  and  power  over  the  people  are  concentrated  in  the  person  of 
the  prince  not  only  by  the  lex  regla  but  by  the  ordinance  of  God : 
§  26.  But  the  pope,  to  whom  both  the  spiritual  and  the  temporal 
swords  have  been  committed  on  earth,  may  depose  kings,  while 
popular  power  is  worse  than  that  of  any  single  tyrant:  §  27. 

From  the  amplifications  on  state  government  into  which  the 
mention  of  war  against  rebels  has  led  him  Ayala  returns  to  the 


authority  of  the  prince,  but  the  order  of  a  judge  having  jurisdic- 
tion will  be  sufficient:  §  14.  This,  however,  is  only  true  so  far 
as  regards  the  measures  taken  for  defence  or  for  the  enforcement 
of  jurisdiction.  The  further  rights  of  war  can  only  be  exercised 
against  rebels  when  the  authority  of  the  prince  has  made  the  con- 
test a  true  war,  but  even  then  the  acts  of  the  rebels,  like  those  of 
pirates  and  robbers,  will  not  be  covered  by  the  laws  of  war,  and 
therefore  they  will  not  acquire  the  property  of  the  things  which 
they  capture  and  persons  captured  by  them  will  not  become 
slaves:  §  15. 

It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  here  wc  are  concerned  with  the 
question  which  in  consequence  of  the  Netherlands  insurrection 
must  have  bulked  largest  in  Ayala's  thoughts.  Accordingly  he  is 
not  content  till  he  has  submitted  it  to  a  further  examination. 
Ulpian  had  said  that  the  parties  in  civil  dissensions  were  not  ene- 
mies to  one  another,  so  that  the  laws  of  war  relating  to  capture 
and  to  postliminy  should  be  in  force  between  them,  and  that 
therefore  enslavement  was  not  the  consequence  of  capture  on 
either  side.  And  the  "  ordinances  of  the  kingdom  of  Spain," 
an  authority  which  must  have  touched  Ayala  more  nearly, 
ordered  the  sevenfold  restitution  of  things  captured  in  the  course 
of  civil  dissensions.  These  rules,  he  explains,  as  is  shown  by 
Ulpian's  use  of  the  word  "  parties,"  hold  when  citizens  are  at 
variance  only  with  citizens,  but  those  who  contend  against  the 
majesty  of  the  state  and  aim  at  its  destruction  are  deemed  to  be 
enemies. 

So  Cicero  considered  that  the  Sempronian  law,  which  made  a 
vote  of  the  people  necessary  for  the  capital  punishment  of  a 
Roman  citizen,  did  not  prohibit  him  from  putting  Cethegus  and 
Lentulus,  the  fellow  conspirators  of  Catiline,  to  death.  And  so 
also  the  Romans  habitually  visited  their  subject  allies,  when  in- 
surgent, with  the  extreme  penalties  of  war:  ^  16.  Indeed  the 
law  of  Solon,  condemning  to  banishment  Athenians  who  took 
neither  part  on  the  occasion  of  a  popular  outbreak,  had  much  to 
recommend  it,  and  in  Ayala's  own  time  the  modest  patience  of 
so  many  of  the  Netherlands  people  greatly  aided  the  rebels:  ^  17. 

But  although  the  exercise  of  private  judgment  between  con- 
tending parties  is  admissible  in  a  democracy  or  an  aristocracy 


XI 

when  there  are  rival  governments  {scisso  imperio)^  in  a  monarchy 
every  good  and  wise  subject  will  rank  himself  on  the  side  of  the 
prince  who  lawfully  enjoys  the  supreme  power:    §  19.     For  as 
soon  as  it  has  been  determined  that  the  commonwealth  shall  be 
administered  by  one  person,  to  whom  by  the  lex  regia  the  people 
have  granted  all  rule  and  power  over  themselves,  and  who  is 
the  common  parent  of  all,  there  is  the  same  duty  to  defend  him 
that  there  is  to  defend  the  country:    §  20.    Armed  resistance  to 
him  is  parricidal  and  can  never  be  justified:   §  21.    The  prince 
and  the  commonwealth  are  so  connected  that  no  one  can  be  the 
enemy  of  one  without  being  the  enemy  of  the  other:    §  22.    Re- 
bellion against  the  prince  is  comparable  to  heresy,  and  a  person 
disobedient  to  him  is  called  infidelis,  the  double  meaning  of 
which  term — faithless  and  infidel — is  justified  by  the  question 
of  St.  Jerome,  "  how  can  a  man  be  faithful  in  the  matter  of  God 
(in  substantia  Dei)  who  could  not  keep  his  faith  to  his  lord  in 
the  flesh?"    To  obey  kings  is  ever  the  general  pact  of  human 
society,  and  while  good  kings  are  sent  by  God,  bad  ones  must  be 
endured  and  their  misdeeds  referred  to  his  judgment:    §  23.    It 
follows  that  although  a  usurper  (tyrannus)  who  has  seized  the 
throne  by  illegal  violence  may  be  lawfully  killed  by  any  one  if 
the  usurpation  can  not  otherwise  be  ended,  it  is  not  lawful  for  a 
private  person  to  kill,  or  for  the  people  to  reject  or  to  revolt 
against,  one  who  is  the  prince  by  right  of  succession  or  election, 
however  cruelly  or  unjustly  he  may  act :  §  24. 

It  must  be  noticed  with  reference  to  this  passage  that  on  15th 
June  1580  the  prince  of  Parma  had  issued  the  edict  which  set  a 
price  on  the  head  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  that  on  26th  July 
1581  the  Dutch  states-general  had  declared  Philip  to  have  for- 
feited the  sovereignty.  Ayala  must  have  written  with  these 
recent  facts  expressly  in  view.  He  proceeds  to  declare  that  all 
rule  and  power  over  the  people  are  concentrated  in  the  person  of 
the  prince  not  only  by  the  lex  regia  but  by  the  ordinance  of  God : 
§  26.  But  the  pope,  to  whom  both  the  spiritual  and  the  temporal 
swords  have  been  committed  on  earth,  may  depose  kings,  while 
popular  power  is  worse  than  that  of  any  single  tyrant:  §  27. 

From  the  amplifications  on  state  government  Into  which  the 
mention  of  war  against  rebels  has  led  him  Ayala  returns  to  the 


Xll 

just  causes  of  war.  It  can  not  be  waged  against  infidels  merely 
because  they  are  such,  for  God,  who  makes  his  sun  to  rise  on  the 
just  and  on  the  unjust,  has  not  given  the  lordship  over  things  to 
the  faithful  alone  but  to  all  creatures  endowed  with  reason :  §  28. 
Nor  can  the  justice  of  war  against  infidels  as  such  be  deduced 
from  their  refusal  to  obey  the  emperor,  for  although  it  is  a  com- 
mon opinion  that  the  emperor  is  the  lord  of  all  the  world,  yet  the 
most  learned  men,  whose  teaching  is  summed  up  by  Covarruvias 
and  Ferdinand  Vasquez,  have  proved  the  contrary:   §  29. 

Here  it  will  be  noted  that  Ayala's  Spanish  origin  and  sym- 
pathies keep  him  on  the  side  of  the  protest  which  Spain,  France 
and  England,  the  homes  of  independent  nationality,  maintained 
throughout  the  middle  ages  against  the  German  and  Italian  doc- 
trine of  a  world-emperor.  The  boundary  of  the  authority  which 
the  prelates  of  the  Church,  even  the  pope  himself,  have  received, 
is  to  be  drawn  between  those  who  have  never  accepted  Christian- 
ity, with  regard  to  whom  St.  Paul  asked,  "  what  have  I  to  do  with 
them  that  are  without?  "  and  those  who  have  once  submitted  to 
the  Christian  faith  but  have  fallen  from  it,  against  whom  as  here- 
tics war  can  be  justly  made :  §  29.  Against  infidels,  however,  war 
can  be  made  for  the  same  causes  as  against  any  one  else,  also  when 
they  hinder  the  Christian  faith  by  blasphemy  or  false  argument 
(pravis  persuasionibus)  ;  or  when  they  hinder  the  preaching  of 
that  faith,  and  so  do  an  injustice  to  Christians,  who  have  the  right 
of  preaching  the  gospel  throughout  the  world:    §  30. 

The  causes  of  war  which  have  been  reviewed,  Ayala  next  says, 
are  to  be  very  carefully  weighed  by  princes  and  kings,  but  if  it 
happens  that  these  are  led  into  war  by  greed  the  soldiers  will  not 
be  guilty,  for  they  must  obey  their  prince:  §  §  30,  31.  But  in 
§  32  this  is  qualified  by  the  reservation,  "  unless  it  is  clearly  estab- 
lished that  the  war  is  unjust."  The  question  thus  raised  was  an 
old  one,  and  our  author  cites  in  his  support  Saint  Augustine,  who 
begins  with  a  pronouncement  in  the  sense  of  the  wide  one  first 
made  by  Ayala,  and  proceeds  to  base  it  on  grounds  which  are 
scarcely  satisfactory.  He  points  out  that  in  peace  the  soldier  is 
the  subject  even  of  a  sacrilegious  king,  and  that  in  war  the  com- 
mands given  him  are  either  certainly  not  contrary  to  the  law  of 


Xlll 

God  or  at  least  not  certainly  contrary  to  it,  so  that  there  is  a 
chance  [fortasse)  that  the  king  may  be  guilty  by  reason  of  the 
commands  and  the  soldier  innocent  by  reason  of  his  servient  posi- 
tion. It  is  remarkable  that  Ayala  does  not  go  further  into  the 
authorities,  for  they  are  interesting.  In  feudal  times  the  duty  of 
allegiance  to  a  lord  had  reinforced  that  drawn  from  simple  civil 
subjection.  In  the  treatise  entitled  Feudorum  Consuetudines, 
which  is  commonly  printed  as  an  appendix  to  the  Corpus  Juris, 
we  read  (lib.  2,  tit.  28)  that  according  to  some  the  vassal  must 
always  aid  his  lord,  without  any  distinction  of  case,  but  that 
according  to  Obertus  de  Orto  and  Gerardus  Campagistus,  whose 
opinion  the  author  of  the  treatise  adopts,  this  in  an  unreasonable 
war  is  only  true  for  the  lord's  defence,  and  the  vassal  will  not 
lose  his  fief  for  refusing  to  aid  the  lord  in  an  attack.  Having 
regard  to  the  disputable  reasonableness  of  most  wars,  and  to  the 
possibility  of  representing  an  attack  as  a  really  defensive  measure, 
we  can  hardly  doubt  that  the  feudal  liability,  even  as  interpreted 
by  Obertus  and  Gerardus,  would  have  a  practical  tendency  in 
favour  of  the  claim  of  a  pugnacious  lord.  We  find  therefore  with- 
out surprise  that  Thomas  Aquinas  does  not  so  much  as  notice  the 
existence  of  a  question,  but  says  unreservedly  that  "  a  private 
person  who  uses  the  sword  under  the  authority  of  the  prince  or 
judge  does  not  take  the  sword,  but  uses  a  sword  placed  in  his 
hands  by  another":  Summa  Totius  Theologia;  secunda  pars, 
quaestio  XL,  art.  I ;  utrum  bellare  sit  semper  peccatum. 

But  the  received  opinion  of  the  sixteenth  century  did  not  go 
quite  so  far,  for  Nys  quotes  Franciscus  de  Victoria  as  laying  down 
that  subjects  must  not  take  arms  in  a  manifestly  unjust  war,  but 
that  if  the  notables  of  the  nation,  consulted  by  the  king,  pronounce 
in  favour  of  the  justice  of  the  war,  the  classes  below  them  may  in 
good  conscience  conform  themselves  to  their  decision.*  Indeed 
the  increasing  employment  of  hired  soldiers,  whose  voluntary 
engagement  would  deprive  them  of  the  excuse  either  of  feudal 
allegiance  or  of  the  duty  of  a  simple  subject,  could  scarcely  fail 
to  inspire  moralists  with  a  hesitation  which  is  perhaps  reflected 
by  Ayala.    Certainly,  a  little  later,  Suarez  holds  mercenaries  to 

*  Les  Origines  du  Droit  International,  p.  174. 


XIV 

be  strictly  bound  to  enquire  into  the  justice  of  the  cause  for  which 
they  fight. t 

At  this  point  Ayala  tells  us  that  all  he  has  so  far  said  about  just 
causes  of  war  relates  rather  to  right  and  equity,  and  to  the  duty  of 
a  good  man,  than  to  the  legal  effects  of  war;  and  he  makes  a  sud- 
den transit  to  the  other  sense  of  Justus,  namely  lawful  by  reason 
of  fulfilling  certain  legal  requirements,  as  in  the  case  of  lawful 
marriage,  lawful  age,  and  so  forth.  In  that  sense  it  is  possible 
for  a  war  to  be  justum  on  both  sides,  and  for  a  war  declared 
between  persons  capable  of  being  enemies  and  not  brigands  to 
entitle  each  side,  however  plainly  unjust,  to  the  rights  of  war, 
such  as  postliminy  and  the  enslavement  of  prisoners.  This  was 
rightly  maintained  by  Alciatus  and  Fulgosius,  in  opposition  to 
the  received  opinion  based  on  the  justice  of  the  cause,  which  can 
not  exist  on  both  sides:  §  §  33-35.  Here  then  at  last  Ayala  is 
alive  to  the  difference  between  the  provinces  of  the  legist  and  the 
moralist  in  what  concerns  war.  Had  he  recognised  it  earlier  in 
his  work,  he  might  have  discussed  more  clearly  the  duty  of  a 
soldier  in  an  unjust  war.  But  the  time  was  not  yet  come,  either 
for  him  or  for  so  much  greater  a  man  as  was  Aquinas,  to  think 
adequately  on  a  question  involving  the  rights  and  duties  of 
conscience. 

The  short  remainder  of  the  second  chapter  is  devoted  to  the 
question  of  the  expenses  of  war.  The  prince  ought  primarily  to 
bear  them  out  of  any  revenues  assigned  to  him  by  the  people,  but 
if  these  are  insufficient  the  whole  kingdom  must  bear  the  burden, 
and  it  can  not  be  limited:  §  37.  The  soldier  ought  to  be  paid: 
§  38.  And,  serving  for  pay,  he  has  no  claim  for  his  losses  in  the 
war  to  be  made  good,  as  he  would  have  were  he  not  paid.  But 
if  he  has  been  summoned  to  fight  in  an  unjust  war,  he  will  have 
no  right  of  action  either  for  his  pay  or  for  his  losses,  because  ^-.v 
causa  turpi  nulla  datur  actio:  §  40.  Surely  Ayala  did  not  mean 
that  a  prince  or  a  commonwealth  might  plead  in  court  the  injus- 
tice of  his  or  its  own  war,  as  an  answer  to  an  action  arising  out  of 
it?  It  would  rather  seem  that  the  veil  obscuring  the  confines  of 
morality  and  law,  which  had  been  raised  for  a  moment,  had 

t  Nys,  u.  s.,  p.  175. 


XV 

fallen  again,  and  that  Ayala  had  no  clear  view  of  the  question 
which  he  had  raised. 

Thus  closes  Ayala's  second  chapter,  in  which  without  much 
arrangement  he  has  disburdened  his  mind  of  the  general  matter 
which  he  most  desired  to  impress  on  his  contemporaries,  and  has 
left  himself  free  to  enter  on  the  topics  of  detail  which  follow.  It 
should  have  shielded  him  from  the  imputation  of  neglecting  the 
just  causes  of  war,  by  making  which  Grotius  showed  that  even 
his  prodigious  memory  was  not  infallible. 


III. 

Book  I,  Chapters  3-5. 

The  third  chapter  of  the  first  book  is  devoted  to  Single  Combat. 
The  admission  of  that  subject  into  a  book  on  war  is  a  scholastic 
feature,  belonging  rather  to  the  time  when  war,  as  a  public 
national  contest,  had  not  been  so  far  differentiated  from  fighting 
in  general  as  even  Ayala  had  differentiated  it  in  what  we  have 
already  passed  under  review.  He  condemns  single  combat  on 
the  usual  grounds,  except  as  between  soldiers  on  the  opposite  sides 
of  a  regular  war,  by  the  order  or  with  the  consent  of  the  general 
( §  §  7,  8,  9) ,  or  when  the  princes  on  both  sides  agree  to  refer  their 
differences  to  the  combat  of  two  or  more  selected  champions 
(§  §  10,  11),  even  in  which  case,  however,  Ayala  deems  it  an 
imprudent  mode  of  seeking  a  decision,  because,  as  Livy  says,  a 
settlement  which  promises  to  be  lasting  is  reached  only  when  the 
defeated  party  has  contended  with  all  his  might  (§  §  12,  13). 
Either  the  notion,  if  Ayala  really  entertained  it,  that  these  excep- 
tional cases  could  occur  in  the  days  of  Philip  the  Second  and  the 
Dutch  Republic,  or  the  apparently  serious  mention  of  them  with- 
out such  a  notion  being  entertained,  further  shows  the  merely 
scholastic  character  of  the  chapter. 

In  the  fourth  chapter  Ayala  discusses  reprisals.  He  condemns 
them  so  far  as  affecting  the  person  of  any  but  the  guilty  party, 
basing  himself  on  the  Deuteronomic  precept,  "  the  fathers  shall 
not  be  put  to  death  for  the  children,  neither  shall  the  children 
be  put  to  death  for  the  fathers:  every  man  shall  be  put  to  death 
for  his  own  sin  ":  §  3.  And  on  the  principle  quoted  from  Ul- 
pian  in  the  Digest — lib.  9,  t.  2,  1.  13 — that  no  one  is  lord  over  his 
own  limbs — dominus  membrorum  siioriim  nemo  videtur:  §  6. 
From  that  principle  Ayala  concludes  that  not  even  under  a  law 
or  statute,  to  which  every  one  is  presumed  to  have  consented,  can 
any  but  the  guilty  party  be  affected  by  corporal  penalties,  though 
he  may  be  so  by  pecuniary  ones.    Of  course  the  penance  imposed 


XVI 1 


by  Saint  Ambrose  on  the  Emperor  Theodosius  is  cited:  ^  7;  and 
the  biblical  examples  to  the  contrary  are  pronounced  to  be  beyond 
human  imitation:  §4. 

The  right  of  reprisals  on  property  exists  because  human  law, 
for  the  good  of  the  commonwealth  and  the  better  repression  of 
offences,  may  punish  by  line,  confiscation,  diminution  of  honour 
and  the  like,  even  those  who  have  committed  no  offence;  and  so  it 
has  often  been  enacted  both  in  civil  and  in  canon  law,  especially 
for  the  sons  and  descendants  of  those  who  have  sinned  against 
divine  or  human  majesty:  §  5.  Hence  a  prince  may  authorise  re- 
prisals on  property  against  a  people  who  will  neither  redress  the 
injuries  done  by  those  whom  they  harbour,  nor  give  up  the  guilty 
to  punishment.  The  practice  rests  on  the  same  foundations, 
divine,  natural  and  civil,  as  war,  and  the  authority  of  a  sovereign 
who  has  the  right  of  declaring  war  is  necessary  for  such  reprisals : 
§  §  2,  10.  The  authority  of  a  judge  is  not  sufficient,  and  they  no 
longer  take  place  between  fellow  subjects,  whatever  may  once 
have  been  the  case  at  Athens  or  elsewhere:  ^10.  When  reprisals 
on  property  have  been  duly  authorised,  although  the  innocent  can 
not  be  personally  attacked  but  only  their  goods  taken,  they  may 
be  accidentally  killed,  because  otherwise  the  reprisals  could  not 
be  executed.  It  is  just  as  in  war,  neither  the  innocent  nor  women 
and  children  can  be  killed  of  set  purpose,  yet  they  may  be  so  by 
accident,  as  when  a  city  is  besieged  or  bombarded,  because  war 
could  not  otherwise  be  carried  on:    §  9. 

The  fifth  chapter  of  the  first  book  is  devoted  by  Ayala  to  cap- 
ture in  war  and  to  postliminy.  It  is  characteristic  of  the  looseness 
of  his  style  that,  although  the  principles  on  which  he  considers  the 
lawfulness  of  capture  to  depend  are  glanced  at  in  §  §  i  and  2,  they 
are  fully  explained  only  when  he  comes  in  §  16  to  the  enslavement 
of  prisoners.  His  view  is  that  in  the  primitive  age,  the  golden 
age  as  the  heathen  called  it,  all  men  were  born  free  and  were 
deemed  to  be  peers  and  equals,  and  all  things  were  enjoyed  in 
common.  This  state  of  things  he  refers  to  jus  natiirale,  which  he 
says  did  not  enact  that  men  should  be  free,  but  slavery  and  prop- 
erty were  unknown,  and  its  resulting  silence  about  them  left  a 
loophole  for  the  later  creation  of  those  institutions.  Evidently 
then  the  ambiguous  term  jus  in  Ayala's  ]us  natiirale  does  not 


XVlll 


mean  law,  but  what  might  be  called  a  right,  in  the  sense  of  an 
enjoyment  which  no  one  questioned.  He  goes  on  to  say  that  in 
later  times,  when,  because  of  increasing  wickedness,  such  a  state 
of  things  was  found  inconvenient,  natural  right  reason,  than 
which  nothing  is  more  divine,  dictated  the  institution  of  property, 
and  of  war  with  capture  and  enslavement  as  the  rights  of  war, 
which  thus  by  universal  consent  became  the  jus  gentium.  That 
term,  in  which  jus  appears  as  law,  Ayala  uses  in  its  classical  sense 
of  the  law  in  which  the  people  of  all  nations  are  agreed  and  which 
they  apply  in  their  respective  communities — a  fact,  or  supposed 
fact,  which  carries  with  it  as  a  consequence  the  application  of 
the  same  law  to  the  mutual  relations  of  those  communities,  in 
other  words  its  operation  as  what  we  call  the  law  of  nations. 

The  law  of  nations  is  thus  accounted  for  as  positive  law,  but  to 
what  extent  is  it  a  righteous  law?  So  far  as  concerns  the  laws  of 
war  Ayala  teaches  that  they  are  not  wanting  in  an  equity  based  on 
the  repression  of  injustice — §  §  i,  i6 — and  that  they  do  not  exist 
in  favour  of  brigands,  pirates,  or  any  one  who  is  not  a  lawful 
enemy:  §  i8.  If  the  remark  had  been  made  that  even  within 
those  limits  the  laws  of  war  may  operate  in  favour  of  the  unjust 
party,  we  do  not  know  what  Ayala's  answer  would  have  been,  but 
probably  he  would  have  said  that  the  just  must  at  least  be  armed 
with  the  means  of  repression,  although  the  decrees  of  Providence 
may  sometimes  deny  them  that  efifect.  And  one  limitation  of  the 
rights  given  by  the  general  laws  of  war  is  furnished  by  the  ancient 
and  laudable  custom — for  Ayala  does  not  put  it  higher  than  this — 
that  in  a  war  between  Christians  those  who  are  captured  on  either 
side  do  not  become  slaves  but  are  kept  as  freemen  for  ransom. 
Even  that  limitation  does  not  enure  to  the  benefit  of  Christians 
who  fight  for  Saracens  or  infidels,  or  render  them  any  kind  of 
aid,  only  although  enslaved  by  capture  they  must  not  be  sold  to 
any  but  Christians:   §  19. 

The  law  that  the  property  In  captured  things  passes  to  the 
captor  applies  only  to  movables,  for  captured  immovables,  such 
as  land,  become  the  public  property  of  the  victor  commonwealth  : 
^  3.  And  even  with  regard  to  the  enemy's  movables,  It  is  only 
those  that  are  acquired  without  a  battle  that  belong  to  whosoever 
has  first  gained  possession  of  them:  §  8.    The  losing  owners  of 


XIX 


the  booty  acquired  in  battle  are  indeed  deprived  of  their  property 
in  it,  but  its  disposition  is  subject  to  the  prince's  pleasure,  unless 
the  proportional  shares  to  be  retained  by  him  and  to  be  assigned 
to  the  others  concerned  are  fixed  by  law,  as  the  Spanish  ordi- 
nances fix  them  for  land  war,  leaving  to  the  prince's  liberality 
what  he  will  allow  to  the  others  out  of  captures  made  in  naval 
war  of  which  he  bears  the  cost:  §9.  It  is  apparently  because  of 
this  difiference  that  Ayala  mentions  those  ordinances  as  assimi- 
lating captured  ships  of  war  to  land  rather  than  to  movables  in 
general:  §  3.  Certain  examples  relating  to  booty  and  founded 
on  reason  are  cited  with  an  evident  intention  of  acting  on  them 
in  the  performance  of  the  author's  duties.  Such  are  that  those 
who  guard  the  baggage  are  to  share  equally  with  those  who  fight: 
§  6;  that  the  troops  are  not  to  throw  themselves  on  the  booty  till 
the  victory  has  been  secured  :  §  1 1 ;  that  those  who  have  not  done 
their  duty  shall  lose  their  shares :  §  13  ;  that  fraud  in  the  division 
of  the  spoil  may  be  punished  by  fines  in  addition  to  the  loss  of  the 
shares:  §  12;  and  that  the  troops  may  be  ordered  to  sell  the  spoil 
which  they  are  allowed  to  acquire  lest  the  army  should  be  ham- 
pered and  seduced  from  duty  by  it:  §  14.  It  is  also  laid  down 
that  things  entrusted  to  the  care  of  a  sacred  institution  but  not 
belonging  to  it,  res  sacro  commendatae,  are  not  immune  from 
capture  if  enemy's  property :  §  15. 

In  §  §  20  to  24,  Ayala  deals  with  various  questions  about  the 
recovery  of  personal  conditions  by  postliminy,  and  then  intro- 
duces some  observations  of  which  the  leading  purport  appears  to 
be  the  treatment  of  prisoners.  In  §  25  we  learn  that  women  and 
children  are  subject  to  capture  and  enslavement  but  must  not  be 
put  to  death,  and  that  enemies  found  in  our  country  at  the  out- 
break of  war  may  be  made  prisoners  but  can  no  longer  be  enslaved 
as  formerly  they  were.  Also  that  canon  law  forbids  touching 
priests,  monks,  lay  brothers,  travellers,  merchants  and  country 
people,  but  that  the  prohibition  has  been  repealed  by  desuetude, 
except,  in  Ayala's  opinion,  for  ecclesiastics  so  far  as  they  do  not 
meddle  with  affairs  of  war.  No  legal  relief  can  be  given  against 
a  bargain  which  a  captive  has  made  for  his  ransom,  because  the 
fear  of  death  or  servitude  which  was  its  motive  was  not  inspired 
as  a  means  of  extortion,  but  was  a  lawful  fear  arising  out  of  his 


XX 

situation:  §  26.  In  §  27  we  learn  that  prisoners  and  the  fixing 
and  enjoyment  of  their  ransom  are  now  generally  left  to  their 
captors,  except  in  the  case  of  grandees  whose  ransom  exceeds  ten 
thousand  crowns.  These  by  the  ancient  custom  of  Spain,  France, 
and  England,  belong  to  the  prince.  They  must  be  admitted  to 
ransom  unless  there  is  reason  to  fear  from  them  a  renewal  of  the 
war,  for  to  spare  them  in  that  case  would  be  an  unjust  mercy,  as 
Saint  Ambrose  says.  Thus  the  Roman  generals  at  the  end  of  a 
triumph  put  to  death  the  leading  captives,  who  had  sown  the 
seeds  of  discord  and  were  the  authors  of  the  war.  But  no  killing 
or  harsh  treatment  of  captives  by  private  authority  is  allowed, 
any  more  than  by  civil  law  it  is  allowed  in  the  case  of  slaves ;  and 
a  Spanish  ordinance  i*s  to  that  efifect  in  the  case  of  captives  made 
in  a  war  between  Christians,  though  not  in  a  war  between  peoples 
of  diflferent  religions:   §  28. 

We  now  come  to  various  points  about  ransoms:  §  §  29  to  32; 
and  then  return  to  postliminy.  The  ancient  rule  that  on  its  being 
recovered  from  the  enemy  land  returns  by  postliminy  to  its  former 
owners  is  followed  by  the  Spanish  ordinances,  subject  to  a  proviso 
for  the  case  of  governments,  kingdoms,  countries,  and  other  major 
proprietary  rights,  that  usucapion  does  not  run  for  them  even 
from  the  date  of  their  recovery ;  but  minor  proprietary  rights  will 
be  acquired  by  prescription  against  the  former  owner,  not  being 
under  age,  in  four  years  from  the  date  of  their  recovery.  And 
if  a  subject  loses  his  own  castle  by  his  own  fault,  and  retakes  it  by 
his  own  exertions,  still  the  king  will  be  entitled  to  claim  it  on  its 
recovery:  §  33.  It  is  easily  seen  what  a  field  for  the  application 
of  these  provisions  must  have  been  afforded  by  the  constant  border 
warfare  with  the  Moors,  of  which  a  frequent  incident  would  be 
the  taking  of  Christian  property  by  the  latter  and  its  retaking  by 
the  former  owner  or  by  an  adventurer. 

In  §  35  Ayala  mentions  and  rejects  a  number  of  general  state- 
ments and  distinctions  made  on  postliminy  by  various  writers. 
His  own  position,  as  may  be  collected  from  §  §  34  to  38,  is  that 
the  first  question  to  be  asked  is  whether  a  corporeal  thing  captured 
by  a  lawful  enemy,  not  by  a  pirate  or  robber,  is  one  of  those  which 
are  capable  of  postliminy,  such  as  land,  ships,  riding  or  baggage 
animals,  and  men,  whether  free  or  slave.     If  it  is  not  such,  of 


XXI 


which  arms  are  an  example,  because  they  can  not  be  lost  by  a 
living  man  except  through  his  fault,  it  is  at  once  the  captor's 
booty.     If  it  is  such,  the  next  question  is  whether  the  enemy  has 
secured  at  least  a  temporary  possession  of  it,  that  is,  in  the  com- 
mon phrase,  whether  it  has  been  brought  intra  praesidia.    If  this 
has  not  happened  before  the  thing  is  recovered,  the  property  in 
it  has  not  been  displaced,  and  the  recoverer  must  restore  it  to  its 
owner,  whether  he  recovered  it  by  force  of  arms,  by  purchase,  or 
in  any  other  way,  except  that  if  he  recovered  it  by  purchase  the 
owner  must  repay  him  its  price.    If,  however,  the  thing  has  been 
brought  intra  praesidia,  its  property  has  passed  to  the  captor  by 
the  laws  of  war,  but  on  the  recovery  of  the  thing  the  property 
will  return  to  the  former  owner  by  postliminy.    And  if  the  re- 
coverer was  a  fraudulent  party  to  the  capture,  he  will  be  liable  to 
the  former  owner  not  only  for  the  restitution  of  the  thing  recov- 
ered but  also  for  what  he  might  have  saved  from  capture.    In  §  39 
Ayala  notes  the  Spanish  ordinance  which  applied  the  question 
whether  booty  had  been  brought  intra  praesidia  to  captures  made 
by  pirates  as  well  as  to  those  made  by  an  enemy,  and  can  only 
account  for  it  by  supposing  that  "  its  object  may  have  been  to 
stimulate  the  troops  in  the  pursuit  of  pirates  and  robbers,  espe- 
cially since  it  is  legitimate  to  make  provision  for  the  public  good 
even  at  the  cost  of  private  persons,  as  Tacitus  says  that  every  great 
example  has  some  injustice  to  individuals  which  is  compensated 
by  the  public  utility."    In  §  40  Ayala  expresses  a  rather  hesitating 
opinion  that  a  thing  first  stolen,  then  captured  by  an  enemy  and 
lastly  recovered,  need  not  be  restored  to  its  former  owner,  the  law 
of  war  which  changes  the  property  prevailing  over  the  civil  rule 
that  the  vice  of  theft,  which  clings  to  the  thing  stolen,  is  not 
purged  until  the  thing  has  returned  to  the  owner's  power;  but  he 
is  clear  that  equity  prohibits  suit  against  the  possessor  in  such  a 
case  unless  the  value  can  not  be  recovered  from  the  thief  or  his 
heir. 

The  closing  §  ^  of  the  chapter,  41  to  43,  deal  with  the  questions 
whether  incorporeal  rights  can  be  captured  in  war  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  conqueror,  and,  if  so,  whether  they  are  subject  to 
postliminy.  On  the  first  question  Ayala  decides  in  the  affirm- 
ative as  to  the  incorporeal  rights  of  a  conquered  community, 


XXI 1 

because  such  rights  are  the  creditor's  property,  and  the  property 
of  a  conquered  community  passes  to  the  conqueror  together  with 
the  persons  forming  the  community.  He  can  give  laws  to  them, 
and  one  who  is  in  another's  power  can  have  nothing  in  his  own 
power.  Therefore  when  Alexander  had  conquered  Thebes  he 
was  competent  to  receive  from  the  Thessalians  the  hundred  tal- 
ents which  they  had  borrowed  from  the  Thebans,  and  if  he  had 
done  so,  the  Thebans,  when  their  city  was  restored  by  Cassander, 
would  have  had  no  claim  against  the  Thessalians. 

On  the  second  question  Ayala  admits  that  there  may  be  post- 
liminy of  an  incorporeal  right,  and  that,  since  Alexander  had 
merely  assumed  to  remit  the  debt  to  the  Thessalians,  the  restored 
Thebans  were  entitled  by  postliminy  to  exact  it  from  them,  and 
would  have  been  so  in  whatever  legal  form  the  remission  might 
have  been  made.  In  that  case  there  would  have  been  law  against 
law,  and  the  nature  of  the  law  of  postliminy  is  to  prevail  over  the 
law  of  capture.  If  there  had  been  payment  to  Alexander  there 
would  have  been  law  against  fact,  and  "  the  law  of  postliminy 
does  not  restore  those  things  which  have  been  removed  by  lawful 
fact,  for  law  has  no  supremacy  over  fact."  But  the  incorporeal 
rights  of  a  private  person  pass  to  his  captor  only  when  he  is  made 
a  slave,  who  can  have  nothing  of  his  own,  and  now  that  between 
Christians  a  prisoner  does  not  become  a  slave  his  incorporeal 
rights  adhere  inseparably  to  him. 

The  question  is  quite  diilferently  regarded  by  Grotius.  There 
is,  says  that  jurist,  no  postliminy  of  a  debt,  and  the  absolute  right 
which  Alexander  acquired  by  the  conquest  of  Thebes  made  his 
remission  of  their  debt  to  the  Thessalians  as  effectual  in  law  as 
their  payment  of  it  to  him  would  have  been.  Moreover  there  was 
no  restoration  of  the  Thebans,  for  their  city  had  been  dissolved  by 
the  conquest,  and  the  Thebes  which  Cassander  set  up  again  was 
a  new  entity.    De  Jure  Belli  ac  Pacts;  1.  3,  c.  9,  §  9. 


IV. 

Book  I,  Chapters  6-9. 

The  sixth  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  subject  of  keeping  faith 
with  an  enemy,  and  is  a  tolerably  full  and,  with  one  important 
exception,  a  good  discussion  of  that  subject,  with  the  connected 
one  of  the  law  and  ethics  as  to  keeping  promises  made  in  civil  life, 
whether  with  or  without  the  sanction  of  an  oath.  The  exception 
is  that  Ayala  repudiates  any  duty  of  keeping  faith  with  those 
whom  he  regards  as  rebels.  He  has  pointed  out  that  pirates  and 
robbers,  as  being  the  common  enemies  of  mankind,  can  not  claim 
the  performance  of  the  engagements  which  they  may  have  it  in 
their  power  to  extort:  §  6.  This  he  extends  to  rebels,  as  also 
not  being  lawful  enemies:  §  7.  And,  "  as  a  consequence,"  con- 
ventions which  have  been  extorted  by  a  usurping  force  (per 
tyrannidem)  are  not  binding.  In  their  case  there  has  been  no 
consent,  which  is  required  in  all  contracts,  for  consent  is  vitiated 
by  unlawful  force.  It  is  doubted  by  most  whether  a  prince  is  ever 
bound  by  a  contract  with  his  subjects,  but  certainly  if  they  have 
wrung  the  contract  from  him  by  insurrection,  which  is  in  itself  a 
breach  of  their  faith  to  him,  they  can  not  claim  faith  from  him. 
Nor  can  it  be  expected  that  those  who  have  violated  both  divine 
and  human  law,  by  taking  arms  against  their  common  parent  who 
has  received  his  power  from  God,  will  themselves  keep  their 
word. 

Again,  subjects  can  not  give  the  law  to  their  prince;  therefore 
any  promise  by  him  to  them  is  a  voluntary  one,  which  can  never 
be  binding.  The  common  doctrine  of  the  canonists,  that  the 
pope's  hands  are  never  bound,  is  based  on  these  principles.  And 
if  a  prince  is  injured  by  a  contract  he  has  the  same  right  as  one 
under  age  to  be  relieved  from  it:  §  8.  The  rights  of  the  crown 
are  inseparable  from  the  crown,  and  as  the  prince  can  not  lose 
his  sovereign  power  by  a  voluntary  abdication,  or  alienate  any 
part  of  his  kingdom,  so  he  can  not  alienate  any  of  those  rights,  nor 


XXIV 


can  they  be  lost  by  the  longest  term  of  prescription.  The  prince 
is  only  a  usufructuary,  or  at  most  holds  his  crown  as  a  husband 
holds  his  wife's  dowry:  §9.  Bodin,  seeing  the  insecurity  of 
any  convention  made  by  insurgents  with  their  prince,  advised 
them  not  to  be  parties  to  such  a  convention,  but  to  get  some  for- 
eign prince  to  contract  for  them;  but  Ayala  advises  them  rather 
to  return  to  their  duty  and  seek  the  clemency  of  their  prince:  §11. 

It  is  an  interesting  problem  how  historical  characters  such  as 
Charles  I.  of  England,  and  many  of  their  supporters  no  less,  who 
were  not  on  the  whole  bad  men,  can  have  been  morally  blind  on 
that  side  of  conscience  which  relates  to  political  compacts  with 
subjects.  The  arguments  which  have  been  quoted  in  some  detail 
arc  interesting  as  showing  the  question  as  they  saw  it.  The  base 
of  their  position  was  the  belief  in  a  divine  external  order  which, 
where  it  is  entertained,  makes  impossible  secure  political  com- 
promises af^fecting  that  order.  The  common  humanity  on  which 
the  duty  of  keeping  faith  must  be  founded  is  not  felt,  by  those  who 
identify  themselves  with  a  divine  will  to  which  they  attribute 
institutions,  to  exist  between  them  and  their  opponents. 

Except  on  the  point  which  has  been  examined  Ayala's  standard 
of  faith  was  high.  Faith  must  be  kept  towards  a  lawful  enemy  by 
a  private  person  as  well  as  by  the  state  or  its  representatives,  and 
Regulus  did  no  more  than  his  duty:  §  2.  Engagements  must  be 
interpreted  without  quibbling  on  their  letter:  §4.  Giving  host- 
ages does  not  permit  a  treaty  to  be  broken,  as  if  they  were  a  substi- 
tute for  faith,  the  erroneous  doctrine  by  which  Bodin  defended 
the  conduct  of  Francis  I.  If  the  French  authorities  whose  con- 
sent was  necessary  refused  it  to  the  treaty  of  Madrid,  Francis 
ought  to  have  saved  his  personal  faith  by  returning  to  captivity: 
^  5.  But  even  towards  a  lawful  enemy  faith  is  not  to  be  kept  if 
that  which  was  promised  would  offend  God  or  be  contrary  to 
good  morals:  §  §  13,  14.  All  our  actions  ought  to  be  referred  to 
the  ground  principles  of  justice;  first,  that  no  one  be  injured; 
secondly,  that  the  common  utility  be  served:  §  15.  Breach  of  a 
treaty  by  one  party  exempts  the  other,  at  his  discretion,  from  the 
duty  of  observing  the  same  treaty,  unless  the  broken  clause  is  such 
that  it  is  not  likely  the  contracting  parties  attached  much  im- 
portance to  it;  but  it  does  not  authorise  the  breach  of  another 


XXV 


treaty:  §  §  17,  20,  22.  The  rules  of  faith  are  the  same  for  truces 
as  for  treaties  of  peace  or  alliance:  §  18.  But  it  is  usual  and 
right,  though  not  a  matter  of  law,  that  a  slight  breach  of  a  truce 
which  will  shortly  expire  should  not  be  treated  as  ending  it:  §  19. 
The  perfidious  character  of  an  enemy,  though  often  shown,  does 
not  warrant  a  breach  of  faith  towards  him :  §  21. 

The  seventh  chapter  begins  with  a  distinction  of  treaties  into 
three  kinds — those  which  end  a  war  by  the  complete  surrender  of 
the  enemy,  who  thenceforward  enjoys  only  such  existence  as  the 
conqueror  allows  him — those  which  end  a  war  on  terms,  possibly 
including  the  enemy's  recognition  of  the  conqueror's  superiority 
(ut  is  populus  alterius  populi  majestatem  conservet) — and  those 
which  are  concluded  in  time  of  peace,  possibly  including  a  similar 
recognition  by  one  party.  But  no  use  is  made  of  the  classification. 
A  general's  commission,  even  when  conferring  plenipotentiary 
power  on  him,  does  not  enable  him  to  conclude  a  peace,  unless 
thatpower  is  expressly  given:  §5.  Truces  for  long  terms,  equiv- 
alent to  peace,  fall  under  this  rule,  but  not  short  truces:  §6.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  in  Ayala's  time  the  Ottoman  empire  con- 
cluded peace  with  non-Moslem  powers  only  for  terms  of  years. 
In  extreme  necessity  the  prince  may  conclude  a  treaty  not  only 
abandoning  private  property  of  his  subjects  which  is  in  the 
enemy's  hands,  but  even  taking  other  property  from  his  subjects 
and  giving  it  to  the  enemy,  for  the  common  utility  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  that  of  individuals :  §  7.  It  would  rather  seem,  though 
it  is  not  clear,  that  Ayala  did  not  consider  that  subjects  were 
entitled  to  compensation  from  the  prince  or  the  public  treasury 
for  property  so  taken.  When  a  prince  dies  who  has  concluded 
treaties  in  the  name  of  the  commonwealth,  they  subsist  both 
against  and  in  favour  of  his  successor,  whether  taking  as  heir,  by 
a  statute  or  by  election ;  unless  where  things  annexed  to  the  crown 
have  been  alienated  without  the  necessary  consent  of  the  people 
or  of  the  estates  {citra  populi  vel  ordtnum  consensum,  qui  ad  hoc 
requiritur),  or  where  the  dignity  and  authority  of  the  prmce 
{nmjesfns  principis)  have  been  impaired,  which  could  not  have 
been  validly  done  to  the  prejudice  even  of  the  deceased:  §  10. 
The  last  reservation  can  not  have  been  intended  to  apply  to 
treaties  with  foreign  powers,  since  Ayala,  as  we  have  seen,  ad- 


XXVI 

mitted  that  a  treaty  either  of  his  second  or  of  his  third  kind  might 
include  an  admission  of  the  superiority  of  one  party.  The  pur- 
port clearly  is  that  no  perpetually  binding  close  can  be  given  to  a 
civil  war  by  an  agreement  limiting  the  prince's  prerogatives,  in 
accordance  with  what  Ayala  has  taught  in  the  preceding  chapter 
about  its  not  being  a  duty  to  keep  faith  with  rebels. 

The  eighth  is  a  commonplace  chapter  on  lawful  stratagem 
and  fraud  in  war,  in  which  no  principles  are  laid  down  by  which 
cases  may  be  distinguished. 

The  ninth  chapter  is  on  the  rights  of  ambassadors,  and  contains 
nothing  remarkable  except  Ayala's  refusal  of  such  rights  to  rebels 
and  to  subjects  who  serve  an  enemy  with  treasonable  intent.  On 
that  ground  he  considers  that  the  imperialists  were  within  their 
right  in  putting  to  death  the  subjects  of  Charles  V.  who  were 
commissioned  by  the  king  of  France  as  ambassadors  to  the  Grand 
Turk,  but  he  does  not  notice  that,  whatever  their  personal  condi- 
tion, they  could  have  no  rights  against  the  emperor  as  ambas- 
sadors from  an  enemy  to  a  third  power:  §  5.  The  man  of  God 
who  was  eaten  by  a  lion  for  disobeying  the  divine  order  not  to 
accept  meat  or  drink  from  Jeroboam,  whose  sin  he  had  been  sent 
to  denounce,  is  brought  in  as  a  warning  to  princes  not  to  treat  with 
rebels  and  schismatics:  ^  6. 


V. 

Books  II  and  III. 

The  second  and  third  books  contain  little  or  nothing  that  be- 
longs to  international  law.  Ayala's  object  in  them  seems  to  have 
been  to  bring  together  all  the  maxims  of  policy  or  prudence  which 
he  could  find  relating  to  war,  whether  apprehended,  being  waged, 
or  leaving  questions  behind  it — whether  again  such  maxims  were 
generally  accepted  or  were  debated.  This  must  not  be  understood 
only  of  maxims  belonging  to  philosophy,  statecraft,  or  adminis- 
trative science;  even  strategy  and  tactics  are  not  wholly  outside 
Ayala's  purview,  although  he  says  comparatively  little  about 
them,  probably  because  in  the  then  condition  of  military  art 
little  of  a  general  character  had  been  said  about  them.  The 
merest  technicalities  of  the  military  or  naval  profession  are  all 
that  he  avoids.  The  authorities  and  examples  are  mostly  taken 
from  classical  or  biblical  antiquity,  and  next  in  frequency  come 
those  of  Spain,  as  where  the  extreme  severity  of  the  Spanish 
ordinances  for  the  case  of  the  surrender  of  a  castle  is  commented 
on:  book  III,  chapter  i8,  §  §  2,  5.  Of  course  the  difference  of 
circumstances  and  institutions  would  render  a  large  part  of  what 
Ayala  has  thus  collected  inapplicable  to  the  Low  Countries  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  but  we  shall  probably  not  be  wrong  in  thinking 
that  he,  as  a  special  devotee  of  learning,  was  haunted  by  a  notion, 
due  to  the  adoption  of  Roman  law  in  the  German  or  Holy  Roman 
empire,  that  more  practical  use  might  be  made  of  his  vast  collection 
than  it  would  now  occur  to  any  one  to  think  possible.  An  instance 
may  be  seen  in  book  III,  chapter  7,  §  27,  where  he  argues  that  the 
privileges  of  Roman  soldiers  still  belong  to  them,  against  what  he 
admits  to  be  the  general  opinion,  but  claiming  to  have  the  most 
learned  on  his  side.  A  notable  instance  of  an  opinion  ventured  by 
Ayala  on  his  own  authority,  not  supported  by  any  citation  of  a 
writer  but  only  by  examples,  is  that  a  man  of  some  position  (nobi- 
lis)  may  act  as  a  spy  not  only  without  discredit  but  even  with  glory, 
when  his  motive  is  zeal  for  the  public  good ;  though  he  admits  that 
to  do  so  for  pay  would  be  discreditable  to  him :  book  III,  c.  1 3,  §  6. 

J.  WESTLAKE. 


BALTHAZA- 

RIS   AY  AL^fi,    I.  C.  ET 

EXERCITVS    REGII  APVD 

SELGAS    SVPREMI    IVRIDICI^ 

DEIVREET  OFFICIIS  BEL- 

LICISET  DISCIPLINA  MILITARI, 
L  I  B  R  I    III, 

T^oft  in  multitudine  exercitm  viSloria  Mi-y 
fid  de  cdlo  fvrtitudo  est,       t .  Mach.  3 . 


D  V  A  C  I, 

Ex  ofHcina  loannis  Bogardi  Typogr, 

xurati,fub  BibIiisaureis,anno 

M.     XDt     LXXXIIt 


SERENISSI- 

MO  PARM^  ET  PLA- 

CENTI^     PRINCIPr, 

ALEXANDRO    FARNESIO, 

Regisapud  Belgas  Praefedo,  &  Im- 
pcratori  feliciffimo  J  Balthazar 
Atala  I.e.     s* 

/  quiderepuilfcrU 
pftre.y  Princeps  fi* 
remfime^ad  reipub^ 
fahtcm  c^  confer- 
uatiomm  prjtcipuk 
fpe&are  cenfent ,  vt 
a&wnes  mHra4yiu-^ 
rd^drleges^advete* 
rum  mores ,  &  wflltuta  maiorum  fdptw  re^ 
uocemiu.  r  cmpub.  enim^  vtpicluram  egregtar/ty 
fed  euAnefcentem  vetn^atc ,  fi  earn  coioribus 
iUdem^  quibuifutrat^  rcmuare  mglextrimus^ 
mc  forr^tam^  nee  extrema  lineament  a  (et  tiare : 
&  vt  in  corporihm  himanis  ,  fic  quoque  in 

A  2  repub^ 


B  P  I  S  T  O  L  A 

yepub, quotiik  aggregatur diquti^cjuodcttva* 
tione  indiget :  dr  fentfce^it'thpfiUgibm  watU" 
re  feu  fit  vtiia,  qua,  rcmfub.  hauddiu  (larepef" 
mittunt'  vnde  Bnnij  vtrfum^  quo  dixit^ 
Morib^antiquis  res  flat  RomanajVirifq,-, 
vclbreuitate^velveritate^  tanquAtn  exoracuh 
injUi,  de  rep.  (^atuw  cc/ifct  C'tccro .   Nam  mqut  viri ,  /^?- 
quUy  mjiita  morata  ciuitasfuijfet,  m^  mores ^ 
nifi  ijv'trl  frdfuiffcnt^autfundiirt ,  auttam 
diu  tenert  fotui^ent tantam,  dr  tarn  iufieia- 
tt^  imferantem  rempub,  Itaque  ^  mos  spfe 
pat  rim  prxp antes  viros  adhihebat ,  ^  vete' 
rum morem ,  ac  morum  inll'titfta  retimbartt 
exce/ientes  viri :  qua  ration e  Romana  refpubl^ 
&  creuit^  &  fletit,  Jmperium  emm^tinqult 
SalluHitiSf  his  artihm  facderctinetur  ^  qmhtu 
innioparttim  eli,  vcrum^vbifrolahore^defi^ 
dia.pro  continentia^  dr  aquitAte^ libido  ^atque 
fuperbia  ifiuafere^  fort  una Jimul  cum  morwn4 
immutatur.qtwd  &  k^ polio  oraculo  fuo fgni- 
fcajfe  videtur^  quo^  con  full  us  quando  tandem 
mMrum,  d^  feditionum^qmbut  C r acta  mi- 
fere  affltgebatur ,  finis  ejfet ,  refpondit ,  tkm 
demum  calamitatew  Grxcidt  ceffaturam,  cum 
ipfiHs  aram ,  qu^  apud  Delios  trat  cubic  a ,  du^ 
plica fj en t.  quod  Grdd  facile arbitrati^cum  al* 
teram  t ant  am  molem^  quanta  prior  erat ,  adie-» 
cijfem^  neque  tamen  malum  Umrifentinnt\ 

dr  nort 


DEDICATORIA, 

&  mn  fat i^  rite  oyacuIo  fatisfaSium  ex  eo* 

iem  deointelligennt^tandm  edo6ii  a  Flat  one 

&  diu  fhtlofofhis  ^  cognouerunt  non  molent 

molitexoraculo  ^po/Imtsxquandame([e^^  fed 

Analogtam  cum  Analogia ,  ^  ratiomm  cum 

TOtione  comfomndam .   at^ue  it  a  fapier/tium 

virorumprudentia^  &  corifdio^advetcrunoY' 

mam^  inptntaque  maiorum  rehiuconjlitutu 

cmnihiAi^  fuo  loco  repojitis^  malum  mite  far  e^ 

&  prtUina  fdicitas  rcdire  coepit,  Hinc  qno^ 

Horatimperciplens^  quantum  calamit  at  urn-  Caminj^i. 

uexiffetcontemptarcUgio^ad Ror}2a/ios  fcribit,  "^' ^» 
his  verfibus\ 

Deli<5la  maiorum,  immeritus  lueSj 

Romane,  donee  templa  rcfeceris, 

iEdeisque  labenteisdeorum5& 

Foeda  nigro  fimulacra  fumo. 
&  qu£  fetjuuntur,  quibu^  ofcndit^  quantum 
dtgemrautrint  Romani  a  fuis  maiorthtis  ,  ob 
violatam  rcl'tgiomm ,  c^  negle5ium  veterum 
morem.  Ethuimreiprxdarum  exemplumm- 
his  exhibet  Romana  hi(loria^vt  dducide  propO' 
nitLiutu6^quicorrupti$  Romanorummoribits^  m,^^ 
negU^a  deorum  religione^  dr  iure  oetium  vio- 
lator vrbem  captam  drp^ne  ddetam  a  Galln 
refert :  qu£  rurfum  Camillivirtute  liber  at  a^ 
Qultu  ditcim  nftituto ,  legtbta  injlitutis^  ma- 
iortanreuocaiis ^  devkUtor'thusiurlfgtntium 

S  J         Jupplicio 


EPISTOlA 

fupflicio pmfto^  mirum  in  modum  creuiti  ^ 
tartdem  totim  orhis  mperium  adepta  eB ;  vt 
merith  did  pcf/t ,  vrknt  Romana  multcante 
peri  fur  amfutffe^mftperiiffet :  autfaltem  tfun" 
(juam  adiantum  fajiigiujrs perueniuram»  Ctt^ 
iu4  exemplo  Seremf,  Princeps^  fpcrammfore^ 
vt  in  A  prt&dara  viriute  ^  dr  mirain  rtmu  ge* 
ridis  dexterttAte  &  prouidetia^veri  Deicultu 
reftAurato^  &  Maiejlate  R  egis^  qud  diutno  (^ 
humamiun  illi  debet  ur^  repnrata^diuinarum 
hfmanaruwg^  rerum  perturhaiio  in  Belgium 
inue6ia  jdiuimnuminis  auxtlia^fedArt  &  tolti 
diquando  pofil ,  &  totum  Belgium  friflwA 
febcitati  reddi.de  quo  did  pot  e  It,  id  quod  facts 
Jv^thutp.s  liter dde  Ifraelitii hahentiVbtcunque ingrefi n 
funt^fwearcu  &  figitta,  &  abfque fcuto  df  ^ 
gladio^  Bern  eorumpugnauitproeis^  d'vicigi  3, 
Cr  non  fuit ,  qui  infultaret  populo  iBi  :  nip  j, 
quando receftt  a cultu Domini  Deifui,  ^jw-  5, 
tiefcunqueautem  prater  ipfum  Deum  fuum^ ,, 
alter nmcoluerunt^  datifuntinpradam^  ^  in  „ 
gUdium^  &  in  opprobrium.   Forro  cunkin  ci-  j, 
uiii  dr  togata  focietate  ^  leges confiitutiones^y 
fxpitis  remuAYt,  (^  ad  vet er urn  injittuta  refe- 
eari  expediat^(qua  de  caufa  etiamveteres  illi 
Romani  cen fores  ere  autre ,  qui  ^enfendts  c/- 
nium  tnoribus ,  quifadle  negligentia  corrunt" 
funtur^  antiquum  decttSj^  dr  mot  urn  tntegr'tta- 

lemre» 


DEDICATORIa. 

tern  retimbant: )  tumfrofe^ii  ommum  maxi' 
m'M  hello  tdfericonuemt,  ebtfuhdalperc  d* 
atfdffocaHigationugenere^  dtjciplim  milita'- 
rUindiget .  J^m,  vt inquit  Val,  Max.  vires 
crmts  con fi ant ,  tfUi^  vhi  femtl  a  reSloitinen 
defcmrunt^offre^urafuntynifioffrimantur^ 
£t  certe  tantitm  in  difciplina  mibiari  pofitum 
eflfVt  eafoUretenu  velnegU^a^maxima  cU'- 
des  ilUt^  vel  accept  a  flurimi  exercittts  cdlfvel 
ferHAti  J  amplifimadeniqueimferiapartaveL 
collapfa  /fntivf  m  huius  operisprogreffu  latitat 
oftendemu^,     Ceterum  cum  belli  gloria  longe 
maxima  apud  Romano i  fuerit^  quifuumcon» 
duorli^  fui  parentem  CMartemferebant ,  ad 
eam^  fola  difctpUna  militari^quodprAcipuum 
dec  Hi  c^  fiabiUmentum  Romani  imper^vocai 
Valer,  Max,)peruenerint^eadem^  labente  fan-' 
latimmagisac  magts  pfdcspkes  iuerinty  donee 
tandem  vna  cmn  virtute  maiorum ,  d^  tmpC'» 
rium  c^gloriam  amitterent:  operdprecium  me 
fa^urumexijlimaui ,  (iper  quos  viros ,  quibus 
arttbtis^  quo genere  difciplindjantam  in  rebus 
bellicis  gloriam  meruerint  (  quatenus  Jludio 
iuris  &  hiHoriarumle^ione  confequi potui) 
proponerem .   Ex  quibus  certe  Uquebity  eadem 
ingenM  hominum ,  quA  nunc  funt^  &  oltm 
fuiffe^'  eofdem  quoque  cafus  dr  euentus  reruns^ 
qui  ini)ki  contwgunt^  &  ohm  euenijfs,  vnde 

a  4         non 


EPISTOIA 

m»  dtffcileeritei^  cjuiantiquadiligentereX' 
pndtrit^  & perpe?i(o iudtcioexam'tnauerit^t 
retroa&is  ( tjuodprofrie  faf  tenth  viri  officmm 
eli) prdfem'tatudicare  futura  frofficcre^df* 
ex  vet er urn  exewplfs.propter  cafuum  fimilittt^ 
d'tnem ,  conutnkntu  remedia malis adhiberei 
quthm  neglects  ,  i»  eundetn  lapidem  [Apim 
tmfingtmHi «  Neque  enim ,  vt  Arijlides dice" 
bat ,  in  hello  tarn  Armis  res  magna  geruntufy 
quam  prudent  in  dr  confdw.  Jtaque  Xerxes^ 
cuius  exercitu  &  terra^  &  marevix  caper epo^ 
lerat^  vnim  Themipoclii  induHria  ptperatHS 
fuit.  &  Komanis^nequtmultitudo^mquevi'» 
res  maiores^quam  ampltftmu  regniSy&ferC'- 
cipmu  Barbaris  fuerunt  -.fedprincipes  cos  fe- 
cit feueritas  inftitutorum ,  &  or  do  militia^ 
Vnde  K^gamemnon  non  optahat ,  vt  K^iack 
ftmdes  habere t  decem/edvt  Neftorts  &  Vlif» 
fis :  quorumcon(jlio&  prude?3tianonduhitA' 
bat  qmn  breui  Troia  per  it  ur a  ejfet ,  &  Sail»-' 
fltm  dtu  quidem  magnum  inter  mortales  cey" 
iamen  fuijfe  fcribit^  vine  corporisy  an  virtute 
animi^  res  magis  milit  arts  procederet  :fed  po* 
flea  periculo  atquenegotitscompertumejje^  in 
beHoflunmum  ingenium  poffc.  Lttcullum  vero 
AcadecjKx/i.  fcritfit  Ctcero^  cum  ef[etT\omaadLMithrida' 
ttcum  helium  profecitis/einjiliUris  plane  r«- 
dtsjegendisrshmgeflis^indtiflrtA  &  ingemo^ 

tantum 


DEDICATORIA» 

Untum  imferamemin  omnigenere  belli  eX'» 
fiitiffe^  vt  confepore  &  tuAitio  Mithridaus^ 
regis  fojl  Alexandrtimmaxmi  omnibus  ^quos 
zffelegijfet^dttctbus  pr^ferretur.^areprH- 
deter  AiphonfHs  Aragomm  rex ,  regatta  plus 
?rearmii^anlibrisdebcret^refpondit.  Ex  libns 
arma. ,  &  armor u  iurafe  deMcijfe ;  apert^pro- 
fe([t4S^fedo^rmaommadeh€re.  £ljififpc6iat 
quod luUiniAnAmpenaor Alt ^  mdltaremrem  in  iuC.de 
tamlegibwintutocoUocatameffe  quam  leges  [if^'J"^' 
armorumfrdifidio  feruatas ,  &  horum  alter  urn 
dtermsauxiliofemper egui(fe.  T^am  [i recipe 
zudkare  volumus ,  non  magis  leges  fwearmUy 
quantarwafmelegibus&difcipima  rempttb^ 
njUunque  florent'tfimam  vUomodotucri  pop- 
funt .   ^ud  cum  ita  fint ,  Serenif.  Prmceps^ 
hum  qudemcunque  laborem  rneum  T.  Celfi 
mn  mgratum  fore  confido ;  mmuscerte  exi* 
guttm^  &fplendori  tmmdlgnum\fedadpr£' 
fentem  rerumfiatum^  nift  falloropportunum, 
in  quo  recenfendo^graues  fortaffe  nimium^  & 
feuerosccnforesmomtosvelim ,  eioiquod^^ 
Idfius  Max.  Sl^Vabio  Max.fl'to  confdt  di- 
cebat,  dtter'u?  medio  ardore  belb,  alturinpace 
tranquillaarbitrandum  ejfe»  multa  emm  qu£ 
in  pacts  otiovmdex  difciplmaperfequttur^  in* 
ter  turbos  &  gladios  veniam  mercntur .   T, 
"vero  Cel^Senm^.  Princeps ,  hocquicquideB 

a  s  velfiu* 


PR  JE  FATt  O 

velJIuJu  vellaboris  ^  dedicam :  tumqttodmex 

infer ejje  putarem^  earn  mnignorare^fudage" 

rem^  &  ijuafludia  tra£iarem ,  dum  apubUca 

funSiiomhtis  vacarem  :  turn  (juad  mUisarU 

hdc  nemim  magis  conutmn  arbhrarer ,  i^uam 

ttbttanto  Imferatori,  &  difciplifidmilitaris 

amantiftmo .  Cutus  axioms  Oeus  oftimus 

maximus  dirigat ,  eu^idemquc  nobis  quim 

diutifimi feruct  incolumem,  E  cafiris 

antt  Tornacum ,  fridie  Kal,  7Hj>^ 

uemb*     I  J   ^  i^ 

PRifiFATlO  DE  IVRE 

BELLI. 

Vkhr^  aPyndaro  pkriq; 
didum  exiftimat,  bellum 
tyrannum  efle,  &  legem 
omnium  rcginam .  nihil 
enimlegibus,qu£ediuini- 
tus  nobis  datae  funt ,  tarn  conuarium, 
quam  vi  agere ;  quod  proprium  eft  bel^ 
luarum.  &  quemadmodum  aquilae  vn- 
guis acumen,  &  leoni dentium  afperi- 
tas:fichominirationem  (quamre^eL 
C.  animam  legis  efle  voluerunt)  datam 
cfle:  qua  fola  contedere  &  fe  tueridcbet* 
Vnde  quamuisrempubJineiufticiageri 

non 


DE    IVRE     BELLI. 

nonpoffe,  nihilqi  taminimicumquam 
iniufticiatn  ciuitati,  aLaelio  (quern  Ci- 
cero de  rcpub.  difputantem  contra  Phi- 
luminducit)  abode  (atisdifceptatum  fir; 
tamenbellum  fine  iniuria  geri  no  pofle, 
adbuc  hodie multoru  mentibus  infedit. 
totenim  mala,tam  magna^tam  horrcda, 
tamfeua,  ex  bellis,  etiam  quae  iuftadi- 
cuntur,  &  quidem  neceffario  oriri :  vt 
qui  ilia  omnia  ad  iufticiae  normam  redi- 
gere conetur, nihil  aliud agar ,  quam  fi 
cum  ratione  infaniac.  Etenim  prorfus 
inutilem  efle  iufliciam  :  8c  id  ius  efle  in 
bello^quod  eijqui  plus  poteft,vtiIccft:& 
pro  iure  vires  effe :  hoc  podffimum  ar- 
gumentoprobarenitebaturveteres ,  in* 
iuftum(ciiicetcfle,&  contra  naturam.vt 
homines  hominibus  dominantibus  fer- 
uianc  :  quod  belli  iure  indudum  fuit: 
quam  tamen  iniufliciam  nifi  /equarur 
imperioficiuitas,  cuius  magna  eft  refp. 
non  eam  pofle  prouinciis  imperare.  Sed 
cerre  tollenda  eft  ha?c  opinio,  funrenim 
&  belli,  ficut  &  pacis  iura :  &  in  eos,  qui 
fquum  pari  non  pofluntjnec  rationcco- 
hiberl,  vis  baud  iniufta  eft.  lniquitase« 
nim  partis  aduerfe,  vt  inquit  D.  Augu-  ^J^*  ^] 
ftinus^iuilabella  ingeric  gereadafapieci, 

imo 


PRJEFATIO 

imo  neceflaria.  Iraque  Dauid  vir  Deo 
acceptiirimus,aliiq;viri(andiffimi,bclla 

c.wofc.23.^.1  gef]erunt\&:  Dcusipfepraecepitifraeli- 
tis,  vt  Amorrseis,  aliisque  populisbella 

Divt.z,  inferrent .  Dolcbit  ergo  fapiens ,  iufti 
belli  fibi exftitifle neceffitatem  ;  fufcipiet 
tamen,communi  reipub.  vtilitati  confu- 
lenspotiusquam  priuatorum  rnecotra 
praeccptumillud  Platonis,dum partem 
aliquamreipub.tuerivult^totum  corpus 
deferar.  Nee  protinus  iniudum  cenfen- 
dumeftjquodiiiftobellovidijinferui- 
tiitem  olim  redigerentur:irno  idiuftiffi- 
mu  m  elTejCx  eo  defendi  poreft,qu6d  rei- 
pub. conueniat,vi  puniantur  ijjqui  iniu- 
ftumbellum  gerunt,  fed  &  quod  tali  bus 
hominibus  fit  vtilis  feruitus,  dici  poteft: 
quiafcilicetimprobisauferturiniuriarii 
licetia,  &  domiti  fe  melius  habituri  funr, 
quam  indomiti  le  habuerur.  quales  Afi« 
incolas  efTe,  Agefilausdicere  foletjbonos 

vittMapoi>.  fcilicetjfi feruiret,malos,fi libertatefrue- 
rcntur.  Quae  ratio  vtfirmaretur,  Laelius 
apud  Ciceronem  de  republ.difputans, 
fubdidit  veluti  a  natura  fumptu  nobile 
exemplum,  &  dixit;  Cur  igiturdeus  ho* 
mini  ^animus  corpori  imperatjratio  libi- 
dini,  ccterisque  vitiofisaaimi  partibus, 

quod 


D£    IVRfi    BBtLl» 


If  a    «viva    i>ci<i<&» 

quod D.Auguftino  mire  probatur.  Scd  «ieVwtf.De? 
&  ex  praecepio  Dei  Moyfes ,  Madianitis  ^^'s»"/  7- 
prselio  viftis »  prsedam  omnem  tam  ho-  '«•31. 
minum ,  quam  pecoru  inter  fuosdhiifit. 
6c  Apoftolusmonetferuos,  vtobediant  aiB^Ufs, 
dominisfuiSj&exanimoferuiant.Reda 
itaq;  ratio  naturarapietibusinfita,coer- 
cendam  humanam  improbitatemjbello, 
captiuitatej  &  feruitutc  fuafir,  de  quo  a- 
lio  loco  plura  dicemus .  Porro  cadeni 
ratio  iufticiae,  quae  beilis  gercndis  nor- 
mam  praefcribit^dat  eriam  fuas  leges  ini- 
litibus&exercituijquibusdifciplinami- 
j,  litaris  ftabilitur:  qua  fcmel  polluta,  vt 
J,  Papyrij  didlatoris  verba  apud  Liuiu  re-  i'i>x 
5,  feram5&  non  iniIesceturionis,noncen- 
5,  turiotribunijiiontribunuslegati,  non 
J,  legatusconfulis,  nonmagifterequitum 
J,  djdatorispareat  imperio :  no  edida  im- 
j,  pcratoris  obferuentur,-  fine  commeatu 
3,  vagi  milites,  in  pacato,in  hoftico  errenr, 
J,  immemoresfacramenti,  licentia  fola  fe 
„  vbiveIintexau(florent:  infrequentiade- 
j,  feranturfignatnequeconueniaturade- 
j,  didum,nccdifccrnaturinterdiu,node; 
^  aequo ,  iniquo  loco ;  iniuflu  imperatoris 
,5  pugncnt,  &nonfigna5nonordinesfer- 
,,  uent,  latrocinij  modo  csca&fortuira, 

pro 


PRJEPATIO    DB    IVRE    BELLI. 

pro  foJenni&facra  militia crit.  Vtenim  ^ 
in  fidibus  &  cantu  ^  ex  diftindis  fonis,  5c 
difTimillimaruvocummoderaiionejCO- 
cors  tatnen  concentus  efficitur  &  con- 
gruens.-ficcxfummiSj&mediis^&infi- 
mis  intericdis  ordinibus  ,  modcratum 
ratione  &  difciplinaexercitil  ('quodde 
ciuitatediccbatScipio,  qiicm  Cicero  de 
rcpubl.  difputantetn  inducit)  confenfu 
diflrimillimorum  concinere  dicendu  eft, 
&  quajharmoniaaMuficisdiciturinca- 
tu ,  ea  eft  in  exercitu  concordia,  ardiiffi- 
mum  &  optimu  difciplinse  miiitaris  vin- 
culum rquae  certe  fine  iufticia  eflenon 
poteft:  quae  ad  quamcunqueremgeren- 
dam  eft  neceflaria:&  cuius,vt  ait  Cicero^ 
tanta  vis  eft^vi  nee  illi  quidem  ^qui  male- 
ficio  &  fcelere  pafcutur ,  poflint  fine vlla 
particulaiufticiaeviuere.  Etha?cquidem 
dixifte  fufficiatjVt  huius  operis  rationem 
redderemus,&  iis  faiisfaccremus,qui  iu- 
ra  belli  (quibus  reip.  falus  contmetur) 
tanquam  naturae  &  paci  euangclicas 
contraria,  damnarcfunt 
aufi. 

LIBRI 


LIBRI  PRIMI  CAPITA. 

r\  E  ratione  belliindicendi ,  aliisque  cirimonjis belli- 
^  CIS,  qu«  antiquo  iure  feciali  prodit*  hiere,  Cap«  i . 
De  belJo  iufto,  &  iuftis  belli  caufis.  Cap.a, 

Dc duello (cufingularicrrramine,  _    Cap.j. 

X>c  pigncrationibus,  quas  vulgorrjjtc^alias  VOcat.  Cap. 4, 
Dc  bello  captis,&  iujc  poftUminij.  Cap.$. 

De  fide  hofti  feruanda.  Cap.«. 

Dc  fordenbus  &  induciis.  Cap./* 

De  infidiis  &  fraude  hoftili»  Cap. 8. 

De  iuie  Icgatorum.  ^p-  9» 

DE  ojSciis  bellids»  Cap,u 

De  imperatoic  vel  ducc  exercitus.  Cap.i. 

Vnum  nonplures  exercitui  piacfici  dcbere ,  &  cum  pote- 
ibte libera :  eundemque  conrinuum :  oec  eum  qoem 
priusofifeoderis  ignoirini.iueafFcceris.  Cap»)* 

Vtrum  leoitate  6c  i^neuolentia ,  anverdfeueritate  &  (c* 
nitia  plu&ptoficietimpctatot.  ^  Cap.4« 

Tempotumiatiooeni  pnecipu^  ic  bello  babenda*  Cap.5«^ 

Contcmio&sdc  kntasde  rebus  bellicis  deliberationesai*' 
modum  noxias  t^t,  praeiertirnvbifa^omagisquam 
coninito  opus  eft.  Cap. 6. 

Dum  res  adhuc  funt  Jntegras ,  ne  minimum quidem  regi 
vel  reip.  de  maie  Aate  fua  concedendiim  eflc :  &  erraro 
cos  qui  anogantiam  boilium;  modcAia  &  pacienria 
Tinci  pofleexiftimanf.  Cap./. 

An  prajftet  bcllum  domicxcipcre ,  an  vero  in  hoftilem  a« 
grum  inferrc.  Cap.a, 

An  praeflet  initio  przlij  magnoclamore&  cocitatocurfii 
in  hoftes  pergere .  an  vero  loco  manere  &  hoftium  im- 
petum  cxcipere.  Cap.9, 

Kon-ene  confilij  inuicem  infenfos  ciuilibusdiflTcnrioni- 
bus  hoAes  Madiicordiafrctuminuadere.       Cap. 10« 

Kecellitatem  pugnaodi  magnoftudioimponeodamc(]e 
miHtibus  &  hoilibus  remirtendam.  Cap.iu 

In  vidoria  porinimum  de  pacecogirandum.       Cap.i2« 

Deuif^ishoflibus.  qua  potiiDmum  cationepcfp^o^  P^c* 
9ukuobtm«iipofliM|  ^?'AL' 


INDEX     CAPITVM» 

Libri  tert^  capita» 

DE  difciplina  militari»  Cap*i, 

De  officio  legati ,  thbuni ,  &  aliotum  qui  in jlitibus 

prsfunt*  Cap,  2* 

De  metaroribus ,  Hue  menfbribus.  Cap,  3. 

De  militibus,  &  qui  militare  poilunt.  Cap.4« 

De  f^cramento  militaii.  Cap.  5* 

De  midione.  Cap«6. 

De  priuilegiis  milttum.  Cap.j. 

De  iudiciis  militaribus»  Cap.8* 

De  poenis  militum.  Cap.9. 

De  contumacibus  Sc  ducum  di£lonon  parentibus.eosque 

non  protesentibus.  Cap.  10« 

De  emaoronbus.  Cap.  1 1 « 

De  defertotibus.  Cap.iz. 

De  transfugis  &  proditoribus.  Cap.  1 3  « 

De  feditiofis.  Cap.14» 

De  lis  qui  inacie  loco  ccdunt  aut  vi£H  fededunt«  Cap«i/; 
De  lis  qui  artna  alienanr,  vel  amittunt.  Cap.i6« 

De  lis  qui  excubias  deferur,  vel  minus  1efteagunt.Cap.17, 
Deeoquiarcem  .veloppidum,  cuius  pisfidio  impoHtus 

e([,  amittit,  vel  hoitibusdedit.  Cap.iS. 

De  fuTtis  &  aliis  quibufdam  deliftis  militatibus.  Cap.iQ. 
Deptsmiis  militum.  Cap.  20« 


Tre$hi  Uhri  nttiUt  funt  ai  confctuaniam  hoctenporeea' 
lamttofo  dtfcipUnam  mthtarem,  nee  hatentalkftudqttoi 
fdtiCathoUcte  contranetftr.Stc cenfto  iC.Notumb.l^il» 

Mathias  Lambrecht  faciae  Theol. 
Licent'&  Regius  in  alma  vniueiC 
Duacen.  Catechifmi  profeilbr. 


DEIV- 


DEIVREET 

OFFICIIS   BELLICIS, 

ETDISCIPLINA  MILITARI, 

LIBER   PRIMVS. 

DE  RATIONE  BELLI  INDICENDT, 

ALUS  Q^  E    C^RIMONirS   BELLICIS^ 

qu2c  antique  iure  feciali  prodica:  fuerunt. 

/  lus  fecials^, 

2  Collegium  fmdlUrA, 

^  officium  fecidiam. 

jf  Clarigatio, 

5  Paterpatraim, 

6  Tybarenornm  fdes, 

7  Verhaiuriifedalts^ 

S  Imujfu  populi  fosdus  mrinon  foteraU 

p  Sp  Pojiumus  hoHibw  deditfis., 

JO  D  editions  formula. 

I X  OHancmt^  Numantin^  dedltus. 

Q  h  PyT     PRIMVM. 

OMAN  OS  bellijfieut&  pa- 
ds iura  pcrpenlb  iudicio 
femper  ^ftitnafle,  exeo- 
ru  hiftoriis  licet  cognof- 
cere :  ita  vt  mirum  videri 
non  debeat,  tain  Felices  cis  fc mper  con- 
tigiffe  bclloru  cxitus :  quippe  qui  arma 

A         nunquam 


De  ivre  et  off.  bhli. 
nunquam  nifi  iuftis  de  caufis  fumpfc- 
aknti<juUat.  rint,  vtrcfcrt  Dionyfius  HalicarnafT.* 
KotfMM.2,  vfqueadco  vt  cum  legati  CampanorQ 
(quos  Samnites  aduerfo  prxlio  frege- 
rant,  &  ad  petendumRoraaeauxilium 
coegerant)in  fenatum  introdud^ijinul- 
tis  verbis docuifTent  5  qiiam  vtilisforet 
Rom.  rebus  Capan^Efocietatisacceffio, 
petentesamicitiam  inperpetuujin  prx- 
fensauxilium :  nihil  tamenaliudimpe- 
trarunt  a  fenatu  5  quinon  temere  febel- 
lisalicnis  immifcerevolebat,  quam  vt 
legari  mitterenturad  Samnitcs^precatu 
ne  qua  vis  Campanis  fieret.ad  qug  prin- 
ccps  legationis  a  Capanis  miflbs,  quc- 
admodum  in  madatisarceperatjQuan- 
doquidem,inquit,noftratueriaduerfus 
vimatqueiniuriam  iufta  vinonvultis, 
veflraccrte  defendetis.  itaqjpopulum 
Campanum ,  vrbeque  Capuam,  agros, 
diuina,  humanaque  omnia  in  veffram 
P.  C.  populiqueRom.ditionemdedi- 
mus.quicquiddeindepatiemurdcditi- 
tij  veftri  pafluri .  Turn  in  fenatu  iam  fi- 
^  ^'^•7'  desagivifajVtrefcrtLiuiuSj^^dedirosno 
prodi ,  bellumque  aduerfus  Samnites 
fu fceptu  eft,  quod  fine  iufto  tituIo,Ro- 
mani  a  Campanis  in  fc  nunquam  ver- 

tiflent* 


Liber    primvs*  2 

tiflent.  Similiter  priufquam  tertiumS: 
vltimum  belluiti  Punicu  fufciperctur, 
diu  multumque  tata  res  agitata  eft:  atq; 
interM.PorciumCatonem,&Scipio- 
nemNaficam  fenatusprincipes(quorQ 
alterfapicntiflimiis  vir  in  ciuitatc  habe- 
batur  J  alter  optimus vir ctiam  a  fenatu 
iudicatus  erat)  variis  fenientiis certatil. 
Cato  fuadebac  vc  bcllum  indiceretur 
Carthaginiefibus^qui  exercitum  {pecie 
contraMaflanifTam  regemjreipfa,  cotra 
Romanoscoparatum  in  Htiibus  habe-* 
bant^Nafica  cotradicente^  ex  cuius  fen- 
tentia  legates  mitti  Carthaginem  pla- 
cuit^qui  fpecularentur  quidagerent5ca-. 
ftigato  eorum  fenatu ,  quod  contra  foe- 
dus exercitum  ^  &  nauales  materias  ha- 
berent.  Sed  Gifgo  Amilcaris  filius,  ho- 
mofeditioliis,  ita  (enatum  bellum  ad- 
uerfus  Romanos  fuadendo  concitauit, 
vt  legatifuga  fibi  confulcre  coadi  fint. 
cumque  tunc  Cato  non  diutius  bel  - 
lum  differendumcenferet,Naficanon- 
dumiuftamfibibeilandi  cauiamvideri, 
8c  nihil  temerc  faciendum  dicebat .  kd 
Catonisfcnientia  peruicitj^c  cum  Car- 
thaginienfibus,  quod  contra  foedus  na- 
ues  habercnt,  &  extra  fines  exercitum 

A  2         cduxif- 


De     IVRE    ET     off.    BBtLi 

eduxiffent,  quodque  MafTanifTae  focio 

aF2of./«&.49  armainiuliflent,bellumgeftum^  Ac 

belli  quidem  aequitas^  vt  inquit  Cicc- 

hoffckb.i.  robjfandiffmc*  fecial! populi Roma*  i 

ni  iure  perfcripta  erat .  ex  quo  intel- 

ligi  poieft  ,  nullum  helium  fuifle  iu- 

ftum  5  nifi  quod  aut  rebus  repetitis  ge- 

reretur ,  aut  denuciatum  anteeflet,  aut 

indidum.quod  ius  Ancus  Martius  rex, 

abantiqua  gete  iEquicoIis  defcripfit .  a 

quo  bellicae  caeriraoniap,  vt  non  gererc- 

tur  foliim ,  fed  etiam  indicerentur  bella 

aliquo  ritu,  primum  Romanis,  vti  Li- 

c  //5.1.      uius"teftatur/unt  prodit^  dicetalij  hoc 

Numas  Pompiliotribuantjaquofepti- 

ma  facrarum  legum  parte  ^  collegium 

dDmyfit(  fecialium^inftituiumfuilfeallerunt*'.  2 

Habcar.an-  Officium  *  vero  fcciallu  (cuius  fumma  3 

tlT.   '^'^  *  fern  per  a  pud  Romanos  fuit  audoritas) 

infummaerat:dareoperamneRomani 

vlli  foederatae  ciuitati,  iniuftumbellum 

inferret;  &de  bellisjfoederibus,  padio- 

nibus5&  iniuriiSjfociiSjaliisquc  confce- 

deratis  getibusillatis  cognofcere.quod 

fi  qua  prior^contra  foederis  cod  jtiones, 

aliquid  commififletjlegatos  mittere,& 

verbis  primum  ius  fuum  repctere5&  res 

fibidari  ciaravoce  poiccrc  (quaeclari- 

gatio 


Liber  primvs.  3 

4  gatio^difta)  his  verbis :  louemego  te- 
5,  ftem  facio,fiegoimpieimufteque,ilIas 
„  res  dedier  populo  Romano,  mihiquc 
3j  expofco,  tunc  patriot  compotem  nuni- 
33  quamfinaseffe.  Quodfidedignaretur 

facerepoftulata,  rcnuciata  prius  focic- 
tate  &  amicitia  (fi  quaforteerat)  poft 
trigintademumdiesjquirolenesfu^re, 
bellum  indicere,captaq;,&  hoftili  mo- 
do  deuaftata,  belli  iurerepctere^  Fecia- 
libuscerte  prohibentibuSjautnon  pro- 
bantibus^neque  confuli,nequc  fenatui, 
neq;  populo  3  armain  hoftes  fumcre  li» 

5  cebar.  Maximus  *  vero  crat  inter fecia- 
Ies,quem  Patrempatraium  appellabat. 
is  autem  crat,  qui  iiberos  haberct,  viuo 
adhuc  patrefuo  S  que  fecialis,  verbena  ^  p^«<^  ^ 
caput  &  frontcra  cmgens,  mdicedi  bel- 
li, aurpercutiendi  foederis  ,  principem 
faciebat,  Casterum  (ciendum  efl  non 
fuilTe  neceffe,  ipfi  regi ,  cum  quo  fort^ 
belligerandum  erat ,  bellum  indici ,  (cd 

fatis  erat ,  ad  pra?fidium  aliquod  nun- 
ciare.  vt  feciales  confulti,  primum  cum 
Philippo,&  iterum  cum  Antiocho  bel* 
lum  indicendum  effct^decreuere .  Bel- 
lo  autem  legitime  indido,  fublatisco- 
mertiis ,  militi  arma  capcrc ,  &  copias 

A  3         cogcrc 


De     IVRE     EY     off.  BELLt 

cogerelicebat^adhoftcsducerejexcur- 
fiones  facere,  prasdas  agere,  fines  popu- 
lar!, eosqueferrOjign  iqjdeuaftarCjfru- 
menta  fiicciderCjCedificia  incendere,  at- 
que  omnia  hoftiliter  agere.  Tybarenos 
*  tame  adeoiuftosfuifle  memorise  pro-  6 
ditupi  eft ,  vt  non  prius  cum  hofte  con- 
grcderentur^quam  diem,  locum,  &  de- 
certadi  horam,  ex  fide  per  feciales  hofti 
denunciarent»  quod&  aveteribusillis 
RomaniSjUonunquamfadumfuiflele- 
gimusf  Formulamvero,  &ritum  belli 
a  "Lib.u  Et  indicedi^antiquilTimum  rcfert  Liuius  \ 
GcUjfb,i6.  Feciales itaque 3 fi qui illaram cotrafoe- 
Tt'tKUaii-  dusiniuriaquerebantur5caufameorura 
car.AnhKa.  cognofccbautj  &  coperto  crimine/on* 
*"**' '  ***    tes  comprehenfos  laefis  dedebant.  iudi- 
cabant  item  de  legatorum  iniuriis ,  qui 
iure  gentium  fanc^ti  fuere  :  atque  ita,  fi  a 
quouis  populo ,  aut  natione  violati  fo-' 
rentjVt  hi  qui  iura  gentium  temerevio- 
lafTentjdedercntur,  per  feciales  caueba- 
hinUvk.T).  tur.  idqjctiam  iure noftrocautum eft ^. 
ixicgatimK  X)abant  quoque  operam  feciales ^vt  fer- 
uarentur  coditiones  foederis,  pacem  fa- 
ciebant,  &  fi  parum  legitime  fadlavide- 
batur,irritara  reddcbant.  Non  aliter  ta- 
men  foedcra  cum  fociis ,  aut  hoftibus 

fancire. 


Liber   primv*.  4 

fincirCjaut  padiones  concipere  pote- 
rant,quam  fi  c6fulis,aut  pr3etorisau(flo- 
ritate,intercedentcS.C.iufruq;populi, 
permijDfum  foret*  denique  fi  quid  irape- 
ratorcs,  velducescontraiurifiuradi  re- 
ligionem  peccaffenr,  feciales  cognofce- 
7  bant,atqueexpiabant.  Verba  *autem 
„  iurisfecialishaecerant  rBelli^pacis^foe- 
P,  derum,induciarum5oratorum/eciales 
indices ^unto^Ec  quidem auftores foe-  ^^J'^^^^*^ 
deris,  minus  rite  initi ,  per  ipfos  feciales  '  '^'  * 
hoftibusdedebatur  5  vt  hac  ratione,  po- 
S  pulus  religionefolueretur.Iniuflli  *  ve- 
ro  populi  Sc  citra  Senatus  audtoritatc, 
nihil  fanciri  poterat,quod  populum  te- 
neret,  &  fine  fecialibus ,  caerimoniaque 
alia  folemni,  foedus  fieri  non  poterat. 
Vndc  T.  Veturius,  &  Sp,  Poftumius 
p  confT.^quiajCum  malcpugnatumapud 
Caudiu  efTet,  legionibus  Romanis  fub 
iugum  miffis ,  pacem  cum  Samnitibus 
iniufTu  populijfenatusque  fecerant,vnh 
cum  T.  Numicio  &  Qli^milio  Trib. 
pleb.  quodeoruquoq;  audoritate  pax 
Caudina  fadla  erat ,  dediti  funt  hofti- 
buSjVtpaxSamnitumrepudiaretur.at- 
que  huius  deditionis  ipfe  Pofturoius, 
quidedebatur ,  fuafor  &  auiSor  fuit  **. 

A  4  Cuius 


De     IVRE     Ft     OFF.  BELL, 

Cuius  verba,  vtrefert  Liuius^haecfue- 
rut :  Dedamurpcrfeciales^nudi  vindi-  „ 
qucjcxoluamus  religionepopulum^fi  „ 
quaobligauimus:  ne  quiddiuini,hu-  3, 
manive  obftet ,  quo  minus  iuftu  pium-  3, 
quedcintcgroineaturbellum.  Dcdi-  ,, 
tionis  vero  per  feciales  fadse  formula  „ 
haec  fuit  * :  Quandoquidcm  hice  homi-  lo 
nes  iniufTu  populi  Romani,  quiritum  „ 
foedus  idum  iri  fpopoderunt ,  atque  ob 
cam  rem  noxam  nocuerunt  :  ob  cam 
re ,  quo  populus  Komanus  fcelereim- 
pio  fit  folutuSjhofce  homines  vobis  de- 
do  .  Similiter  multis  annis  poft  *  C.  n 
Mancinus  Numantinis,  quibufcum  in- 
a  cicm  of  iuffu  populi  &  citra  fcnatus  audorita- 
fLjlL.  ^^^^  foedus  fecerat,  deditus  eft  ^. 

^^**  *  DE  BELLO  IVSTO  ET  IVSTIS 

BELLI    CAVSIS, 

1  Confertundaiurahelli» 

2  Duo  genera  decertand't. 

3  B  ella  fulapt€nda,vt  m  face  vhatHr» 

4  Ex  hellu  efiam  iujiis  multa  mala  or  iri. 

5  Bellum  homHum  turfi  pad  fraferen  - 

dum, 
i    Julia  bella  iure  Gemium^  Cammm^  & 
dtuino  fcrjnt([k» 

7     Jn 


LiBER     PRIMVS.  J 

7  In  iuHo  hello  rtquiritur  AuSfmtOiTrlru- 

8  K^fud  Romanes  klU  pacu£  arbitrium 

penes  populum  fuh* 
P     ^AndoqueiniuJlufrmcipisbeUumgeri 

pofpL^» 

J  0  Inpxnam  reheUionu  ipfo  iure  incipitur. 

J  J   \uflabelUcaufc. 

12  Rehellto, 

jj  IniuriafaBaprmifi^cefeturfdlaDeo^ 

J  4  Aliud  rehellu  j  alma  hofiis* 

J  s  lura  belli  an  conuemant  rebelltbM» 

x6  Cmlis  di([enUo» 

J/  Lex  Solon  IS. 

J  8  In  hello  mn  femper  tutU  non  alien  parti 

feadiungerc^. 
ip  LMediaviaferkulofa» 
2  0  ?  rincipisAutloY it  as  femper  fe^jiundA  c*o- 

tra  rebelles^ 
2 1   TQdla  iufia  caufa  rehelUndi, 
2  2   ^mdrefpubm  'vel  patria. 
2i  Rebelito gramfimum  crimen. 
■  2 4  Tyr annus  ocddi  potejl  • 
2  s  Legntmtu  pr weeps  tj/rannM  diet  nonpO' 

ten, 

26  Lex  Reoia. 

27  Pontifexex  caufa pote^  regetn  regnoprt* 

A  5  iS  Bel" 


Db    IVR.E    ET    OFF.    BELL. 

2  8  Btllum  aducrfw  infideles  An^&  ^uate^ 

ni^  tufium, 
2p  Jmperator  non  eft  tottus  mudi  do/ninm. 
J  0   Hdreticis  iuftum  helium  infertur, 
^  I  CMditi  non  nocet  miu/la  beili  caufa* 
^  2  Militi  Chrtftiamfhb  imperatore  fagan9 

fermiffum  militare, 
3S  Sluatenus regt tnfdeli parendum» 
g4  luflum  helium  mamfine  iufta  caupu 
SS   An  vtrimque  he  limn  diet  po^it  iuftum* 

3  6   PecumaneruusheU'h 

^  7  Cutsis  impenfis  helium  geri  dcheat* 
^  8  Tratani4s  ft  (cum  Iteni  comparahat. 
$g   lMos  Calbrum, 

40  Damnain  hello  accept  a  an  refarcki  d$* 
beanh 

Capvt   secvndvm. 

TN  repub.bene  conftituta  maxime  co- 

tiofficM.i.  -'^feruanda^eflciura belli docet  Cicer,»  ^ 

in  quo  &  furcipicndo,&  gerendo5&  de- 

ponendo  ius  vt  plurimum  vakt  &  fi- 

b  cicerM.z  dcs^  .quo  fpcdat  illa,qu3E  de  iure  feciali 

diitffbns^    diximus,Namcumfintduo*generade-  z 

certandi,  vt  idem  ait :  vnutn  per  difccp- 

tationem,altermn  per  vim ;  cumqj  illud 

proprium  fit  hominis ,  hoc  belluarum; 

confugiendura  eftadpofterius^fi  vti  no 

licet 


Liber  primvs.  6 

licet  fuperiore .  Quod  etia  indicafle  vi- 
dentur  poetae ,  cum  Chironem  centau- 
rum  (cuius  fupcriorem  parte  hominis, 
infcriorem  vero  equi  forma  refcrre  fin- 
gunt)  Achillis  parfagogum  coftitutum 
tradunt:  vt  oftendercnt5bonum  princi- 
pcm  non  folum  prudenria  &  confilio, 
aliisque  animi  dotibus  pra^ditum  ^  fed 
etiam  viribus ,  &  armis  inftrudum  efle 
debere.  ineosenimquia^quumpatino 
poffuntj  neq;  ratione  cohiberi^vis  baud 
iniufta  eft.  Sed  vt  Scipio  dicere  folet, 
impcratoritidevtmedicus,  ad  malum 
curandumvltimodemumloco  ferrum 

3  adhiberc  debet  ^  Quare  fufcipienda  *  a  p/**.«a^ 
quidcm  bella  fun  t,  ob  earn  caufam  vt  fi-  ^^ ' 

nc  iniuria  in  pace  viuatur ,  &  i ta  vt  nihil 
aliud  nifi  pax  quaefita  videatu r  ^.  Qiao  b  c.mUai 
fpcdat  memorabilisilla  Martiani  C«-  ^^**' 
laris  fententia:  Donee  liceretinpacevi- 
uerc,  no  debere  principearmafumere: 

4  ciimtottantaquemalaexbellis  *,etiam 
quaeiuftadicuntur,  oriantur.  quorum 

„  malorum^vtexclamatD.AuguftinusS  ff '^;^ 
„  multas  &  multiplices  clades  ,  diras  &    '*^'"'^'^ 
J,  duras  neceifitates^fijVtdignu  eft,eIoqui 
5,  velim,  quanquam  nequaquam  ficut  res 
y,  poftulat,poflinijquis  eritprolix?  difpu- 

tationis 


Db  Ivrb   et  off.  bbll, 
tationis  modus  ?  Sed  fipiens,inquiunt,  >J 
iufta bella gefturus eibquafi  no^fife ho-  ,» 
minemmeminit,  multo  magis  dolebit  „ 
iuftorum  neceffitates  fibi  exftitiflcbel-  » 
lorum.quia  nifi  iufta  efTcnt^gerendano  » 
efTent,  ac  per  hoc  (apienti  nulla  bcUaef- ,, 
fent.  iniquitas  enim  partis  aduerfie  iufta  j, 
bella  in'gerit  gerenda  (apieti,  imo  &  ne-  » 
ceflaria,  qu«  iniquitas  homini  vtique  5^ 
doleda,  quia  hominum  eft,  etfi  nulla  ex  ,5 
ea  bellandi  neceilitas  nafceretur,  Hsec  i-  » 
taque  mala  tarn  magna ,  tarn  horrendaj  n 
tam  fa^ua  quifquis  cum  dolore  confide-  » 
rat^miferiamnecefleeft  fateatur .  quif-  „ 
quisautemvelpatitureafineanimido-  ,> 
lore^vel  cogitat,  multo  vbique  miferius  35, 
ideo  (e  putat  beatum  >  quia&  humanii  9, 
perditrenfumihfcille.SuntenimsYtin*  „ 
quit  Liuius^quaeda  belli  iura^qua?  vtfa- 
cere ,  ita  pati  fas  eft :  vt  fata  exuri ,  dirui 
teda^praedas  hominum  pecorumq^agi: 
quae  certe  miferajicei  non  femper  inoi- 
gna,patienti  funt.  Paciitaque^qug  nihil 
fit  habitura  infidiaru ,  aut  turpitudinis,, 
^off^uoM.i  yi^i^ Cicero %fempereritcoAiIendum, 
b  vhtitfp.ii  Ceterum^quauis,  Vt  idem  ait  ^5dulce  fit 
nomenpacis,  &  ip(a  res  tumiucunda, 
tumlaiutaris.  namneqipriuatosfocos, 

ncquG 


Liber  primvs.  7 

jieque  publicas  leges ,  neque  libertatis 
iurachara  habere  poteftjquedifcordia?, 
quemcaedesciuium,  quern  bell  urn  pu* 

5  blicumdcledat:  bellumtamen^honc- 
flu,  cxDemofthenis  fentcntia,turpi  pa- 
cifempercftpra^ferendum,  Etquidem 

6  iufta^bellafuntiure  gentium  indida^:  a  l.  «fcoc 
&  turn  iure  canonum^ ;  turn  eiiam  iure  ^^*  -^^^ 
diuinopcrmifla^.  na&  Dcusipfeprac-  bc.?«/I'c. 
cepit Ifraclitis. vt  Amorra^is, aliisq:  po -  ^«'"i"'«- f 5 
puhsbellum  mferrcnt  .  vnde  D.Au-  w.,»^c.o/fw. 

.  euft.«Nolianquit.exiftimareneminem  ''^^f^f-fpoi* 
,  Deo  placere,  qui  armis  bcllicis  mini-  cmLc.miiu 
J  ftrat.namDauidDeoacceptifllmu?,^  tare,2i^.i, 
,  Centurioillc, cuius  fides diuino  tefti-  'zT^^^JTz. 
,  monioextollitur,&alij(andiviriope-  ^  oe.,ter.2. 
,  rammilitiaedederunt.Vtautembellum  l/f,^;,';"'' 

7  dicatur  iuftum^debet  imprimis  *  audto- 
ritatea&  mandato  fummi  principisjpc- 

ncs quemefl belli  pacisqiarbitriumjin-  u.^mdcui- 
dici.&fufcipif.  Namad  priuatum  non  ^^T'^^' 
Ipeaatbcllummouere,  cumiusluuin  i6.iz.atra 
iudicio  perfequi  poffit  &  debeat.  violat  '"''jf  ^/^ 
enimiusprincipis^quifineiurisauiflp-  v.dieo^^i 
ritate,  manu  reeiaiusfibidicit  ^.  Sed"**'/^*^- 
nee  vlli  J  inlciOj&  inconlolto prmcipe,  yt  a,mo.  v. 
quorumlibet  armorum  mouendorum/'^'^^'^F"'- 
copiatribuitur^.  Eclegeluliamaiefta- 'Iei'mTu 

tis  te- 


De     IVRE    ET     OFF.  BELL, 

tis  tenetur,qui  iniuflu  principis  bellum 
gefTerit,  deledumve  habueritjautexer- 
a L.3. D.ati  citum comparauerita.Itaque Cato cen- 
%/»  ui.    j[q[j^^  reuocandum  exercitum ,  &  Cxfa- 
"'^^'       remhoftibusdedcndum,  qiiodiniuffii 
bPiutar.i»  populibcllil  in  Gallia gercrett>.  Apud 
cat.vticen.  Romaiios* cnim pencspopulum.cuius  8 
eratfummum  impenum,bellipacisquc 
arbitriu  fuit,  vt  ex  multis  Liuij  locis  fa- 
ns conftat.  Itaque  patresdecreuere,in- 
c  ituimi^.  quitLiuiiis  ^^vt tribunimilitumde hel- 
lo indicendo  Veietibus,  primo  quoque 
dieadpopiilumferrent.itemPrcenefti- 
nis  ex  S.  C.  populi  iuflajbclium  indi(5lu 
^\juiu*hh,  eft**:&cx  auaoritatepatrum  populus 
1«.  Palaepolitanis  bellum  fieri  iuffit :  item 

zUuiuiitb.  VeftinisS&^quis^  Vndecirtnpopu- 
fiimittiib  '"^  on^J^c  imperium  in  fe,  poteftatcm- 
,9/""^' '  que,principilegeRegiacotulerit5,hoc 
g  /i.  DM  jj^jij  ^  pacisq;  aibitrium  eft  apud  folum 
€onji,t.^rMc.  pj.^j^^-pgj^  .  q^Q^  ita  penes  ipfumrefi- 

det5&  maieftaii  principis  cohaeret,vt  ab 

h  Zati  Bo  eo  diuelli  non  polTit  h.  &  hoc  ius  reges 

hbltaVu.  Temper  habuifle ,  indicat  quoque  hifto- 

riaracra».NonnunquamtamenVV"^^  9 
»^'i'-f»-  ex  magna  &nece(rariacaura,  &fiprin- 

ceps  fitabfcnsjfitque  periculu  in  niora, 
etiam  iniuflu  principis  bellum  geri  po- 
tent: 


Liber  primvs»  8aArg«w«rf« 

terit^ipraefertim  ex  caufa  defenfionis,  \!u^',^itt 
qua?  iure  naturae cuilibet  conceditur^,  fn^.^.^uod 
Quo cafu non folum licebit propellere  Z'^g^n^: 
iniuriam/ed  etiam  vicifci  *^3&  hoftes  fe-  ^^it^mo. 
dibus  fuis  pellere,  fi  aliter  ab  iis  tu  ti  effe  pr'^Z\  \% 
nonpofTumus,  nequeenimdiceduseft  ^tbuortm.D^ 
quis  moderamen  inculpatse  rutelse  ex-  ^elT/"'"'' 
cedere,  qui  id  facir,  fine  quo  periculum  ^  l,vi  >»«. 
euitare  non  poteft :  vt  multis  oftendit  ^J^^^t 
Marian. Socin.*^  Nepos^quiexiflimat  ncvnjm. 
iftud  bcllum  did  iuHum,  etia  quoad  ef-  cw-^a^ 
fedum^&iuri  belli  locum  efle  (effedius  rain.mfnt^ 
€niinexcaufiscolligiture.)idcoq; capta  c^7c^*«wii 
in  hoc  bello,  fieri  capientium  .•  &  haec  23.V2. 
multomagis  obtincrc,  ficurcbellibus  ifff  ^^* 
resiit:quorumconatusnonioIumqui-  ci.i.^.yu, 
libet  poteftjfed  etiam  tenetur  cohibere,  %\l2uJ^' 
no  exfpedato  iuflu  principis^  fi  fit  peri-  u.minm^ 
culum  in  mora.Si  enim  is.qui  non  pro-  ''^''^l^j.^.j. 
pelJitalocioiniuriam  ^cum  poteft,  tam  rtbtu. 
eftin  vitio,  quam  is  qui facit^:  quidde  {^^- 3 •$•'»'''• 

...  ^    •       •    -t     J-  J  «^  D.<idi.  Cor. 

jniuria^qua^principint^dicendumeu?  ntUefica.i. 
10  pra^/ertim^cumijjquiquidcontraprin-  fjo^tortuD. 
cipis  maieftate ,  & reipub,  quietem  ma-  i'l!^/^! 
cbihantufjipfbiurein  poenam  rebellio-  <?*"»♦  ^-  ^^» 
nisincidatS,  &  quafi  hoftes  occidi  pof-  k  c!^.X* 
fint^5  vel  captiui  habcri ';  vnde  multo  f  »>«*  «- 
roagisbonaeorum  capientium  fient»^.  j^tZcL, 


Db   iVre  et   off.  bell, 
cftque inter  cetera, qua? in Romanahi- 
floria  inuenire  licet,  prseclarum  in  banc 
fententiam  exemplum  de  L.  Pinario, 
i^nnseinSicilia  pra^fedo  praefidij  ;qui 
cumciuium  rebcllionem,&  defedione 
ad  Carthaginienfes  prajfentiretj&libc- 
rum  no  efTet  legates  ad  Cdfulem  Mar- 
cellum^quauis  baud  procul  eflet>  mit- 
tcre^ex  improuifo  magna  caede  ia(5la,cl- 
uesomnes  oppreffit.  quo  facinoreiEn- 
naretentaeftjeiufquefadumMarcellus 
non  improbauit,&  prsedam  i^nnefium 
a  tkm  hb,  militibus  conce/Tit^.  Itaque  Cicero  lau- 
34-        *  datfa(5tum  0<51auij  CiEfaris^qui  non  ex- 
fpedatofcnatusdecretOjbellum  contra 
Antonium  fua  fpontcfufceperat.dccer- 
nendi  enim  tempus,  vt  illeait,nondum 
vcnerat ;  belli  autem  gerendi  tetnpus  fi 
pra^termififler,  videbat  repub.  opprefTa, 
bcic?.pR8  nibildecerni  pofTe  *>.  &  fenatusquoque 
bellum  priuato  confilio  a  Cas&re  fulce- 
ptum,  audoritate  publicacomproba- 
c  c»f.p/;i/.5  uitSSic  quoq,  Scipio  Nafica  maximara 
laudem  meruit,qui  priuataaudoritatc, 
le  omnibus  bonis  ducem  prgbens,  Tib. 
?^. ^L'J^z.*  Graccbu  cum fcelcrata fadione  oppref- 
Apfian.  de '  fit  ^  .NccefTc  eft  enim,vt  inquit  Cicero, 
Mum^iM.  •  j^  tantaperturbatione  rerum,tempori- 

bus 


Liber,   primvs.  9 

bus  potius  parere^quam  moribus.&,vt 
idemait^femper  in  pace,  confuetudinij 
inbello,vrilitaiiparendumeft.inquam 
lententiaalio  loco  plura  a  nobis  dicen- 
tur*.  Prgterea  bellu  non  nifi  ex iufta  &  ^^2•M^5. 
ncceflaria  caufageredumeft  ^:&: abeffe  ac.n0K.a3. 
debet  omnisnocendi  cupiditas,  vlcif-  ^*'- 
ccndi crudelitaSj&  dominandi  libido ^.  b c  f^a cuU 
quo  fpe(aant  ilia  qux  iure  fecialiapud  M'^-^^-i-^ 
Romanosfuereprodita.  Nequefoliini 
peceat,  qui  ex  iniuftacaufabellumge- 
rit:  fedctiam  opinionehunianapafTim 
rcceptum  eft5eum  fere  (cmpcrfuccum- 
bere.  Nam,  vt  inquic  Propertius, 
Irangit^  &  AttoUit  vires  In  mil'tu  caufa,        ^  ^  ^^^^^ 

^d  mftiufia  fubefi^excuiit  armapudoK  23 .  grw/?.2. 

luftx  vero  belii^caufe  pr^cipuae  fun t  ^^{X/./c. 
11  hxi  Defenfioproprijimperij^perfbna-  ^«m.zj.f.o. 
rum,  amicorum,  fociorum,&:  rerum  S  J;^J,'f/jJ^] 
addefenfionemenim  ipfakxnaturalis  fpoi. 
ctiampriuatisauaoritateprseftat^.  lu-  'l^}^^'^ 
ftumergobellumjVt  C.  PontiusSam-  iur.i.f»rem^ 
nitiumduxdicebat,  quibusneceffariu,  ^J^^f^^'l 
&:pia  arma,  quibus  nulla  nifi  in  armis  ,ia^,*c.DM 
fpcs  relinquirur.  Subeft  quoque  iufta  ^•'^'Jf- 
belli  caufa,  cum  genturad  recuperan-  z^,^u<u.2. 
das  res  sQUX  per  vim  &  iniulle  ab  hofti-  ^-  a«^/''«- 
busdetinentur  *:  velvt miunae,veldani  j^ ^.y-^^, 

B  illati 


2. 


De   ivre   et   off.  bell. 

illatiaudoresdedantur  ad  fupplicium, 

fi  forte  non  publico,  fed  priuato  cofilio 

aM.*fc/«-  iniuriaillatafuerit\  quodeiiaiurefe- 

,^,',6.cap.  cialicautum  fuifTe  fupcrius  oftedimus. 

9«*5?,2.     Iraquc Dauid,  monuo  Saule,  bellum 

geflitcum  Isbofeth,  filioSaulis,quioc- 

cupare  nitebarur  rcgnum  Ifracl ,  quod 

Dominus  per  Samuelem  prophetatra- 

b  Rf2.2.c.2  diderat  Dauidi  ^ .  &  Romulus  Albanis 

belluintulit,  quod  dictator  ecru  Qui- 

lius,  nolktresraptasreftituere,  nequc 

c  D/o«^/     raptorestradere'^.Eftpraptereaiuftabel- 

HaUc,i,b,3.  Iicaufa,vindi(5tainiuri3einiquiflimcil- 

dc^Dominw  lat^d,  Sic  Jegimus  Dauidem  regem  in- 

23^«*p.2.  tulifTe bellum regi  Ammonitarura^pro- 

ai.9«<F?.8.  pter  derilos  legates  luose.  Lt  quidem 

l^indZl'  ^*^^^o"^  iniuri^  illat^,diceturctiam  bcl- 

/«^«r  **"  lumiuftum,fiquisprohibeaturtranfire 

per alicuius  prouinciam.  modo  trafitus 

innoxius  futurusfit :  qui  iurehumana! 

f  c.  vit.  23.  focietatis patere  dcbet^ .Itaque Ifraelitf 

g"*/?.*.      jj^jiQ  intuierunt  regibus  Amorr^orum, 

g  N«w.2.    propternon  concelfum  tranfitu  inno- 

tJiTs.qZ  xiumjinterraipfisa  DeopermifTamS. 

cap.farevos.  luftiflimam * deniq; belli  caufam habct  12 

L'TJfilZ  princeps,  quiarmis  perfeq u it ur rebel- 

§.  ^ut  defi  les,&abimperiodeficientesh.grauise- 

^'fV»Lt  niminiuria  infertur  Deo,  &pnncipi, 

cum 


Liber   primvs.  to 

cum  eius  imperio  (ubditi  refiftunt,  noa 
c(t  enim  poteftas,  nifi  a  Deo :  &  qui  re- 
fiftitpoteftatijVt  inquit  Paulus%  Dei  n^dn^omn, 
n  ordinadoni  rcfiftir :  &  iniuria  *  fada  "^*'» 
principi5cereturfa(ftaDeo:quiSamue- 
lijaquopopulusaliumregempetebat, 
dixit ;  Non  teabiecer«nt,fed  me,nerc- 
gnem  fuper eos  ^. Dauid autem belluin  ^ «<^« « s. 
geflit cum  Seba fiiio  Bochri,  qui  popu   c  Reg.2.  c. 
lumfoliicitauit,  vt  a  Dauidead  ipfum  ^°'     , 

14  deficerct  c,  Sed  cum  rebellis^proprie  nbdUi.i.ho. 
hoftis  dici  non  polfic ,  (nam  aliud  eft  fi"  ^f'"' 
hoftis,  aliud  rebellis^'J  verms  eft,  vt  li  cu  d  u«  u.i6or. 
fubditis  rebellibus  armiscertetur,  non  ■^^'"'^''*' 
tarn  dicamus  efle  bellum ,  quam  execu-  oiiZ 
tionemiurildi6tionis.&  perfecutionem  y;"-'-^"^'» 

1      If  e     XT     J  •  •  fuc.  U quire- 

rebellium  .  Vndeetiamnon  entopijs  jut^rt.oje 
au(^toritatefummi  principis/ed  fufficiet  'y*'«^<^. 
eius  qui  iurifdidionehabet  ^.Hinciura  jhtlm^*'^' 

15  belli  ^jCaptiuitaciSj&poflliminijjquae  ^^-p^^imi- 
hoftibustantumcoueniunts,  non  pof-  d!'J!!17'»^'.' 
fe rebellibus couenirc,  confequ^s vide-  ^  ^-thora, 
tur:  ficutnecpiratis&latronibus  (qui  iji^^.^. 
hoftiumnumerononcotincnturjcon-  ratn.  d,Jc 
ueniut  ^.  quod  ita  intelligi  debet,vt  ipfi  "Cli.V, 
iurc  belli  agerc  non  poffint :  ideoq;  do-  «^- t,s}am.L[ 
minium  reru  captarum  non  acquirut»,  ^  «"part//. 
quod  hoftibustatum  tributumeft*^.  in  mmij', 

S  2  ipfos 


e  in'io.  ntc. 
l.detc- 


De     IVRE    it     off.    BEtt. 

jpfosvero  iure  belli  faeuire^multoque 
magisquam  in  hofles ,  licet :  iuntenim 
odio  digni  maiore,  &  no  debet  efle  mc- 
lioris  coditionis  rebcllis  &  latro,  quam 
zArgumeto  Icgitlmus  &r  iuftus  Hoftis ^  Quofpeda- 
dl'2i»^'t.,tC  re videtur quod  bCicero  fentit,non efle 
ttrtji'.avK,  mittendos  legates  ad  Antonium ,  nee 
'fM'  y^rbfj  rogandiimjfedcogendumarmis 
efk  recederc  ab  obfidione  M  utina? ,  co- 
Jonice  populi  Rom.  &  oppugnarione 
Br  u  ti  imperatoris,  confulis  de(ignati,& 
ciuisoptimi.  non  enim  cum  Annibale 
rem  efle  hofte  reipub.  ad  quern  fenatus 
dim  legates  milerat^vt  a  Sagun to  rece- 
deretjfed  cumciue.  Neque  interefledi- 
cebat,  vtrum  vrbem  Romana  Antonius 
oppugnarct,an  coloniam  populi  Rom. 
praeddijcaufacollocatam.  &  alibi  idem 
c e^(i.6Mh,  Ciceroad Plancum fcribens^dicitjCum 
Antonianis,  aquibus  Brutus  Muiinae 
obfidebatur,pacem  fieri  no  debere:  Vo« 
canseos  foedlflimos  Jatrones ,  qui  aut 
armispofinspacepeteredebercntiaur^ 
fipugnantes  eampoflularent,  vidoria 
pacem,  non  padione  pariendam  efle. 
Prsetcreac urn  a  parte  principis  fin t  om- 
nia ilia,  qua?  ad  iuflumbellumfunt  ne* 
ceflaria :  nempe  belli  gerediius,  &  iufla 

belli 


Liber  primvs.  ii 

belli  caura;apartever6rebellium,neq;  D.^dLcoll 
belli gercdi ius,quod foli  principi com-  dtfidlurro^ 
petit,vt  fuperiusoftedimus,ne()ueiufta  fZ'h^/* 
bellicaufa:cum  nulla  fit  caufarebellan-  bi.tramfu. 
di,  vtmoxdicemus;  fequitur  bellum,f^^"*^^^^;j* 
quod  cum  rcbelhbus  princeps  gerit,iu-  c  g/o/t  & 
ftiUImum  effe:  ideoque  iuri  belli  locum  ^„^Xf ' 
cflecontfarebelles,quitanquamhoftes  c«»t.  i»»». 
occidi pol^unt^  vel capri (erui  haberi *>^  '^"[I'l'^n^ 
vndc  eiiam  multo  magis  bona  eorum  cmift^.v. 
praedae  cedents  efFeftusenimcxcaufis '''^"'  .  , 

«     ,,.     .  .        _.  ,.  ^c  Barf,  I»/. 

colliguur  **.  Quod  ita  verum  puto ,  u  hona.  d.  j« 
aufpiciisfummi  principis  bellum  gera-  ^^/*^^^'*^V 
tur,aIioquiver6,quamuisdefenfiocui-«fcr^y?,t./^c/! 
libetpcrroiilafir^&quifqueiurifdidio-  '"f/C'^  ^ 
nem  fuam  exercere  poiut,  tamen  lura 


tura. 


belli nonaliter locum habebunt.quam  ^^-^^p^P/- 
auctaritate3&  noramelummi  prmci-  pnatis,  Dje 
pis  bellum  geratur  ^  alias  enim  bellum  ^'«/""♦/  ^*» 
dicinonpotelt .  Bellum  vero  quod  re-  r>.ditcfi<im. 
belles  geruntjiniuftiflimum  cfle  c6 ftat:  s  ^c^^fcef 
ideoque  iure  belli  agere  non  po(runt,&  pduihadi 
captiabipfisnonfiuntlerui^.  namcef-j?^«.  d,  rf* 
fcnte  caufaceflat  cffedus S-&  nemo  ex  T'im.c. 
dolo  fuo  lucrari ,  aut  aliis  nocere  de-  '^eperMcor». 
bet^Non  obftat  quod  Vlpianus  refp6-  Tmliicjui, 
16  dit\inciuilibusdiflentionibus*,quiin  »»5«/ww§, 
altcrutram  parte  difceflilTetir,  vice  ho-  Z2f4Z. 

B  3         Aium 


De     IVRE     ET     OFF.  BELL. 

ftiumnoneflc :  corufcilicct,interquos 
iuracaptiuitatis  &  poftliminij  vigent: 
ideoque  captos  hinc inde  non fieri  fer- 
uos ,  &  quod  coftiturionibus rcgni  Hi- 
fpaniae,  inciuilibusdifIentionibuscap- 
ttR^rr.w.16  taiubeturcumfeptuploreditui^.Nam 
./»«r,2.  2^^^  locum  habent,  cum ciuesintcrfcfe 
diflentiunt3&  tumuhuantur ;  nonaute 
cum  quid  contra  maicftatem  imperij 
machinatur.&inexitiumreipub.con- 
«tt/rW       tendunt  ^  tuncenim  hoftium  numero 
c  L,4fni/?»o  haberiincipiuntMtaqueVlpianusvfus 
foM^t^^D.'^^e  eft  vocabulo  partis,  partes  autem  dici 
cap.mnu.L.  ait  Clccro  *^ ,  cum  fcifla  in  duas  partes 
Tlijil^mii  fcpub.ciues inter fe  contenduntiqua? e- 
^.transf^g*,  tlam  fadiofies  dicuntur  a  Caefare  ^•bel- 
i  w/o.Ti  lumvero,  quod  Antonms  inferretrei- 
iuiMatejh.  pub.  nonpartiucertamen^fcddefedio- 
€  Dct'ib'  J^^n^apopulo  Romano  vocari debere. 
Gallic  ub.6.  Hinc  quoq;  Cicero  fdiflentit  a  Cxfarc, 
fincatu.^.  qui  propter  legem  Semproniam,  quae 
iniuiTupopulidecapitcciuis  Rom.  iu- 
dicari  vetebat,  non  cefebat  mortis  pos- 
nam  irrogandam  Cethego  &  Lentulo, 
catilinaria?  coniurationis  fociis,  ad  quae 
docet  Cicero  legem  Semproniam.quae 
deciuibusRomanisc6ftitutaeft,adeos, 
quieflcntreipub.hoftes^quicciteciues 

efle 


Liber   primvj.  12 

eflenullomodo  po(Ient,n6  pertinere. 
Sic  ccrte  beilo  cum  Latinis,  Campanis, 
FidenatibuSjHernicis,  i£quis,  Hetruf- 
cis.aliisquepopuli  Romani  fociis^quos 
fubditos,  non  participesimperijj  fuifle 
fitiscotlacexLiuioa,  Appian.^&  Dio-  b  i^LfJ! 
nyr.HaI.<^deficietibus,&  rebellatibuSj  «^/i-i. 
legimusvi<flosoIahoftiIiapaflbs  fuiile,  ^  ^^'5.a-4 
&capta  pr^dg  cefiifle5acq;captosinfer- 
uitureredadosninomultoduriuscum 
iis  aclu  faifle ,  quam  cum  aliis  hofhbus. 
cenfcbant  enim  maxime  ita  rebellantes 
iaofficiopoirecontincri,  fiida(5lume& 
ict,ne  poilent  rebellare.  quamdiu  enim 
malis  rclinqueretur  malefaciedi  facul- 
tas^adfore&voluntatera.Atque  ita  Ca- 
pua, quse  per  deditionem  populi  Rom. 
fadta  fuerat^,  cum  ad  Poenos  defeciflct,  d  iiuiw  u.j 
expugnaraaRomanis,lxx.pondoauri5 
&  argenti  triamilliaex  pra^daad  quce- 
/lores  delata  funtilxx.principes  fenatus 
interfc<fli:trecenti  fermenobiles  Cam- 
pani  in  carcerem  condiii ,  variis  cafibus 
interierunt :  multitude  alia  Campano- 
rum  venundata:ager  omnis  &  te<5ta  pu  • 
blica  populi  Romani fadafuni'.  Simi*  c  Uuimiie 
Utcr  cum  Fidenatibus,quaf  erat  colonia 
populi  Romani,  rcbellaniibusadum*.  f  immUA 

B  4         i£nna 


De   ivre   bt  off*  bell. 
^nna  quoquCjin  Sicilia,vt  fuperiusdi- 
ximus,  qusepraefidio  Romanorum  te- 
nebatur,cum  ad  dcfcdionem  fpcdarct, 

a  ikmhK  cum  magna cxdc  ciuiumdireptafuit». 

^**  eodem  modo  poftquam  Galliainpro- 

iiinciam  effctred^da^cum  Gallisrebel- 
libusa6tum  fuifTepaffiminueniasapud 
Ca^farem.  Porro  in  difTentionihus  "^ci"  17 
uilibus  non  inutilis  futura  vldeturlex 
3olonis :  qude,inter  alias  an tiquiilimas, 
Athenisaxibusiigneis  incila  erat :  qua 
cauit^vt  qui  exorta feditione  popular!, 
&  fciffa  in  duas  partes  ciuitate,  ncutri  fe 
adiunxifTet^hicdomOjpatriajfortunisq,- 
careretj  exuI,extorrisq;efIet.  Quod& 
Phauorinus  phiiofophus  inter  fratres 
quoq;  &  amicos  diflidentes  fieri  opor- 
tere  cenfuit :  vt  vtriulque  partis  aroici, 
fi  ad  concordiam  componedam  parum 
audoritatis  habucrint,  turn  alter  in  al- 
teram partem  difcedat,  &hac  rationc 
viam  fibi  ad  viriufque  concordiam  mu- 

hGtlihh.7,  niant*>.Equidem  banc  lege  hifcenoftris 
temporibus  vtiliflfimam  fore  cenleo,  ad 
hoc,  vt  exorta aliqua  fadione raaloru, 
protinus  omnes  bonicommunibusvi- 
ribus  eos  opprimant,  neque  fe  vna  cum 
repub.oppriinipatiatur:vt,prohdolor! 

cum 


LiBER     PRIMVS.  IJ 

cum  magno  reipubl.  Chriftianae  dctri- 
iiicnto,&  huius  BelgijcuerfionepafTiiu 
fieri  videmus.dumenim  boni  niraia  fua 
modeftia ,  &  patientia,  malis  conatibus 
feditiofbrum  ciuium  concedcdo,  fe  pa- 
ccm  habituros  confidunt,  duriflimum 
fibiferuitutisiuguminijcifit:  quod  po- 
fteafruftraexcutereconantur.  &fic,vt 
cum  bonorum  iaduram  aut  vitaeperi- 
culum  pro  rcpub.  adire  recu&ntjiiecefr 
lario  cum  republ.  percant  •  omne  enim 
malum  nafcens^vt  inquit  Clc.faclle  op- 
primitur ,  inueteratum  fit  plcrumque 
18  robuftius,  Nequectiam*fempertutit 
fimum  erit,  quod  plerique  arbitrantur, 
non  interponerefebello.fed  fpedatore 
belli)  fortunarumqueaiienarum,euen« 
turn  finevUodifcrimine  rerum  fuarum 
operiri,  quodlegati  Antiochi&i^to- 
lorum^qui  Romanos  Gra^ciaexpcllerc 
conabantur^Acha^is  amicis  Romanoru 
perfuadcrenitebantur ,  petentes  vt  (aU 
temneutripartifeadiungerent.namad 
ca T.  Quintius  Proconful ,  nihil  tarn  a- 
lienum  a  rebus  Achasorum  effe  oftedit: 
quippe  5  fiue  gratia^  fiue  dignitate,  prae- 
miumvidloris  futures  3.  Ariftenus  quo-  a  tmmUh, 
que  praetor  Achasorum ,  cum  Romani  '^* 

B  ;         primum 


De    IVRE    ET    OFFi    BELL. 

primum  eorum  amicitiamexpeterent, 
&  Philippusfalrenearmis  inrereflenr, 
poftularet,  oratione  ad  fuos  habira  o- 
ftendit,  Romanos  aut  focios  habendos, 

at«;<M/.32  authofl:eS;mediam'  viamnullamelle*:  j^ 
quo?,  vt  Pontius  Samiusdiccbat^neque 
amicos  paratjiieque  inimicos  tollit.lta- 
que  Portius  Cato,  funimus  vir,  Popeio 
&  Cxfare  infer  fe  contendentibuSjqua- 
uis a faclionum  auctoribus  inultis  in  re- 
bus caufareipub.diflentiretj&neutnus 
mentem  plane  probaret ;  tamcn  bello 
exortotnon  fibi  quiefcendum  cxiftima-^ 
uit^fedeas  partes  fecutusell,  quse  plus 
afquitatis  habere  viderentur,  Bruto  etia 
dehortante,cui  prudenter  refpondet; 
Summttm  Brute  nefm  c'tmUa  hellafatemur^ 
Sedqtwfata  vocant^  virtw  fecura  jtqmmr. 
Etceiera,quae  carmine  profequitur  Lu- 

bW,2.  canus^.  Sedha:cdeIiberatio,vtrius  par- 
tes 3equiorcs  fint ,  in  democratia  vel  ari- 
ftocratia,  fcifTo  imperio, quod  pluribus 
commune  eft,admitti  poteftiinmonar- 
chia  vero ,  optimus  &  prudcntiffimus 
quifque^principis  *,apud  quern  fumma  20 
imperii  eft,audoritatcm  fequetur^cotra 
feditiofos  &  turbuientos  ciues,&  lubdi- 
los .  poftquam  enim  vifumeftreipub. 

per 


LiBER     PRIMVS.  Jd. 

pervnum confuli^icui lege regia popu.  a /2. f  «•- 
lusomne  imperium  in  fe,  poteftatemq;  "f'^^^'^ 
concciTu i», quique eft  communis  om-  Tl,  Die 
nium  parens  c:  &  cui  diuina  legeobe-  '^'"'/'•*  r»«c- 
dire  iubemur<* :  cum ,  non  lecusac  pa-  «^jv.rg,*^^ 
triam5defendere&  tueriquilibet debet.  ^*/'"""  *^ 
Etquidem,vtinqLiitCicero,niillaiufta  d  P4i»La4 

21  *  caufa  videri  poteft  aduerfus  patriam  ^«"w-»^ 
arma  capiendi.&  Plato  nefas  eflc  duxir, 
vi  vti  contra  patrem  vel  matrem,omniu 
veto  maxime contra  patriam. Nulla  au- 
tenttaataimpietas,  nullum  tan  turn  fce« 
lus,  quod  fit  parricidio  vindicandum  ^  tOmntiM- 
Parricida  vero  patriae  vocat  Cicero  An-  ^^.^8«. 
tonium ;  quod  reipub.  belluni  inferreti 
cuius  certe  Talus  praefcrri  debet  faluti 

32  patris^.Rempub.voco*:inquofandif-  ^  ^-«'^we 
limunomen  patriae  cotinen dixit  Cor-  e-ft^i^^b, 
nificiusS;  non  folum  ipfum ,  quod  ab-  ^"«^-  L-^^- 
furdum efTet.  nam  omne/olu  viroforti  t»ji,&'wr^, 
patriaefi:;  kd  vt  Cicero  interprctarur,  g^'iHere»^ 
coetumciuium  iuris  confenfu ,  &  vtili-  ''^  ^*"' 
tatis'communionefociatum.  Quofpe. 
dlat  quod  Ceforinusapud  Appianum^  h  i»  bdh 
legaris  Carthaginienfium  refpodit :  ci-  ^^"* 
bitatemCai-thaginienfium,  quamRo- 
tnanipromiferanthberamfore,  non  in 
muris  &  aedificiis  confiftere;  quae  deiere 

vellent. 


Dh  tvre  et  off.  bell, 
vellent.  Faiflionem vero  optiraatum,& 
feditionem,  &  confpirationcm  populi 
remp.  did  non  poffe, idem  Cicero  afle* 
rirjniuftus  enim  populus^quemtyran» 
num  vocatjnon  poteft  rempub.  confti- 
tuere.  Narnvtmododiximus^quiho- 
flilianimo  aduerfus  rempub.vel  princi- 
pemcftanimatus,  ciim  naturafit  ciuis, 
voluntate  fit  hoftis ,  diciturq;  perdueU 
a  w/.Wc.D.  lis  i»  :quo  nomine  hoftes  appellari  fo- 
ad  Ug,  ij,  lent  *».  Etquidem  hapcduo  ,princcps  & 
h  u>*ofnot,  relpub.  itaconncxa  lunt  &  copulata,  vt 
pJeKT^a.  illiushoflis  ncmoefle  po(fit,quinetia 
{^dj.vtiim,  fithuius^&cconuerfo  «-.Propatriavero 
morij&cinostotosdcderCj&ineano- 
ftra omnia  ponere,  &quafinosconfc-» 
d  ie  le^  crarc  dcbemus ,  vt  inquit  Cicer J  & ,  vt 
**•*♦         idem  aitjlaudanduseft^qui  mortem  op- 
petit  pro  repub.  quique  docetchariorS 
cflTepatriam  nobis,  quam  nofmetipfos. 
Omnia  itaque  qua?agimus,  nonad no- 
ftramvtilitatem&commodum,  fedad 
patriae  &  principis  (alurera conferre  de- 
bcmus.  quo  nomine  Demarathus  La- 
cedgmonius,Ariftides,Phorion  &  The- 
miftocles  Athcniefesj  Tarquinius  Col- 
latinus,  Camillas  &RutiIiusRomani, 
maximamlaude  meruerunt.-qui  omnes 

iniurias 


LiBBR  PKXMVS*  15 

ioiuriasapatria  illatas,  a^quiflimoani. 
motuleiutj&nuilamvindidamjquam- 
uisnodeedetfacultas^molitifunr.quin 
ThemiftocleSj  fumpto  vcneno  ,  mori 
inaluit,quam  Peifirum  rcgi^aquoma- 
gnishonoribus  &  pr^miis  erat  affe<5tuSj 
opcram  fuam  ad  bellum  patria?,  licet  jn- 
grata?,inferedum  pra?fl:are.&  Camillus^ 
viroptimus,  &depatria  optimemeri- 
tus,  in  exiliutn  a(ftus,  patria?  in  extremo 
pericuIOjimmemoriniuria?,opem  tulir, 
eatnque  hoftibus  expulfis,  reftaurauit. 
23  Inobedientia^autem  fubditorun}j&  re- 
beJIioin  principemjgrauifTimum  crime 
habetur^^  haercfi comparatur  »:  &  ino-  a  c/deJum: 
bedicnsdicitur  infiddis^.  Quomodo  5.9«»^ /2 
cnimjnquit  D.Hieronymus^fideliscfle  j}ia^°*  ^ 
poterit,  in  fubftantiaDci.quicarnali  bcmiius. 
Domino fidemadhjbere  non  potuitc,  cc.jiapud^ 
ideoqucobquantumuisgrauiaoneraa  ^i-^'^^^^u 
rcge/ubditisimpofitaj  non  licet  rebel- 
lare.  nam  melius  eft  omnia  malapati, 
quammalo  confentire^^.&quamuiso-  dotanec; 
nus  a  fuperioreimpofirum  fit  difficile,  i^'flSiil 
nihilominus  tamen  fer^dum  eftjA:  pia^^'^.si  5*2. 
deuotione  tolerandumc,  propter  bo-  ^c.inmm^ 
numobedicnti^.generaleenimpadum  rtamj^Mji, 
eft  locietatis  humana?,  obtemperare  re- 
gibus 


Db    IVRE   ET    OVV.  BELt. 

ttcifMeon-  gibusfuis^  Quarc  quamuis  Roboam, 
tra.dtp.i,    £|j^J ^  fucceflbr  Salomonis ,  noller  vel 
minimum  IfraelitiSjdciugoduriflimo 
ipfis  impofito  per  Salomone,  minuere: 
feddiceret^quod  graui  iiigo,a  patre  im- 
pofito,grauiusfuperadderct  ;  idcoque 
decemmbus  Ifracl  iadx  a  tribu  ludaJ 
h  j.Rf^.12.  &  Beniamin,reli6to  rege  fuo-  Hier oboa 
feciffentregem^^non  wmen  exeo  extra 
culpam  fuerut.nam  indignatuseft  Do- 
miniisomnifemini  Ifraelj  &demoliuic 
eos  5  &  dedit  cos  in  direptionem^^doiiec 
abijcereteosafacie  fua.  quiafcilicetab 
vnitatediffipatijalterumfibiregemco- 
tcypr.hh.i  ftituilTentS  Similiter  quamuis  Nabu- 
tttn.6,c,dc-  chodonoforrexe(retinfiddis,&  pluri- 
Tidil'Xgl  "la  "^ala  facerct'^5&  ftatuam  fuart aurca 
adorari  praeciperet,  &  eos^qui  non  ado- 
ep4i«fi3.  raHent,miiti in  fornace  ignis ardentis^; 
tamcn  dixit  ei  Daniel  :Tu  rex  regu  eSj&  ,, 
Dns  casli regnum  5  &  fortitudinc &  ira*  „ 
f  DomW,2.  periu  dedit  tibi  .  &  Dominusperpro-  „ 
phetamHieremiaaitiDediomnester-  „ 
rasiftas  inmanu  Nabuchodonofor  re-  ,, 
gis  Babilonis ,  ferui  mei ;  inluper  &  be-  „ 
ftias agridedi illi ,  & feruienr  illi  omnes  ^^ 
gentes,&  filio  eius,  &  filio  fiiij  eius:  do-  „ 
nee vcnwt  tempus  terr^eiuSjSc  ipfius,&  ^^ 

leruicnt 


LiBBR   PRIMVS.  iS 

;;  fcruienteigetesmultg,&rcgesmagni*.  a  uien.27, 
^  EtprophetaBaruch:  Orate,inquir,pro 
3,  vita  Nabuchodonofor regis,  &  pro  vita 
„  Balthazarisfilij  eius,  vtfintdieseorum 
3,  ficutdiescselifupcr  terra  \  &  Ezechiel  ^^'^'^^-^ 
prophcta  grauiter  inuehitur  in  Scde- 
chiam  regem  ludae,  accufanseiuspcrfi- 
diam3&  rebellionem  cotra  regem  luum 
Nabuchodonofor^.  Sed  &  Dauidrex  c*-^'»^''»* 
Hebrseoru  diuina  audoritate  defigna- 
tus,  tamen  Saulem  (qui  per  legem  diui- 
na!nregnoeratpriuatus)regnantem& 
illi  infenfum.  Temper  eft  honoreregio 
profecutuSj&ciimpofTeteunde,  infpe- 
luncam,  in  qua  Jatebat ,  ingrelTum,  folu 
paruo  negotio  obtruncate ,  noluit ,  ne- 
gans  fe  extcfurum  manum  inchriftum 
Domini*^,  iuffitquoque Dauid  occidi  «^^if*. 
ilium,  qui nutiabatfeoccidifTe Saulem,  ^^*^^^* 
inquicns:  Quarenon  timuifti  mirtere 
manum tuam in chriftu  Dominie?  Re-  cR*»2.c.i 
gesergo  &'  principes ,  fi  boni  funt,  tan- 
quam  a  Deo  mirfi  ad  vindi<flam  malo- 
rum, laudem veto bonorum,  vt  inquit 
Petrus  f, fumma pictare  coli  dcbcnr i  fin  ^^0'i-(-^ 
mali,  patieter  tolerari.  principum  enim 
&regum  peccara  ferenda  funt,&  ad  Dei 
iudicium  icijcicnda,cui  placet  inre/du 

popu- 


De  ivrb  et  off.  bell. 
populos  jObipforOpeccataj  iniquirate 
principum  affligi.  nam,vt  eft  in  iacris  li" 
9  io*«/».i4  tcris%Deus  regnare  facit hominem  hy- 
hAiphon.de  pocritajpropterpeccatapopuli^. nulla 
tl^'mZZ  2"^^"^  poteflas  nifi  a  Dco^vt  Paulus  te- 
fotehat,  *  ftatur  %qui nos  principibus  obcdireiu- 
c«^ Rorn.ij  bet **.  &  Petrus.etiam dyfcolis dominisi 

dadTit.3,  ^  c  Sf    '  1         J  i_  - 

t  e^Ji.ucz  nos  parere  vult''.&  idem  docet  honora- 
dos  elTe  rcges  :  cum  tamen  tunc  nullus 
adhuc  rex  Chrifti  fidem  acccpifTet ,  kd 
omnes  eflent  infideles5&  in  Chriftianis 
perfequendis  crudeliffimi  (ncque  enim 
Ncronis&  Domitianij&aliorum  cru- 
delitatem  tot  fcriptoru  literis  celebra- 
tam,  quifquamignorat)  iifdem  tamcn 
Chriftiani  ex  prsecepto  Dei  obediebati 
quatenus  nihil  prcciperetur^quodDeii 
offendereticui  fcicbant  magis  obedien- 
{Ador.  I.  dum, quam  hominibus f.  tx  his certe*  24 
liquet, quod  quamuis  tyranum,qui  per 
vim&illegitimc  principatum  occupa- 
uir,  fi  tyrannis  aliter  tolli  non  poffir^oc- 
cidcre  cuilibet  licicum  fit :  &  per  legem 
Valeriam^facrumcfiet  cum  bonis  caput 
eius,  qui  confiiia  regni  occupandi  in- 
^vkt.mvi-  iirtetSiiIlumtamen,  quiiurefucceflio- 
p  ^D^t^'  nis^cledionifveprincepscft,  quamuis 
li»''iMi    inique  6c  cr udeiiici  agat ,  priuato  non 

licere 


Liber   primvs.  17 

licere  occidere^  neque  populo  cum  rei  j- 
cere,  vel ab eo deficere  a.idque concilio  a  f*'»» •»»  co 
Conftantienfi^decifum  eftiquoetiara  '^rr^V- 
hsereticideclaranturcontrariaefentetiae  /"^M-  ^w^ 

35  aflertores^  legitimus*enimprinceps,  '^erirr^ff. 
quamuis  crudelis  &  iniquus ,  tyrannus  »«*.  Doww. 

26  dicinonpotefi:.cumquelege*rcgia,imo  ^"^[^l^^*;^; 
ex  ordinatione  Dei,omneimpcriuin  &  uH.i,art.  C 
poteftasprincipiinpopulu  fit  coUataj  ^^|^^;  ^, 
ilium  iudicarepopuIusnonpoteric.no  can  amtr^ 
enira  poteft  inferior  iudicio  fuperiore  ^^*_^^, 
ligare  **»  Quo  fpe^t  quod  propheta  a  t.infmon 
ait^: Nunquidsloriabiturfecuriscdtra  ^«•'''jj'-;^ 
eum^quilecat  mearautexaltabiturier-  D,dtnap. 
racotra  eum^qui  trahitean^?exquibus  *''|v .  ^^^ 
luce  clarius  efle  Nicolaus  Papa  refcrip-  * 
fit,  non  pofTequemquam ,  qui  minoris 
auftoritatiseft,  cum  quimaiorispote- 
Ihtiseft,  iudiciisfuisaddicerejautpro- 
priisdcfinitionibusfubiugare^.  Itaque  n»<l.e,rtt- 
rede  M,  Aurelius  Imperator  populo  ^*"*"^' 
magiftratum,  magiftratui  regem ,  rcgi 
vero  Deumiudicemconftiiutumdixit, 
Etquidemfi  princeps^quipoteftatcm  a 
Deohabet,indidacauia,neminem  pu- 
niceautcondenarc  poteft  g:  qua  au^o-  g  S^f^ 

z'  I     1..    .  •  II-  rt  paiioritiU  da 

mate  lubditi  j  qui  nulla po teftat em ac-  cmfib,  c  n 
ccpcruntjprincipem^cuiusin  poteftate  »^c. 

C         &im- 


De    IVRB    £T    off»    BEtti 

&  imperio  funt ,  &  cui  obcdire  iubetur, 
fiio  arbitrio  expellerCjaut  rcijcere  potc- 
runt  ?  cixtn  ne  ty  rannus  quide,  legcSo- 
lonis^indida  cau/a  occidi  ponet;6c  cum 
iuri  natural!  repugnet,  vt  inferior ha- 
beat  impcrium  in  fuperiorem,  & vtidc 
fit  accu/ator  &  iudex »  Grauibus  ergo 
poeniscoerceturjCxprimocapitelegis 
Iuli«,  non  folumquiprincipeoccidit, 
fed  etiam  cuius  opera,dolo  malo^confi* 
lium  occidendi  initum  fuerit  ^  vel  quid 
a  L  I.  0.  ad  contra  maieftatem  imperij  machinatu^  • 
l!*'*/!'^*  ^^^^  fiquamcunqueinfamiam,  quae- 
toiittr**  cunquc  pericula^mortcm  deniquc,"  res 
ita  poftulatj  pro  falutc  principis ,  &  pa- 
triae fubire,  iuradiuina,  &  humana co- 
gun  t,qua9  iu  fta  rcbellandi  caufa  effcpo- 
teft?  Quemadmodum  enim  videtnus  in 
corporehumano,  omnia  mebracapiti, 
tanqua  parti  nobilion^obedire,  qualia* 
cunquetadem  praecipiat,  &  pro  eiu$ fa- 
lute  nullum  recufare  periculu :  fie quo- 
que  fiibditi ,  qui  Am t  mebra  rcipub.  ia- 
lutem  principis,  xjuireipubl.  caput  efi^ 
proprio  commodo  prxferrcdcbenn  & 
huiusquoque  fcnteti«aflertoresfuere, 
qui  inter  Hebrxos  pr^cipui  habiti  fiint, 
Efffi  vocatJ,id  eft  executorcs  legis  diui- 

nse:qui 


LiBEK    PRIMVS.  18 

nx :  qui  reges  &  principes,  qualefcuDq; 
tand6  fin  t^  fubditisinuiolabiles  efle  de- 
berejdixcruntjtanquama  DeomiCTos. 
Nequequemquammoueritexemplum 
Tarquinij  Superbi ,  qui  regno  pulfiis 
cftjpropter  fua  fcelera;  turn  quia  no  rex, 
fed  vcre  tyrannus  fuit :  (non  enim  legi- 
timc/ed  per  vim^nefario  fcelere^  occifb 
Tullio  focero  fuo ,  regnu  adeptus  eft  *.)  «  dm».Ki/. 
turn ctiamquia,vtI.C.ait5no quid  Ro-  \,ijediicet, 
maefiat,  fed  quid  legitime  fieri  dcbear,  o,'deof. 
fpedlandum  eft  ^  errant  enim,  vt  inquit  ^*-^* 
Cicero ,  qui  quod  exemplo  ficj  id  etiam 
lure  fieri  putat.  Ethaec  quidemita  pro- 
cedunt,  fi  fummum  imperium fitapud 
vnum  principem ;  fin  vero  fit  apud  po- 
pulumiVeloptimateSj  certe  hoccafii  fi- 
ne dubio  Ucebitcum  tyrano  iure  agere, 
fi  tempora  permittat;  fin  minus,  licebit 
eum  vi  opprimere,&  quauis  ratione  ty- 
rannum  e  medio  tollerc.Itaque  fenatus 
prioreviamfecutuseft  in  Nerone  tol- 
lendo:  pofteriorem  in  Maximino.Scie- 
dum  eft  enim  Imperatores  Romanos 
non  habuiffe  fummum  imperium,  qua- 
uis pleriqueidfibityrannice  vfurpaue- 
rintt.idque  indicant  hsec  Suetonij  ver-  c  Appumut 
ba  in  Caligula;  Paru  abfuit,inquit,quin  y'^'"''  '• 

C  2  fpeciem 


De   ivre  bt  off*  bell* 

fpeciem  principatus  in  regnumcoucr* 

terct.non  enim  erant  imperatores  aliud 

quam  principesjimperium  veroerata- 

t^ht'^i  pudpopuluma.  Regesvcroimpcrioa- 

butentes^poteritfummusPontifeXjVa-  27 
riis  modis  coercere  ^  &  copellerc  vt  ad- 
b  c.AimirtL  miniftrent  iiifticiam^geritenim  vices 
^ratoftf.  23.  £^^|  .^  tcrris,  a  quo  vtrumquegladium 
accepir,fpiritualem&  temporalem,  ad 
reipub.  Chriftiansequietem,  &confer- 
tc,m>miM  uationem^.  Itaque  NicolausPapaLo- 
fandam.ex,  tharium  reprehcndit  propter  fua  pec- 
Jcw4io.rto.  cata  <^.  &  Gelazius  Anaftafio  minaba- 
dmcfcdm,  fur«Jnnocentiuseiusnominis primus, 
2.^H«ai.  Arcadiumlmperatorcm,  eoquodfan- 
Xr^i^n'c.  ^^"mloannem  Chryfoftomuefedcfua 
fcduofm,  pelli  permiferat,excommunicauitf.Scd 
«iJi.96.      ^  fj  Reip,  Chriftianae  omnino  conuc- 
niat,  non  (blutn  coercere  poterit ,  fed  e- 
tiamdeftituere.  quemadmodumDeus 
(cuius  vicarius  eft  Pontifex)SauIein  re- 
gno priuauit ,  &  Dauidem  in  locu  eius 
g  lA'g.c.e  furrogauitg.ficqueZachariasPontifex, 
Childericum  eius  nominis  tertiu  Fran- 
corum  regem  deftituitj^  Francosiurit 
hfw/iw.is  iurandireligione  cxfoluitKlnnocetius 
^**'  *^'     quartusj  Fredericum  1 1.  Imperatorem, 
propter  fua  fceJera  primiim  cxcommu- 

nicauit^ 


LlEER    THIMVS.  jp 

iiicsuir,&cum*nihiIproficeret,indignu 
imperio  iudicauit,&  fubditos  a  vinculo 
iacramentiliberauita.&  idem  Innocc-  ^  f^^^*'^ 
tius,  Lufiraniae  regi5propter  fuam  negli-  /l^Jr*  iud, 
gcntianij  fratremipfiusComiteBenO'  "*^* 
nicnfem ,  collegam  dedit  K  Hanc  vero  b  c.^sdUs 
poteftatem populo tribuere,  vt  nonuUi -^^,^1^^'  "j" 
volucrunt^^^non  fbliim  abfurdum  eft,  &  latMhU!*' 
iniquum,  fedetiamadreipub.  eucrfio-  ^/n^**'^' 
nem  fpeCtat»non  enim  rexjiialiquantu-  w,i.c.5.w, 
lutn  contra  volutatcra  populiimperat,  .>o«^cto»7». 
protmusiniquuSja  tyrannusdiccndus  ha.GiratdM 
eft.  nam  iftaratione  nulli  fint  reges.  Ac  ^»^*'-  «^» 
Moyfes  ipfe  iuftiffimus,  &  fapietiffimus  ^f •^""^-  '• 
princeps  ,  idem  tyrannus  iudicaretur: 
quodomniafere  iubcret^acprohiberet 
contra  populi  volutatem  *  Sed  ncc  mo- 
narchia,  velregiapoteftas  dicenda  eft, 
ciimarbitriopopulireipub.gubernatur 
aregeiquoniam  ftatus  reipub^pendet  a 
populo.  quo  nihil  ftultiusj  nihil  intern* 
perantius.&  cum  in  bonos  cxarlerit,ni- 
hilfuriofius.  Multitudinis  namque^vt 
rede  LiuiuSsCa  eftnatura,vthumihter 
fcruiat,  autfuperbedominctur*  &Xe* 
nophonjidem  imperator  bonus  ac  Phi- 
lofophus^popularem  potentiam  virtu- 
tibusinimicameffe  teftatur :  ncc  aliter 

C  3  ftabi- 


De  ivre   et  off*  beli, 
ftabiliri  pofle ,  quam  bonis  om nibus  e- 
iedis.  quod  Seneca  paucis  verbis  com- 
plcxus eft :  Quis enim ,  inquit, placere 
poteft  populo,ciii  placet  virtusf  Sic  cer^ 
te  legimus^apud  Aihenienfes  &  Roma- 
nos,  longc  praeiiantilTimos  ciues,  &dc 
repubLoptimemeritosoftracifmOjexi- 
lio,morte3perinuidiam5iniufteaftulta 
&  ingrata  plebecula  multatos  fuifle . 
PrasclareautemAnacharfisScytha,  A- 
thenienfium  rempub.  breui  perituram 
prsedixit :  quod  fapientes  in  ca  conful- 
tarcnt,  ftulti  vero  iudicarent.videbate- 
nimfenatum^reipub.cofiliajquibusni* 
hilfandius  effe  debet  ^  a  populo  petere; 
id  eftaftulto  &  infano^prudentiam.Nc- 
que  vero  tarn  abfurduraerat,  quamnrs 
abfurdiffimum,  omnes  omnium  opes, 
quam  fummum  imperium  inter  ciues 
tt  i.  method,  f  quare:qu6d,vi  rede  Bodinus^opibus 
hn, cap,6,  quifque  frui  poteft  •  imperadi  vero  pru- 
dentia  paucilTimis  eft  a  natura  tributa. 
Et  quidem  fi  metuendus  eft  tyrannuSj 
multo  magis  metuenda  eft  lyrannorum 
multitudo.  Qui au tern  populate  impe- 
rium Ro.  laudant,  non  fatis  illorum  hi- 
ftorias  legifle  videntur^neq;  perpendifle 
calamitates  tot  feditionum ,  feceffionu, 

conten-. 


Liber   primvs.  20 

contentionum,  &bellorum  ciuilium, 
qusererapub.toticsafflixerunt.  quoru 
omnium  certc,c6munioimpcrij,quod 
exd^quo  parciri  difficile  e(l,  caufafuit, 
(cd  de  his  pluribus  agere  inflituti  noftri 

28  ratio  non  permittit.Vt  ergo  iu(las*belli 
cauias  profequamur ,  beliuaduerfus  in- 
fideies^ex  cofolum  quod  infidelesAint, 
ne  quidem  audtoritate  im  peratorls  ^  vcl 
furami  Pontificisjndici  poieftMnfide-  %'"^*2f '^ 
litasenim  00  priuatiniideles  dominio  '^a*crjM&% 
quod  habent  iure  gcntiura,nain  non  fi- «;»/'.  *^*c. 
delibus tantijm  rerudominia,fedonnni  ^n'g!' 
jadonabilicreaturaedatafunt.  Domini 
cnimcftterraa  ScplcnitudociuSjOrbis  \^f;^X 
terrarum.^&  vniucrfi  qui  habitat  in  eo^,  fn.&  c.6,1» 
&Dominu5falem  fuu  oriri fecit  fu per  5Xc./rw4- 
bonos&malos^.  Itaquc  quamuisNar  tuMrtgAttr, 
buchodonoforcflctinfideliSjtamendo-  l.^^^/^f"^' 
minus dedit  illiregnum &imperiu  jt  vt  e f» ibe  la 
mododiximus^&.haecfententia  plerifij;  ^"^*^f* 
prQbatur,vtoftedit  Couarruuias**.  Scd  _^;»./w^ 
nccexcocapite  bellum  diceturiuftum  ^ri""'^* 
cucainfidchbus^quodputa  imperatori  'ju^km  I 

20  ^tanquam  totius  mundi  domino  parerc  f^^'t^t^- 
recuientjCx  receptimma  mterpretu  fen-  maTrtmt.e- 
tentia*»  nam  communcm  hancopiniQ)-  ff^!^^^'? 
ncm  fallam  c{fcj&  imperatorem  n5  cfle  ;^^' 

C  4  totius 


ttHt»- 


De     IVRE     ET    off.  BEtt. 

totius  mundi  dominum,  a  viris  dodiffi- 

a  CdfiK}},,  misaperteoftenrumefl:a:quosrefert&: 

'^%  A^<^.    fcquitur  Couar^&Ferd.  Vazq.c  Vnde 

a^tottains  cx hac caut3  Hon  potent  imperator  lu- 

b  tn  d.  Lfcc  (tuni  bellu  inferre  infidelibus ,  qui  eius 

T'^ft^/  imperiofubditinonfunt,  fiquidcmne- 

i*it. I  i.czo  mo punire potcft cum ,  quern  no  habec 

^L.l'u.  D.  infuapoteUate<*.Neciteexau6loritate^ 

demnfomn.  fummi  Pont*  poteHt dlci ,  iftud  bellum 

^nfitm/m^  iuflum.  nam  is  in  infidelesiurifdicflionS 

it.ettototit,  non  habct,  nee temporalem ,  nee  fpiri- 

^!'ap^^  tuale :  nifiquatenuscaneceffariaeftad 

(wr.*  Chriftiana?  reipub.quietem  &  vtilitate* 

&  ad  ecclefiam  non  pertinet,punircin- 

fideles,  qui  nunqua  Chrifti  fidem  fufce- 

e  e4p.$.      peruntjfecundil  illud  Pauliad  Corint,© 

Quid  mihi  de  his  qui  foris  funt,  iudica- 

re?  Vbi  Thomas  dicitjpraelatosecclefiae 

acccpiirepoteftatemtantumineos^qui 

fc  fidei  Chriftiana?  femel  fubiecerunt. 

vnde  ha?reticis*5  qui  a  fide  Chriftiana  30 

defecerut,iuftumbellum  infertur.  Qua 

H^'iunf'  dc  re  pulchre  Alphon.a  Caft.f  Contcn- 

^cMfp^.zi  diturveroiufto  bello  cum  infidelibus, 

DD.  ^i^c^,  ^^  caufis5cx  quibus  cum  aliis  quibufcu- 

cfHodfuper '  que  bellum  gerere licet  g.  tumetiamex 

rttlT  eo  quod  forte  fidem  Chriftianam  blaf- 

io,«r*f,8,  *  phemiis,prauisqueperluafionibusiin- 

pcdiant. 


LlBER     PRIMVS.  ^        21 

pediant,  atque  item  legis  euangelicae  li^ 
beram  prasdicationem :  quia  fit  iniuria 
Chriftianis ,  qui  habent  ius  praedicandi 
cuangcliJ5pervniuerfum  orbcm.  Et  has 
quidem  iute  belli  gerendicaufae,  per- 
pefo  iudicio  principibus  ac  regibus  (pe- 
nes quos  eft  belli  aud:oritas  atque  con- 
filium^)  funtxftimand?:quififortehu.  ^^i^^t 
31  manacupiditate  bellum  gerant  * ,  non 
nocebitmilitibus,  qui  obcdircdebent 
principi.  ItaqjinquitD.Auguftinus^i  bazi.w- 
„  Viriuftus.  fi forte  fubrcgehomineetia  ^-  f"»^- 
3,  facnlegomilitetjreiSepoteitillo  lubete  e.^mdni^^ 
„  bcllare,  ciuica?  pads  ordinem  fcruas.cui  "^* 
j^quodiubetur,  vclnoncffe  contra  I>Qi 
3^  prf  ceptum  certum  eft,vcl  vtrum  fit^ccr- 
3,  turn  non  eft;  vtfortaflereum  regem  fa- 
9,  ciat  iniquitas  impcrandi;  innocentcm 
5>  autem  militem  oftendatordo  feruiedi. 
32  Vnde  &  Chriftiano  *  militi  etiam  fub 
imperatore  pagano  militare  permifTum 
eft.  nam  &  lulianum  Caefirem  apoftata 
milites  Chriftianos  habuifle  legimus: 
quibus  ciim  diceret,  Producite  acie  pro 
rcipub.  defenfione,obcdiebar:Gum  au- 
tem diceret,  producite  acie  in  Chriftia- 
nos ,  agnofcebant  imperatorcm  ca?li  '^.  ^  <^-  ^«^^»«5 
quos  cum  ide  imperator  donatiuo  dato  "-i*^)^- J  • 

C  i         adia' 


Db  Ivi^e   et  ofp.  bell» 

ad  facrificiadeorumgetilimn  pclHcerc 

tentaflet,  donatiuoimperatori  reddito, 

chriltianilmu  Iibernoieprofefros,  cum 

martyrijdefiderio  J  exaudloratos  fuifle 

a&t^j.5  tradunt^  LcgimusquoqucMarcii  Au^ 

c.i7.c«»/?w.  relium  AntoninumjChrillianoru,qui 

fcj^fe^J57i^f"b^pft^"^^^^'>^"^P^f  cibus(quibus  u^ 

aA'»4.io.  pluuiam^hoftibusfulniinaa  Deo  imp©- 

^*^^*      traruiit)  bcIlumMarcoraanicutnjSar- 

mati5,.  Vandalis,  Quadisdeuidis,  con- 

bpw.oro.  fecifle^*  £xquibusdocemurfubimpc« 

i'^uh^'  T^itorepagano,  veietiam  haBrerico^fub-* 

ftt/.fc^/or.  c".  ditis  licere  militare,  nifi  liquido  conftct 

j.NfC'pA,/^  bclluni  iniuftum  efl^ .  nam  Deo  magis 

cA^i.i.c4/>.  feruienduKijquam  hominibu^  *^.  Qua- 

^'^'^*^^-  iiiscnim  etiaminfideliregi  *,&  iniquo 

!^/*     '  parendu  efle  doceamur  4 ;  taoven  haoet " 

dPtef.i.c.z.  haecobedientiafuoslimitcs,  vndc licet 

filiislfraelpra^ccptumefleta  Deo^vto^ 

bedirentregiNabuchodonofor;  tamen 

cum  idem  rexiuffiffet,  vt  ftatuamfuam 

auream  ado  rarent  (quod  prseceptum  fi-^ 

ne^excedebat  poteftatis  regi^)  turn  po- 

riu5iiabuerunt,  quioptimi  erant inter 

£Iio$  Ifracl,in  fornacem  ardentem  con^ 

ijci^quam  ci  praecepto  regis  obedire. 

quorum  volunt.ate  fie  Deus  approba- 

cDtf;».?.     uit  J  vt  illa^fosab  igae  confcruauerite. 

Quo 


Liber  PRiMVSt  ^      2% 

Quo  rpeftat  quod  Chriftusaitineua- 
PcIioa:Reddite  qu92  Cffirisfunt^Csefa-  a  uata^iz. 
rii&quaeDei,  Deo.  quod&  Paulus  A- 
poftolus^  pf  anifTime  expreflit ,  cum  ait.  hadKjm.n 
Redditc  omnib.debita,  cui  tributum, 
tributum ;  cui veaigal,  vcdigal jcui n-  ^^^^ 
morctn^tiraoremjcuihonorem,  hono-yo,;.^ 
rem.  Exfuperioribusquoquccolligere  iz^-^. 
licet ,  quod  qu^  haaenusdeiuiUs  bclU  «L»/»ti*./. 
caufisdiaafunt,magisad^quum&bo^  ^j^w.d^ 
numj&viriboniofficium^quamadiu-  ^  i„/.ct,«! 
ris  effeaus  referri dcbent .  ciira  enim  dnuoM^ 
fumipistantum principibus,  quiiupc-  J^^.  ^ ,  d, 
riorcm  non  habent.beUigerendi ius fii;,  >»^^  w^ 
deajquitate  caufe  difceptare  non  con-7^^;^,j- 
34  uenit  •  hinc  certo  modo  iuftum  *  po-  ^^"j;^^  $^;^^ 
terit  dici  bellum ,  etfi  non  ex  iufta  cauf^  ^;„  L^all 
geratur.  iufti enim.  varia*  fun t  fignifica-  ^^l^*^- ^•'^ 
tiones  :  vt  annotauit  Budseus^.  neque  g^'j^^^^, 
femperaequitatem,  &iufticiadefignar,  «««ryj,.  c. 
fedaliquandoetiam  pknitudinequan-  ^^^^J^: 
damfignificat.quofenfudicunturiufte  Ki«/.2.  d. 
nuptiae*^,  iuftum  matrimoniumS  iufta  f^'^';^ 
aetas ^^iufta perfona litem inftituendig,  ToftUi.D, 
iuftusfiUus^iuftalibertasi:  coqueferr^  {^^;;^;;^;^ 
fu  iuftum  prselium dixit  Liuius^fimili^  uur.h.tjytet 
ter  iuftum  bellumdicitur.quodpublice  ^j-*^-  "'^^ 

legitimequegeriturabiis,  quibellige-  uk^,. 

randi 


De    :vRE    5T    OPp«    BBLl* 

aw2.&of?w,  randi  ius  Labent .  Itaque  VlpianusS 

P,4.^;;i»t  Hoftevnquit,funt,quibus  publicepo- 

pulus  Roma,  bcllum  decreuit ,  vclipfi 

populo  Roma,  ceceri  veroiatrunculi, 

vel  prasdones  appellan tur,  Et  Pompo^ 

Vy^j:^'  nius^:  Hoftes^dicit/unt^quinobis^aut 

quibus  publice  nos  bdlu  decreuimus: 

ceteriver61atrones,aurpr3edonesfunr« 

VndehocbellOjlicetnonexiufta  caufi 

geratUFjiura  belli,  captiuitatis  5?  poftli- 

minij  jquae  hoftibus  c6ucniunt,Iocu  ha- 

bebu t,  quod  ex  eo  iatis  probatur,  quod 

cum  Romanino  nifiiuftisex  caufisbcl-r 

lum  mouercnt,quod  iure  feciali  dilige- 

c'Dh».\j4i  tercautumerat^:  tamenhofteseorumji 

**'*•        qui  iuftam  belli  caufam  habere  non  po- 

tueruntjquf  vtrinque  iuftaeflenonpo-» 

teft,  capra  hoc  bello  etiam  iure  Roma- 

norum  fibi  acquirebant ,  &  captos  in 

dipofiJimi.  fcruitutemredigebant^  idqueverucft, 

"tf '''"'^  etiamfi  liquido  conftarct  de  iniauitate 

e7).ponu.  hoftiu,quodPaulusI.C.ratisinaicat&, 

minijjn^nn,  ^^j^  ^jj .  isjaturaliaequitateinduducfle* 

vt  qui  per  iniuriam  ab  cxtraneis  dctine-^ 

batur^is  vbi  in  fines  fuos  rediiflet^prifti* 

num  ius  fuu  reciperct:iure  fcilicet  poft- 

liminij.  Ex  quibus  apparct,  captumab 

hoftibus  etiam  ex  iniuftacaufabelium 

gercn- 


LlBfiR  PRIMVS*  23 

gerentibus,  fieri feruum»  namalioqui 
noneflec  opusfidtionibus  poftlioiinij: 
ficut  nee  opus  eft ^  eiim  quis  a  latroni- 
buscaptusfuitjciimnon  fueritferflus*.  H'J^"^^' 
SufHcititaque^quod  ad  efifedusiuris^Sc  dtun^m.  l! 
vtiura  belli  locum  habeant^attinet^bel-  ^*"J^^"jf: 
lum  geri  ab  iis  ,  qui  hoftium  numero  fx,jies*v.jl 
funtdefiniti3&  belligeradi  ius  habent  ^^  f'*p*''&pop, 
Quoienfu  videturdefendipoffe  Alcia-  b^i^.  ^j. 
ti  opinio *,&  Fulgofij"*:  qui  vtrinque  W^-"»^-  <* 

35  iuftum*bellumcflcpo(rcaflerunt,con-  ^"'^^* 
tra  recepiam  intcrpretum  fententiam;  '*'^«'  ^»* 
quxfiadiuftam  belli caufam  rekntur/J^^^'^Z^i] 
«equi/fimaeft.  cum  enimhoftes contra-  «'•»?.  *»/. 
rij  /ibi  fin t ,  contraria  iura  necefle  eft  ha-  l^tt^TC 
beant :  6c  vna  eademque  belli  caufa hinc  ^»***  ^oJi 
indeiuftaeftenopoteft.  Ceterumcum  ?/iS7c* 

3<5pecuniam*neruura  belli  efle  plerique  Kofamua^ 
cxiftimentCquofpeaatillud  T.  Quintij  ^^^j^^'^^ 
FlaminijjquiPhilippomeniAcha^orum  ft^nm.  jm, 
prxtori,  multisequitibus,  acsrauisar-  ^iV"  ^'^' 
maturae  militibusinftrudto.pecunigau-  «».  gwr  «i. 
teminopi.rlludensananus  cum  dicebat  ^^'[ff^vi- 
nabere  &  crura,  led  ventre  carere*  nam  yj/.a?*. 
&  corporis  eo  habiru  praetor  erats  J  ^rai^cVJ^* 

37  quaerifoletjCuiusimpenfis^bellumgeri  d  inij.,» 
aebeat,  vtrum  principis.  an  populi.    ^iT"^*. 

r:*       'A        /'TV*  *«.**      t      c  Port,  fo  4. 

xit  quidem  ii  Pnnceps  reditus  regales  po^h, 

babeat 


De   ivre  et  off,  beil, 

habeat  a  ciuibus  affignatos,  certe  ipfius 

principis  impcnfis  bellutn  geri  debere 

tiAn^Uni,  pleriqueexiftimanta.  quod  maximaiii 

tmjres.iKTtiir*  rationcm  habet.  omnesenimomnino 

text.  G  deo-         •       .  .  •        1  f  ..    -# 

pa.fuOhc.    pnncipatus,regna ,  imperia  obpublica 
h>fH.ini,ds.  ipforumciuiumvtilitatem^nonobeo- 
T<^f&Z  ^^^  4"^  reipub.  prajfuntcommodajin- 
zafiM.p,  dudaefTejCommuni/requentiffimaque 
cirTo*.  philofophorum,&legumlatorum  fen- 
ne3,hM.&  tentia  prodirum  eft.  Itaque  Cicero*»: 
S^cl  Omnino,inquit,quireipubl.  prxfunt ,, 
facrof.ecci,    duoPlatonis  prseceptateneant.  vnum, 
bcfj,cM,i.  vtvtilitarcmciuiufictueantur,vtquic- 
quid  agan t,  ad  cam  rcferan  t  obJiti  com- 
modorumruorum.  alreruni,vttotum  ^^ 
corpus  reipubl.  curent,  ne  cum  partem  ^^ 
aliquam  tuentur ,  reliquasdeferant*  vt  ^^ 
enim  tutela^fic  procuratio  reipub^ad  v- 
tilitatem  eorum  ^qui  commiffi  funt,  no  ^^ 
ad  eorum  quibus  commifTa  eft,gerenda 
eft.  Quamfenrentiamlateprolequitur 
c  ^iw/?.  ii^  Ferdinand. Vazq/Si  vero  princeps  ido- 
fiy?.M/>.i,<t  neosreditus  no  habet, totiusrcgniim- 
d  BaU.ini,  penfis  bellutn  geri  debet  <^.  Neque  hie 
^L^'offif'n  c^**^"^  tributi  modus  prsefcribi  potelb 
«»/  Bo<Zi  namvtCleobuIusbelliduxJociisAthe- 
nn^'da  ^  nicnfium  in  bello  cotra  Philippum  cer- 
tam  tributi  ftimmam  definiri  poftulan- 

tibus^ 


LlB£K   PRIMVS*  24 

tibns  5  refpondic  ,bellum  finifi  non  po* 
icdKdc  hucfacit^quodcxlententia  Ca-  a  vhUnti^ 
tonisyinrepubl.  beneconftitutadcl^et  taDaju>fi^ 
cfledomiinduftrk,£rariumopuletum, 
tenues  res  priuatse :  qui  corruptiffimis 
moribus  vitiumcontrarium  poruit,pu- 
blice  egeftarem ,  priuatim  opulentiam* 
vnde  luxu&  defidia  ciuitas  facile  cor- 
rumpitur ,  vt  ex  Salluftio  refers  &  pro- 
bat  D.  Auguft.*»  Meminifle  tamende-  ^^'^'^^ 
bent  principcSj  modcftifliini  illius  rc- 
fponfiTiberij  Csefiris^qui  thefaurariis 
onerandas  tribute  prouincias  dicenri- 
buSjrefponditjboni  paftoris  effe^todere 
pecuSj&  non  deglubere*  Memorabilis 
38  quoque  eft  Traiani  *  fen  ten  tia :  qui  cor- 
reptus  abvxorePopeiaPlotinajquod 
caiumniis  fuorum  procuratorum  pro- 
uinciae  diuexaretur,  deteftari  coepii  im- 
probasexadiones,  &infienivfuseftfi- 
militudine,  fifcum  appelTans  lienem. 
ficuienim^crefcenteincorpcribusno- 
ftris  liene,  anus  reliqui  tabefcunt :  ita 
turgente  principis  fi/co,  marcefcun  tee- 
tera  reipub.  membra,  &  grauiter  aegro- 
tant*^.Exfuperioribusdeducitur^ciucm  csu.  kur, 
non  teneri  propriis  fumptibusprinci-  ^'^•"'*'^^* 
pemadbellumfequiifedftipediumilli 

aprin- 


freu»dtt$aui  3  principe  vel  repubxonftitui  dcberc** 
«offtt .  ^e  a-  5 j  tamen  maxima  vr^eat  neceflltas,  vt- 
»e.M««/tf.^  pote  pro  defeniione reels,  vel rcipubL 
^^dfltlTk  ^"^"^^  tencntur  ad  hoc bellum  concur- 
lut.'oila.  rcre^cuiufcunque  (exus^vel  conditionis 
coufi.  254.  fintjgrauibusque  poenisex conftitutio- 
i"{^'!iZkJe  nihus  regni  Hifpaniae  afficiuntur ,  qui 
w/h$.4.  Boe  hoc  bellum  detredauerint  ^0  Quo  Ipe- 
b^R^'^'S  aat,qu6dmoreGallorum%initiubel-  39 
5^.19  i>«r.  lorumeratarmatum  conciliij  indicerci 
I'c^far  de  9"^ ^^g^  commuui  omnes  pubcresar* 
hello  xaiu.s  mati  conucnire  confueuerant :  &  qui 
L%fTial  exhisnouilTimusconueniiret,  in  con- 
D.deoperMb.  fpc^tu.  multitudinis  omnibus  cruciati- 
Tfi^t^t  busaflfedus,necabaturSVafallus  quo- 
niamvirAz  quc  fcudatarlus tcnctur  dominum  fuu 
^ti'm^i  ^^  belloiuftOjCtiampropriisfumptibus 
%d'!*JZ,'  iuuare'^iSed an dana*,in quae quis belli  4^ 
Luioui.if.om,  C2u(^  fQf te  incidit.  rcfarciri  debeat.que- 

^.fiqHHaiio,  npoteit.EtcertejU  quis  proderenfione 
wj*<^*2.D.  reipub^fine  ftipendio  ad  bellum  iueric, 
e  A.^/i.ei  videturdamnumilliexhac  caufa  illatii 
i5»w.D.  meritorepedideberc^  atmilitiquifti- 
ttnf*^*  pendium  merctur  ,  non  refunduntur 
fAr^u.i.2.§  damnabelloaccepta^•nifi  quod  ex  con* 
v7&Td,  ftitutionibus  regni  Hifpania?  ex  praeda 
de  iad.  forte fadaiftiufmodi  dana  refirciri  fo- 
tit^tf'lari,  leant S.  Etquidem  ad  iniuflum  bellum 

voca- 


Liber   primvs.  24    . 

vocatus,  nequeadftipendia,  ncquead  ^er*&7}eql 
damnarefarciendaadionehabet.  nam  ^-^'  ^"'^'^^ 
ex  caufa  turpi  nulla  datura(5tio.a  L«£.^«5r$ 

m  turbit.  D, 

DE  DVELLO  SEV  SINGVLARI      tpidn.\nm^ 

CERTAMINE.  inc.ficHt,  ^ 

infra  dciwe- 

X  Dueuum^uare  prohmtumo  mand^ 

2  2)  ucUum  ex  caufa  tape  farhA  tllkitum, 

^  DueUiijfM  antiquif^im^iS  in  Hif^ania» 

^  Duellumfuit  in  vfu  apud  quo f darn  po* 
pulos, 

5  Confuetudo  due  Hi  non  valet, 

6  Confuetudo  duelli  aliena  a  GrAcorum  ^ 

IR^manor.  in^itutis. 

7  a  uelttim  cum  ho  He  iictUtm, 

S     Dauid  fmgutari  pugna  proBrauit  Go- 

hath. 
p     Singulart  certamen  magm  momenti  in 

hello, 
JO    D uellononnuquam  belli  finis impoptus, 
J I  De pugna  Horatiorunt  cum  Curiatijs, 
J  2  Tion  ejfe  tut  urn  belli  euentum  duello  re- 

dimere. 
IS  DeCMetio  Sujfetio. 

Cap.  tertivm, 
'pVVelli  vfum  vtdeteftabilcm,  &fa- 
••^bricanre  diaboloindudu,  fumma 
tatione  facri  canones,  &  concilia  patr u, 

D  variis 


De   ivre  et   off.  bell. 
variis  cenfuris  &  poenis ,  tarn  in  eos  qui 
decertant^quamcoSjquoruaudoritate, 
&  confilio^atqucetiam  prasfentiaiftiuf- 
modi  certamina  ineutur^  ftatutis  exter- 
minandum  &abolendum  effe  ccnfiic- 
aemonoma-  runt  ^. quod  fcillcet* hocgenerccerta-  ^ 
cfc>*/».2.^.^  minisordoiudiciorum.  &le2uomnis 
de  pur^.  vw.  aui^oriias^quae  aaiones  conltuuit^qui- 
&tn  lecUr.  ^^ ^  vnicuiQue  ius  fuum  in  iiidicio  pro- 
tocu.iruun,  ftqui licct, perucrfatur :  &iniquumiitj 
M'^9^       vt  quis  au(5loritate  propria  fibi  ius  di- 
bL.  exTiat.  cat^.ideoenim  lat^funt  leges, &creati 
D.^«o(fmer.  magiflratus ,  vtlicituabillicitodifcer- 
c/.  I.  D.dc  nant5&  ius  fuum  cuiquetribuant^^.tum 
tuJi^&iur,  etiam  quodhac  deccrtandirationeipfa 
iufticia  violetur.na  quam  plurimi^quo- 
rum  cau(aiure&  arquitate  optima  erat, 
flolidiffimideorumMartisarbitriopu- 
d  c.  %«i/r.  gnantes  occubuere  *^.  prseterea  quod 
'ft^fXul*  Deus  tentari  non  debcar:  quodfit,cum 
ad  manifeftationcm  veritatis^vt  plerun- 
td.c.mono.  quefit,duellum  initur^  deniqueciim 
^rri'dTc/*.*  homicidiudiuino&humano  iurepro- 
utdMi.fui.   hibeatur,dueI]um,perquodplerunquc 
adhomicidiumdeuenitur,  efTe  prohi- 
bitum etiamdiccndum  eft.cumenima- 
liquid  prohibetur  ,  prohibitum  etiam 
cenfeturomneid,per  quodeodeucni- 

tur* 


Liber   primvs.  25 

a  tura.Sunttamen*quiexifl:imet,excaufa  zkrgummia 
l^fe  fama?  hoc  genus  pugn^e  iniri  poffe:  ^^Z'^*^''^^ 
Quia^inquiutjCrudelis  eft,quinegligit  *  . 
famamfuamt»,famaenimc6modopr3e-  ,  co^i'.''^ 
ferendaeft  *^,  &:  vitae  asquiparatur  d.  fed  />««  ««.«0«/* 
eorum  fententiam  non  probo.  idcirco  cli^;^'"^ 
enim,vtinquit  Imperatorejudiciorum-cm  m.i.c^ 

vigor,  iurisquepublici  tutelaeft  in  me-  ^^/f^^X' 
dio  coftitura,  ne  qui/quam  fibi  ipfi  per-  y^^qutn. 
mitterevaleatvltionem .  &nonpoteft  '^^"y^-»^-»  «^* 
dici  honoris  fuiprodigus,  vel  negliges,  c  Uuit.mta. 
qui  fuam ,  fuorumue iniuriam  audlori-  ^f'  ^^*;  ** 
3  tatciudicisperiequitur.  Porroconftar  duupacau. 
hoc  ^enus  puen^,  tarn  ad  oftcntatione  ^"  *^  ''^""«• 
virtutis,quamadcotroueriiasdeciden-  e/«/.«  /«.j. 
das,antiquiffimum  fuifTe ,  prsefertim  in  c>«ici«J-;. 
Hifpania .  nam  cum  Scipio  Carthagine 
nouam^advotafoluendadiisjmunusq; 
gladiatorum ,  quod  morriscaufa  parris, 
patruiqueparaueiat^rcdiiderjfpedacu- 
5,  lujinquit  Liuius^ ,fuit  non  ex  co  genere  ^  /*^.«- 
j,  horainum  ,  ex  quo  laniftis  comparare 
,,  mos eft 5  feruorum  deledu  ac  libertoru, 
j5  qui  venalem  (anguinem  habent:volun- 
5,  taria  omnis  &  gratuira  opera  pugnan- 
j,  tiumfuit.namalij  mifliaregulisfunt.ad 
55  fpecimen  infitaegentivirtutisoftentan- 
„  ciuin:aiij ,  ipfiprofeffilepugnaiurosin 

P  2  gratiam 


De  ivre  et  off.  eell. 
gratiam  ducis ;  alios  ^mulatio  ad  ccrta-  ^^ 
mciijVt  prouocarentjprouocatiqihaud  ^, 
abnuercntjtraxitiquidaquasdiiceptan-  ^, 
do  controuerfias  finire  ncquiuerat ,  aut ,, 
noluerant^padi  inter  fe,  vtvidoremres  „ 
fequeretur,  ferrodecreucrunt.  necob-  ^^ 
fcuri  generis  homines^icd  clari^illuftref- ,, 
que  Corbis  &  Orfua  patrueles  fratres, ,, 
de  principatu  ciuitatis, qua Ibe  vocant,  ,, 
ambigentes,  ferro  fedecerraturospro- ,, 
feflifunt.Corbismaior^tateerat.Orfu^  ^ 
pater  princepsproximefuerat,  afratre  j, 
maiore  poft  morte  eius  principatu  ac-  ^ 
cepto.ciim  verbis  Scipio  difceptare  vel-  „ 
let,  ac  fedare  iras ,  negatumidambo  di-  „ 
cere  communibuscognatis,  necaiium  ,, 
deorum  hominumue^quam  Martemfe  ^, 
iudicem  habituros :  roboremaiorjmi-  ^, 
nor  Acre  aetatis/erox.  mortem  in  certa-  ^, 
minejquam  alter alteriusimperiofubij-  ^ 
ceretur,  prseopiantes,  Ciim  ab  lanta  ra-  ^ 
bie  diriminequirentjinfignefpcdaculu  „ 
exercitui  prxbuere ,  documentumquej  „ 
quantu  cupiditas  imperij  malum  inter  „ 
mortalesefler.  Maiorvfuarraorum,  &  „ 
aftu  facile  ftolidas  vires  minorisfupera-  „ 
uit .  hadlenus  Liuius.Et  h^c  qi^idcm  de- 
certandi  ratio  %etiam  pollcrioribus  le-  4 

poribu^j 


Liber   primvs,  25 

poribus,adlitesdiriniendas,certisca(i* 
bus,&legibusapudHirpanos  (quauis 
eandem  iniquiflfima  fcirentM  permiffa  f  *^x^-8« 
mit\  Apud  Longobardos  qnoq.^mo-brit.^.  de 
ribus  receptum  fuit,vtquoties coram  ^f*^ /"»«•• 
iudicedefe(flus  quifpiam  effct ,  aliquid- 
^uead  plenam  inrentionisfidem  iudici 
faciendam  dceflet,  duello  certis  cafibus 
controuerfiadef^niretur^Conftituit&  ciniik„g^ 
Fredericusi^nobarbusimperator.vta-  ^r?T^'T!^ 

•  •  Jill  !•»  J  Jeaefen.deb^ 

liquando duello  res  decideretur  *^ .  Neq;  « utdepurg, 

a  Longobardorum  legibus  Gallorum  ZmVt'om 

confuetudo  multiimdiffidet ,  vt  liquet  d  c'^i.dep'a- 

exeorum  legibus,  quasSalicas  vocant.  "'^"^'^ :? 

&exfl:atapudeosquoqueh3ec  Philippi  &\fimZ'. 

„  confl:itutio:Siquisocculticriminis,ca-  ^'^P-f^^- 

,,  picalisque  reus  fit ,  atque  ita  de  eo  con-  chraHumm^ 

„  ftet,vtqu2eftioni  fubijci  pofIit,condem-  fi't.dehred^ 

,,  narinonpofnt.-isjarbitratuaccufatoris,  Tdtar^!^. 

duello experiatur.  cuius conftitutionis  gi><.i9f 

meminit loann.  Faber":  camque  refert  ^a\^j^cmt\ 

Guido Papas ^:  qui  adducitquoque,  &  innconc.m 

interpretatur  aliamquandam  confthu-  %[';to\  '/! 

tionemimperialemdemododuclli,  &  admonii.vu 

quarationeindicidebeatg.SoIetquoq;c.7X": 
haec  confuetudo  duelli  admodum  fre-  ^q^^^rtfert 

quensefTe in  Italia,  praefertim  pro  con-  Jr/j?*,!//???; 
fcruatione  honoris^,  Vndemuhihanc  /'.i.wp.40' 

D  3  rem 


De  ivrb  et  off.  bell. 
rem  anxie  tra(5tauerunt .  vtpote  quibus 
decaulisduelluminireliceat :  vterpro- 
uocatoris^vel  prouocati  vices  fuftineat: 
quiadduellumadmittanturiquadode- 
trcdariduellum  poffit :  quandooptio- 
nenij  quemvulgocampioncmvocant, 
da  re  conceflli  m  fit  :dc  eledionc  armoru 
&  loci :  de  iuramento  calumnias  a  pug- 
nantibus  pra2flando:&  fie  de  ceteris  co- 
trouerfiis.quseinhocgenerepugngin- 
ciderefblent.Nonignorauerunttamen 
viridodilTimihancconfuetudine^quip- 
aii.CqM  peiuricontrariam.non*valere*:pre(er-  5 

ft  Isiw.  tern.    * .  \  /-  V  •  •         A     " 

lo^futLmn  fi"i cum exprelse lurecanonico ut pro- 

d>tbn,m.c,d<:  hibita^cui  ftandum  eft  in  vtroqueforo, 

^\m>at  de  ^^"^^  agitUF dc  pcccatob.  (edquiadefa- 

$ud  c.ta-2.  ^o  (eruarifblet,  pcrindedehuiufmodi 

tL'^'!* '^"^*  corruptela difputaucrCjatquefi valeret: 

quia  quae  fadofiunt,  quadoqueadcau- 

cinmher.^.  famiuiis trahuntUF '^^  Et  quidem  con- 

i.o.decofij.  ruetudoifta*,intcrciues,fbcios&com-  6 

bibu.  D.d^  miijtonesnngulari  pugna  cotrouerfias 

manu.teTi^.  decidendi ,  nonfoliimaChriftianisin- 

tuToj.coT^  ft'fufis  abhorret:  fed  etiam  plurimum 

abfuita  vcteri  rum  Gr^corumjtum  Ro- 

manorum  difciplinaj  qui  turpiffiraum 

cenfebant,  belli  focios,quos  oporteto- 

pe  mutuacaufam  commune  defendere, 

ftuica, 


Liber   primvs.  27 

ftulta,vt  fa^pe  fitjac  perniciofa  ambitio- 
nc,pugnare,aut  velle  fuas  pnuatas  con- 
trouerfias  ferro  potius  dirimi ,  quam 
communibuslegibusdiiudicari .  quod 
a  ratione  admodum  alienum  eft .  non 
feciis  quam  fi  duo  Philofophi,  aut  lure- 
confuld  inter  fe ,  vter  do^tior  fit,  gladiis 
decertent.Nequeenim  de  omnibus  in- 
iufticiae  gencribus  vllu  turpiusaut  ma- 
ius  elle  poteft,  quam  vt  imbecil  lis  ac  te- 
nuis^acceptainiuriajfitinfamiadignus, 
nifi  cum  aduerlario,  quatumcunque  vi- 
ribus  praeftet,  armis  dec^rtauerit,ac  vitii 
periculis  obiecerit :  prsefertim  cum  na- 
turaficcoparatum  fit,vt  qui  minimum 
rationis,pIurimum  roboris  habeant,  vt    .     . 
deScythisrefert  Bodmus  .  Quacerte  /,„7.^5. 
ratione  etiam  fortiffimi  viri/i  cum  bel- 
luis^quje  robore  pra?ftant,conferantur, 
iure  infames  fini .  prius itaqj  omnia  ex- 
periri^quam  armis  dcccrtare  fapientem 
y  dccet.  Ceterumquihocgenus*pugn^ 
non  caufa  vindiOix,  aut  priuati  odij,  fed 
pro  bono  publico  fubeunt ,  extra  culpa  b  /.i.  §.qui 
funt :  cum  etiam  laudem  mercanturb..  'p^'^^J^ 
Itaque  fi  quisiufTu,  velfaltem  confenfu  ca^^„oi.  *n  i, 
ducisCcumalioqui  extra  ordinem  pug- /*^'v'^'''^- 

narenonliceat)  cum  hoftepublico,nn- 

D  4  gulari 


mr* 


De    IVRE     Et    OFF.  BEII, 

gularicertaminecongrediaturjnonf(V« 

liim  non  peccat  in  leges5&  ftatuta  Pon- 

tificum,  icdexemploTorquatijCorui- 

nij,  Marcelli^ScipioniSj^miliani  &a^ 

liorum^maximarnindegloriam  refcrrc 

debet.eadeni  enim  ratio  qug  bellum  iu^ 

ftumadmittitiinquo  pro  patriae, velec- 

clefia^  defenfione  mori  gloriofilfimum 

a  cow»»/»-  eft^ih^cquoquecertaminandtaefTco- 

^^^l-'7'f  ftendit.nam  cum  hoftc  pugnare  vtcun- 

^,5.KfgM,  queinbello^noeft tentare  Deum^quod 

U'i'M.zu  lexdiuinavetat,  nechoftemtollerc,eft 

homicidium  patrare ,  naturae  lege  pro- 

b  c.miies,c.  hibitumifed  officio  fungi bonimilitisK 

gl^jf '^  VndenonminusMicuit  Dauidi  Phili-  8 

ftfum  Goliath  fingularipugnaprofter- 

nerc5quam  fi  hoc  idem  conferto  mul- 

<^/l\.c.\7  torum  pra^liofecilTetSEtcertehaepu- 

gn2e^,non  parum  fepead  totiusbellie-  9 
^hb.s,  uentumfaciunt.  ItaqucLiuius**dcpu- 
gna  ilia  Torquati  cum  Gallo  tradtans: 
Tanti,  inquit,  eadimicatioadvniuerfi 
belli eucntum  momentifuit,  vt  Gallo- 
rum  exercitus  relidis  trepide  caftris,  in 
Tiburtem  agrum ,  mox  in  Campaniam 
trafierir.  Similiter  belIo(bciali,cum  in- 
gens  Callus  ex  Gallicis  auxiliis,  qua?  L. 
Cluentius  cum  Sylla  decertaturus  af- 

fumpfe' 


LiBER    PRIMVS.  a8 

/iimpferat^procurrens,  inuitaflet  ad  fin- 
gulare  certamcn,  ex  Romanisaliquem, 
&  euro  paru^  ftatura? Numida  confecif. 
fct:  territi  Galliconfeftimterga  verte- 
runt:iamque  turbata  acie^nec  aiij  Clue- 
tiani  perftitcrunt,  fed  Nolamperfuge- 

Jo  runttrepide\Committuntur*quoque  a  A^f^an^do 
nonnunquam  iftiufaiodi  ccrtamina,  a  ^«^*t««iJ.i, 
fummis  principibus :  vel  ab  vno  ,  aut 
pluribus  hinc  indc  a  principibus  pari 
numeroele(5lis  5  quorum  euentus  bello 
finem  imponat.quod  olim  a  Tullo  Ho- 
ftilio  Romanorum  rege^  &  Mctio  Suf- 
fetiorege  Albanorum  fadum  fuiflcJe- 
gimus.quum  enim  pariroborefreque- 
tibuspraeliisvtrimq;Comminuerentur, 
miffoin  compcdiumbello^vtinquitL, 

^^  Florus^'^Horatiis^Curiatiisque,  trige-  bW.i.  c.a» 
minis  hinc  atque  inde  frarribus,  vtriuf- 
que  fatacommifTa  funt,  fblcmniprius 
foedere  inter  vtrumqueregem ,  &  vtru- 
que  populu  percuflb,  &  legibus  didis, 
quibus  vidi  vidoribus  dederentur  S    c  limm  hu 
Quod  genus  pugna?non  quidem  illici- 
tume(Iecefeo:nam&D. Thomas \ex-  dzi.c^tufi: 
aequansduellumiudiciofortis^iHicitum  p^'*'*'^- 
quidem  e0e  dkit^  fi  fiat  ad  probation^, 
vel  reuclationem  rei  occultae;  no  autem 

D  5  fifiat 


De  Ivre  et  off.  bell. 
fiffataddiuifionem  rcrurrij  vel  contro- 
uerfisedefinitionemrqualefuitccrtame 
DauidiscumPhiliftaeo^quodapproba- 
tumfuic  Deo  .  qaod  cquidemadmireb 
inter  fummos  principes:  veleorum  au- 
doritatc,  qui  belli  gerendi  iushabent, 
vt  fcilicet  beliorum  calamicatcs  vitetur. 
Quocafiietiama  Romanis  potificibus 
nonnunquamduellumcoceflum  fuifle 
legimus .  itaque  Carolus  Andegaucn- 
fis,  &;  Pctrus  Tarraconenfis ,  cum  de  Si- 
cilia  diu  bellura  geffiflentj  audloritate 
Martini  pontif.fingulariccrtamineco- 
av»cfe  Fro/.  trouerfiamfinircdccreuerunt'.Sedhac 
fardMA.  f^tionecontrouerfiasdecidcndi^Ccuna  12 
valde  temerariumfit,  fummam  rerum 
periculo  vnius ,  aut  alteriuscomittere) 
nonomninotutam,  nequeetiatnfem- 
perbellofineimponercexiftimcquod 
euentus  pugnae  trigcminorum  fatis  o- 
ftendit^nam  Metius  SufFetius  ^/ortuna  ij 
&  euentum  totius  belli,  &  virtutcm  fui 
exercitus  fortune  aut  virtuti  Cuiatio- 
rum  committendojrcgnum  &  libertate 
tarn  propriam,quam  fuorum,prp  qua 
tuenda  multis  annis  contenderan  t^mo- 
mento  amifit;&  Romanis  fortunae  arbi- 
trio  (cuitemerefe  fubieccrant)  vidori- 

buS; 


LlBER^    PRTMVSt  2^ 

buSjnon  omnino  tuta  vidioria  fuit.nam 
quamuis  Mctius  SufFetius  vitStuSiproti- 
nus  k  fuaquc  omnia  fubmittcret  Ro- 
manis:  pofteatameinexpeditioneVc- 
ientana.exfpedata  occafionc,fu2B  temc- 
ritatis  poenitens,  Romanum  exercitum 
prodere  conacus efl *. Quare  vbi  dc om-  a  imii»u,i 
niumfalute  &  libertate,  vcMe  tota  poC- 
leffione  agitur,non  nifi  tods  viribusco- 
tendendum  eft.  alias  enim non folum 
vidus  temeritatcra  fuam  incu&bit ,  fed 
necvidor  omnino  fecuruserit.eiuse- 
nim  animu5,vt  inquit  Liuius,  in  perpc- 
tuum  vindtur,cuiconfefIioexprcfla  fit, 
feneqjarte,  ncquecafu,fed  totis  viribus 
cominus  collatis,  iuftoacpio  bellofu- 
pcratum  efle.Nequecredi  poteft,vIIum 
populumauthominemdenique  (vtfe- 
natus  Romanorum  incaufa  Priuema- 
tiumfcnfiOineaconditionCjCuiuseum 
poeniteat,  diutius  quam  necelfc  fit  ma- 

DE  PIGNERATIONIBVS,  QVAS 

REPRESALIAS     VOCANT. 

J     Tigmrandi  peteflsts  antiquipma  cofue- 

tudint  permfjpt^ 
^    Pigneratmesquomffdohodufermtffd. 

S     Con" 


De  Ivre    et  off»   bell. 
J     Confuetudopigneradi  an  ture  probata  fiL 

4  Nonnuncjuam  ex  caufa  etiam  fine  culpa 

(juempumr't. 

5  EtJam  fme  culpa  pot  ell  tfues  affiti  pxm 

honor  um-^  non  ettamfcenacorpoYAli. 
<f     P'tgnerationes  adojfenfioncm  ferfonari 

innocentium  tlltcitx. 
7     D,A  mbro[iH6  Theodofum  imper.  incre- 

fuit* 
S     JEx  qua  caufa  Jit  condita  L  vindtcari  ^  C. 

de  poen, 
p     In  pignerat'tonibKs  mnocentes  ex  accideti 

ccc'tdi  poffunt, 
1 0  Pignerationes  non  alto  modo  licit  a  quam 

quo  bellum^ 

Cap.   qvartvm. 

Plgnerandi  poteftatem^jquam  Gra?ci  I 
Androkp/iam  vocant,  antiquiflima 
confuetLidine  permifTam  fuiffeconftat. 
morisenimfuitantiquinfimi^vtquiho- 
micidium  perpetraffent ,  ^\  cum  inex- 
ternam  vrbcm  profugifTent,  ad  poenam 
expofciti  non  dederenturiis^  ad  quos 
facinus  admiffum  pertinebat,  ipfis  vt 
permitteretur  pignerandi  poteftas.  £\c  ,, 
cnim  fancitu  fuifle  legimus :  fi  quis  vio-  ,, 
Icntamorteobierir,  prohocgentilibus  „ 

&C0. 


LiBER    PRIMVS*  30 

j^  &:cognatis  Androlepfiaefunto,  quoad 
^  iudicium  c^diSjpoenasque  fubierint^vel 

J,  necisauiftorcsdediderint.  androlepfia 

3,  ver6adtresvfque5neceoampliuseftOt 
Qua?  verba  refcruntur  a  Dcmonhene 
inorationcin  Ariftogitonem,  quiiftic 
defendit^caufefortaffe  inferuiens.  An- 
drolepfiamlegeefTepeririifram^nonco* 
tra  prof  iigu  fufcipientes ,  fed  contra  eos 
demum,  apudquos  casdesfadafuifTet. 
lulius  vcro  PoUuxeam  permiflam  fuif- 
fe  fcribit,  etiam  contra  cos,  qui  homici- 
dam  profugum  fufccpiflent  5  ncc  cum 
perentibusdedidiflentjnecadcriminis 
poenam,necadvindidam:necipiiiufte 
punirent :  vt  annotauit  Budaeus^.  Ad  a inUatfa* 

2  huncfancmodum*pignerationcs  bar,  ^^;|/JJ^* 
quas  reprefalias  vocan 1 3  hodie  permi c* 
tunrur,  vtfiquaex  gentelatrones^aut 

{)irata?,vel  quicunque  alij  homicidiaja- 
iaue  fcelcra  perpetrauerint,  iniuriam 
damniimue  iniulerint  :  ncc  cam  paffi 
potuerint  obtinerc  ab iis,  quibus  fcclc- 
rumaudoresfubiiciuntur  3  vcl  qui  eos 
fufceperint,  vtiidemdedantur.velpoe- 
nas  luant,  tuncliceatvtipigncrationi- 
3 bus,  Sedvtrumhaecconfueiudo*iurc 
dcfendipoflit,  controuerfumeft :  prae- 

fertim 


De     IVRB    ET    OFF.  EELt. 

Qe.hiiLc.  fertimexcOjquodiniquum  fitj&aiu- 
umua^>ie.  {ticiaalienu,  obalteriusculpam&  cri- 
cnmm.o.de  mcn  innoccnti  pocnam  mfiigia.  nam 
pcen  Augq.  poena fcquitur CI imlnis audorc ^  Scri- 
b/  A/K«»«*.  ptum  eil,  in(ontem  &  luilurn  non  occi- 
^'^'^nt^i  des^^.&janimaqusepeccauerirjipfamo- 
t.cju^funt.d.  rietur.  filiusnonportabit  iniquitatem 
Uijuzfi^a  patris,  6<rpater  non  portabitiniquitate 
Konlam,  m  nil),  luiticia lulti  luper eupfi  cnt , & iHi- 
f.dcjmt.ex  pietasimpijfupcr  eum^.  &,  nonocci- 
h^e K zuo..  dentur  patrcs  pro  nliis ,  nee nli)  pro pa- 
c.d.i^here.  rentlbiis;  fed  vnufquifqucpropeccato 
d  ^{cchA%,  ^Lio  morietur  *.  Nihiloniiinus  tamen^ 
cDf«f.c.2+.  quandoque ex caufaV^i^mfi  culpa ab-  4. 
^;«tr;:  ^t,  quempunirl  poire  conflatf-  Quo 
fiier6vti,te  fpedatlex  ilia Exodig:Si  animal homi- 
™!;.:;  neocciderit.Iapidibusobruatur,  quod 
ib,  gioff,  22  &  lege  D  racon iSjlegiflatoris  Atheniefis 
^VTpremi  c^utum  fuit.Simlliter  pecus licet ratio- 
c.yvghtf^c.  necareatj  &  a  culpa  immune  fit,  cuipfa 
mc  hmufmo'  foemina,qua2  fc  ci  commifcuir/ufpcndi 
giof.tnc.z.de  iubctur".nctalifiagitiocontammatum 
connn.o-tit  indignam refricet fa^fti memorial Pra?- 
/e.  1.^4  terea puernatus  Dauidiex  lUicitocoi- 


c.ecc 


gc^p  21.  tu,ob  parentis  crimen  a  Deoextindus 
^^-ll*'er^.^5  cft^&  infantes Sodomseabfqjvllo pro- 
(j'4ctn  I .  pj.JQ  peccato ,  fimul  cu  adultis  peccato- 
loL/.c-ll  ribusignc confumptifunti.  vndc Deus 

ipfe 


Liber  primvs.  31 

ipfcait  :Egofum  Deus2cIores,vifitans 
iniquitatepatruinfilioSjVfqiadtertiam 
&quartagencratione».  Quxquidcdi-  aExoAwo 
uinaiudiciaquauis  hominibus  imitari 
nonliceat,  nifi  quarenuscxmanifeftis 

J  caufisprocedutiideoq;  nulla lege*,qua- 
cunque  ex  caufa ,  quis  debea  t  corporali 
poena affici  ob  alterius  crimen^:  fqua  b  a«^^. 
dc  caulaetiainiqueab  Arcadio  &  Ho-  [j^^'''^^^ 
norio  impp/  didum  cenfet  Couarru-  ttat,jreUtu 
uias  *^,eximperatoria  lenitate,  &  indul-  ^**^'^^'''^^^ 
gentia  le  vitam  concedere  hluscorum,  iuu,b.2.c.s, 
quicrimcnlaefasmaieftatiscommiferat:  ^^^l^'J^f, 
ciim  nulloiureillis  vitam  adimercpof-  £«>/?. 
fent)tamenexcaufis,& propter reipub.  ^ -v-rwr^- 
vtilitatem ;  quoqj  magis  homines  a  de- 
lidis  compeicantur^bumana  lex  poterit 
poena  pecuniaria,  publicationc  bono- 
rumjvel  fimibjpunireetiaiUoSjqui  non 
deliqucrunt :  &  ita  pailim  legibus &  ca- 
nonibus  flatutum  eft:praefcrtim  in  filiis 
&  nepotibus  eorum,  qui  crimen  l^te 
maieftatisdiuina?  velhumanaecommi- 
ferunt;  quiafficiunturinfamia,  &:ple- 
ftuntur  publicatione  bonorum  ^  quod  eJ^.^«,7^«^ 
praeclare  legibus  comparatumefTe  dicit  «'"Z''"'''^- 

Xicero  ^j  vt  charitas  liberorum  amicio-  fintptji.  ai 
resparentesredderctreipub.quam fen-  *"'"""' 

centiam 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 

fuTz'cZ  ^^^^*^^^  ^^  E>»  Auguftino& aliis,  late 
b  ^.\of*pit  profcquitur  &difcutit  Couarruuiasa. 
\of*c,K,oo.  Exquibus.  nifallor,  manifeftumeft*  ^ 
c.iMt^ii*'*.  pignerationesiftaslicitasquiaecffc(vt 
»»6.  <T  tht  communi  omnium confenfudeducitur 
^rancZc.  ^x  D.  Auguftino  ^,)  fcd  noii  quoad  of- 
deQamb^c  feufioncm  perfonaruminnocetium,  & 
luli^eT.'^'  qui nullam illati damni culpam contra- 
saiinautbe.  xcFunt ;  vcrum  boiiorum  tantum  c. 
ITh&ohitg,  Quemadmodum  enim  quis  folo  con- 
uio.tnc.o-  fenfu  fepotefl:  fubijcere  damno  bono- 
fZ\anI!ob.  f ""^3  "^"  aurem  membrorum , vel cor- 
deReibu,  VI  poris^zficquoquelegevclftatuto,  cui 
7l!up!sT''  vnufquifque  colentirc  pra^fumitur,  po- 
c  loivapon.  teftquisexcaufa,  licet  fine  culpa  jatfici 
w**^^  2^*  poena  pecuniaria , no etiam corporal!  % 
^'i.'hbtr'ho  QuareiuftiflimeD.Ambrofius^Theo-  7 
T  J^c  «i^  dofmm  imperatorem  increpuit,  quod 
tingit'.defent.  mjlitequodam  in  tumultu  occifo,  iuilit 
excom.Giojf,  populum.vt Quifqueobuius  eflet.caedi. 

tnfijr.  vt  cap.   i^».  \         \  '  ....'.^ 

cum  homo,  potuit  Cttim  impcrator  mihris  occiio- 
zi<ju^  ^,  rescapitcpunire:  iniquever6,etiamex 

e  G/o/r.  elf  r  /    J  •    •        •        •  -  *    -    n 

garn'mKub,  caulakditionis ,  mnocentesoccidiiuP 
c.  dedtcut,  fitf  .pro  quo delido culpam  cum  lacry- 
q^i^i^am  mis  prof ellus  imperator^publicam  poe- 

niten- 

pajiimfiejumtur  interpp.  & commtndat baldjn  l»vn.C.ntflit(s 
pro  pat.  Akx.tn  l.f<tpe,  num  io.D«de  re  tnd,  Ange.  Cr  laf,  tn  §» 
a(li9nei,  w».68.  ivfittM  ^ftio. 


Liber   primvs.  gj 

nltentiamin  totius  confpcdu  ccclefiae 

8  egit;&  lege  cauit%vt  fi  princeps  ex  ira- 
cudia  quem  fcuerius  puniri  iubear:fen- 
tentiaadtrigintadieslufpedatur^.  Ce-  af»^v«K&- 

P  terum  quemadmodum  in  bcllo  *  non  "''c^^lxS^ 
licet  ex  profefTo  innoceres  occidere,%   apudrbtfja^ 
minas  (cilicet,  nee  infantes :  (licettame  ''""^'*^« 
exaccidenti,(ipura  oppidum  machinis, 
vel  tormentis  bellicis  concutiatur,cimi 
aliterbellum  gerinonpoflit.)  ficquoq; 
in  hifccpignerationibus,  quamuis  in- 
iioxijofFendi  non  poffint,  fed  tantum 
bonaeorumcapereliceatipermittitta- 
men  conditio  rei,  vt  ex  accident!  occi- 
dantur :  fiquidem  alitcr  pigncrationes 
iftae  exerceri  non  poflunt.Sciendu  vero 
10  *pignerationesiftasnon  aliomodoefle 
licitas,  quam  quo  bellu  iure  diuino,  na- 
turali  &  ciuili  licitum  cenfetur .  vnde 
omnino  requiritur  aud^oritas  fummi 
Principis^qui  belli  indicedi  ius  habet  **.  ^  cx>omwui 
a  iudice  autem  concedi  non  poiTunt ,  &  ''qjpti  ^'* 
inter ciueslocumnonhabent*^.  quam-  ^  ^'**^'  "^^ 
uisolimapud  Atheniefespriuatocon-  ''^uill^mlo- 
filioandrolepfiaexcrcereliccret; multa  ^'^ht.vtni 
tamen  conftituta non  iurc  ea  vtenti;  vi  ^'**^*-^'" 
€x  PoUuccannotauit  Bud"*.  Itaquc  &  dinu^tfa, 
hodieiuftacaufafubeffe  debet.  NempCi  t^loll^] 

E  quod 


De     IVRB    ET    off.    BBLt. 

quodille  populus^contiaquem  pigne* 
rationes  ift«  conccdutur^  vindicare  nc- 
glexcritj  quod  afuisimprobefadueft^ 
aiioquivero,  fi  iufta&veracaufadefir^ 

nKdmve'  conceflio  pignerandi  nuUius  erit  mo- 

m.D.defd.  mentia. 

conwtjf,  lib, 

/.I.  ^,h*c       £)£  BELLO  CAPTIS  ET  IVRE 

t?'Z  fOSTLIMINII. 

J     luBo  hello  CApafunt  afunuum. 

2     AlciAti oftn'to  refrohata ^ qui iidt omfjU 

bdla  hodie  ejje  ciuilia, 
4     D  ifferentia  inter  res  m chiles  df  tYnmo* 

biles  hello  cap  as  ^ 

4  Frada  omnis  Arhttrio  due  is  ejl,  mn  miU* 

turn» 

5  Jmpratores  pr^dam  mrimnquAm  tPtA^ 

rarium  tnferre  foluu 

6  Tionnunquam  militihm  diuidert, 

7  Prad^farsdeheturetiaiiSy  quinonfut» 

ruminfrdio, 
S     Prdda  mtlitibus  nonnunquAm  edicifcUty 

&  eorum  Arhttrio  fermittt, 
g     Trim  I  pi  &  duct  dehetur  fuA  fvrtio  ex 

fradA, 
J  0  RomAni  pArtempr^dx  ciiu  ventre  fotttu 
It  ISlonnifideuiCitshofUhm  &  ftgmdato^ 

adpr^dam  difcurrcndum. 

t2  In 


Liber    primvs.  09 

12  In  ituifione  fr^^fraudtm  commvitttis 

pttn'undm, 
I J  Fftgienti  in  hello  non  deheturpar^pr^dq, 
i^  Inbepdi  funt  mtlites  prdddm  'vende/e, 

ve  impediment  i<  grAneniur, 

1  s   7(es  f ACT'S  non  cedumpr&^A* 

J  ^  Natura  ne^  an tnftituio  howinumftrut-- 

tiis  fit  mdii^d. 
jf  SeruittPi  non  tollit  liber  tat  em  naturae 

iem 
I S  Nulla  vu  qu^fa^i  ejl^f^ruitutem  indu- 

cit^  qua  luris  ell, 
ip    Captihodie  inter  Chrtfiianos  no^j  fiur)i 

ferui^  nifimditent  infiddihni, 

20  In  hello  captui^  ^  ad  fuos  rcuzrfu^  p  n* 

(linam  lihertatem  reciftt. 

2 1  NifiturAuertt  fe  rediturum  ad  hofles, 

2  z  Trans fuga  non  hahet  foHlrfmntum^  ntfi 

ft  ferfffis. 
2 }   ^ui  fe  hojiihm dedunt ,  non hahent itu 

foUliminijjiat  armis  viUi  fint, 
24-   Controuerjia  inter  'veteres  in  caufa  Ua^ 

cini, 
2S  In  hello  etiam  mutter es  capt  pojfunt  dr 

fu2ri. 
2  6  lujlo  hello  captu^ ,  tenet ur  Ad  precittmre- 

demptionis^  quod  promt  fit. 
2j  CaftiHictmPiJint, 

E  2  ^S  frl' 


De    IVRE    ET    off.    BELt. 

22  TfitMta  Automate  non  licet  captiufm 

occidere, 
2p  Trtcium  conutntionis^  de  quo  conueme^ 

nondthetAiigeri» 
S  ^  ^S^f^^  f4/)//«^  foluit  precium  redemm 

ptionlStqudremedta  habeat, 
^  t   Redemptio  capUuorum fauorabilis, 
J 2  7{egUgerJs redtmere caftiuum. 
3 B   K^gri redtuTft poJllim'tn'to» 
3^  SS^  /^rrf/^r^^  rede  ant  poJllmtnio, 
S  s   R^s  femel  ah  ho^tbm  capt^ ,  &  abiifd^ 

recuperate  ^  anfint  rejittuend^  priori 

Domino» 
S6  Res  cfudfunt  ho fl turn  ^nonfuntin  com-» 

mercio^  mfiftnt  eitts  generis ,  qudpofi" 

liminio  redirepojfunt. 
S  /   Vr^sda  quandofit  fa&a  hojlium, 
S  S  Cap  a  Apiratis  nonfunt  eorum :  iieoqtte 

recuperata ,  priori  domino  rcHitttendd 

fit/it: 
Bp  Licet  aliudconJlitutionihffsregmHilfd^ 

patutum  fit, 
4.0   Res  furtiua  hello  capta^  an  priori  dominO 

rei/itfttdeheat, 
4  J   Res  incorporates ,  an  hello  capipo^int 
4 2  S^dHto  inter  Thehanos  &  7  hejfalos. 
4S  ymuerfitainanperit^quamdiuvntufH* 

fereji. 

Cap# 


Liber   primvs.  jij 

Cap.    q^vintvm, 

PRimiim  iu(licia?munuseft5Vtinquit 
Cicero^vtnecuiquisnoceatjnifila-  a  oj^m^u 
ceditusiniuria.quajcaufaeftetiamiufti 
belli  fundamentumjVtfuperius  late  o- 
ftendimus^.  Qiiam  Ciceronis  fentcn-  ^*-<^«** 
tiam  quamuis  refutet  Ladantius  ^;  vt  chb.6.cAU 
qua?duorum  verbonim  adiedionccor- 
ruprafit :  n6enimaddidcbui(Ie,nifila- 
ceflitus  iniuria :  Socratem  fecutus :  qui 
dicebatvltionemefleiniuftanijeoquod 
malum inferreiniuftum fit;  (ummuta- 
men  principemjqui  non  exanimi  mor- 
bo,  fedexamorciudi,  vthoftiuimpro- 
bitatemcoercear,  &fuosdefendat,  ac- 
ceptam  iniuriam  bello  vindicat,  extra 
culpam  effe  omnino  dicendum  ejfl.non 
cnimeft  iniuriaj  vtinquit  Seneca,  pati 
I  quod  prior  fcceris.  Vnde  dominiu^co- 
rum,  quse  iuftobellocapimus,  in  nos 
transfertur  reftque  hie  iuftus  modus  ac- 

3uirendi  dominij  <i.  quod&  Cicero  in-  ^  ^.^'"wm 
^^  icatjcum  ait:  Sunt  autera  priuata  nulla  B^^trhJ^'Z 
„  natura^  fed  aut  veteri  occupationc,  vt  rer^dtk,/. 
5,  qui  quondam  in  vacuavenerunt:autvi*  u{^t>thi'. 
5,  ^oria^vt  qui  bello  potitifunt;  aut  lege,  rc.D.dctuji, 
5,  aut  paaione.conditione,  forte ':  idquc  ,^;i,;;„'''- 
iurcgcntiuminduftumcftf,  &iurcdi-  '/'y?.i. 

E  3  uino, 


De     IVRE     ET     off.  BELl, 

aR€g.?.<r.3o  uino^canonico  ^^&ciuili  comproba- 
ftUHm.cc,  tumc.  Cuius  iuriS2equitas,non  tarn  ad 
^^•niauyt.  fatisfaciendum  eiquiiniuriamaccepit, 
Aflf./fV's  <=1^^"^  adcoercendam  improbitate  eo- 
c.fima-i'*   lum ,  qui  iniufta  bellagerunt,fpedare 
{'"/r'll  videtur:vtex  D.Auguftinoin  prefatio- 
eati,*£abbo.  nehuius  opcris  didume^:•NcqueAl- 
•^^*^*^/  ',/'r!  ciato^afTentior^,  qui  belJo inter  Chri- 1 
<u  Laj,u4.  /« Itianoscapta^nonnencapientium,  hoc 
naiHTaum.j-  arguinenio  probareconatur :  qucxird- 
fu^am.D.de  licctomnes,  qui morbe Romano eratj 
?^'/T1?'"  ^^^*^"^"i  conftiturione  dues  Romani 
D.lJ^Jr!  effedi  iinte,  vnde  hodieomnes  Chri- 
fr^f-        ftianos,  populum  Romanum  efle  ,  & 
v.'dl(Ztl'  Chfifti lege fratres^.-ideoque quainter 
homitmm.     eos  mouentUF  bella ,  plus quam  ciuilia 
fanKii"q7  ^^^'^ per confequens^iusbelii^quoca- 
ptafiuntcapientium^interChriftianos, 
^ifcimm.  locum  non  habere^. Quod  fi  verum eC- 
^enuam.^.tn  fet^  nullum  iuflum  bcliu  inter  Chriftia- 
^^cl^ul,  '  noseflepoiret •  quod  falfum cffc^  ex iis 
hft*pra  de    qufaliolocodiximus^/atisconftat.vii- 
^cap.zf''  de  &  capta  hoc  bdio  ficnt  capientium. 
nifiquodantiquifTimacofuetudinein- 
trodudu  eft  inter  Chriftianos,  vtcapti 
vtcunqueiuftobellojibcrtatemnona- 
mitterent.de  quo  m  ox  diccmus.Neque 
duile  bellui  did  poteft ,  quod  inter  duos 

fummos 


Liber    primvj»  55 

fummos  principes  5aut  populos  liberos 
geritur,  nonenimfuntchies,  quinon 
iifdemiraperiiSjaciuffistenentur  *^  fed  a  Lat<ho- 
ctficumfubditis.  &ciuibus  rebellibus  fe"""'*^^- 
lit  bellum  3  non  protmus  ceflabunt  lura 
belli,  quibusdominiu eoru,quaeab  ho- 
ftibuscapimus, nobisacquirimus.  nam 
qui  hodilianimo  contra imperij  maie- 
flatem  quid  machinatur,  ex  due  fit  ho- 
ftis*>.  Iraq;  multisrationibusdocet  Ci-  b  i.  mbuut. 
cero,  iuftu effe bellu  9 infcrretur  Anto-  '^«^.' -^^3* 
niOjhoftireipub.injuituveroquodipie  tr<wsfHgA,i>, 
Antoniuseerebat:ideoq;iurabeIli,que  '^^'^p^^-  '. 
hoitibus  tantumconueniunt,  ipfinon  ^mdffc,Hnt\ 
conucnire^quaderealibilatius  tra&a-  ^« ^  «/''* 
uimus**;qu3ehucreferripoflunr,Porr6  T?Mtpf,.%. 
3  illudquid6  verum* eft,  dominium  reru  <*  ^-  «^*  ^«^» 
iufto  bellocaptarujinvidoretrasferri;  *''"^^*i'-^- 
fed  diftindionefa(5la  inter  res  mobiles, 
&immobiles,  immobiliaenimjVtpote 
agri, publicature. quauis olim no femel  l^.te^pui- 
agros  bello  captos,  militibusob  bene  fif-^Jecapt, 
nauata opera  diuifos  fuiffe  legimus^ .id-  ai'l^^r!^' 
que  a  Romulo  inftitutu  fuit  g.  Alexader  ^^mm.  inm 
aute  Seuerus  agros  capiosab  hoftibus,  ^1'^^^^}!,^. 
limitaneis  ducibus,  ac  militibus  dona-  diretvend. 
uit:itavteorue(rent,fiheredesquoqucf^|^";jJ^^; 
iT\Uitaretjneq;adpriuatostrafcrrentur:  /«tU. 

E  4         atten- 


De     IYRF     ET     off»  SEIL. 

attentiusilIosmilitaturosexiftimans,fi 
a  ae;.w    fuaiuradefenderent^  Sed  cum  hi  agri 
li^t.^yita  non  militibus.fedprincipiacquiranrun 
jolius  pnncipisarbimo,  quid  de  lis  fieri 
placet^rclinquetunexconftitutionibus 
quoqueregniHifpanise,  nonfoluma- 
gri ,  fed  ctiam  nauesbellica^jbello  forte 
bR«xJ.i9.  naualicaptse/egiacquiruntur^.  Quod 
ue>a6,^ar,z  vcro  ad  reliquam  prsedam  return  mobi- 
Jium  attinetj  nee  ea  quidem  milicibus 
acquiri  roIebat3&  nedux  quidem  vllum 
iusin  earn  habebat ;  fed  quseftoris  erat 
earn  vendere,  &  pecuniam  in  a?rarium 
referre.  quod  lege  cautum  fuifle  tradit 
c  hb.j,      Dion.Halic.<^&  hac  potiffimum  decau- 
fa  Marcium  Coriolanum ,  quod  praeda 
exVolfcismilitidiuifajhancIegemvio- 
lafTet ,  a  populo  condemnatum  fuifle. 
coq- fpcftat ,  quod  D.  Ambrofiusdicit, 
dilciplinammilitaredoccre,  vtregifer- 
uenturomniajexeplo  Abraham,  quicef- 
d  cap.dicat,  fitomnempr3edamregiSodomorum<*. 
zi.^jusji.^.  PofteatamenapudRomanos,  pra?dam 
tifi<iuUpro  omnemarbitrioducis^fuiflCjCertueftc.  4 
"tllmtw^'  i^qucexaliquot  Liuij  locis  apertefatis 
liquet.  ItaquerefertjCum  Phocenfes, 
portisapertis,  pac^i  ne  quid  hoftilitcr 
paierentufj  feRomanisdedidiflent;  & 

nihilo- 


LiBER    PRIMVS,  35 

nihllominusmilitesaddiriprendatnvr- 
bem  di(currerenr,L.it  milium  reftiiifle, 
&  reuocaflc  militcs^diccndOjCaptaSjiio 
deditas  vrbcs  diripi :  &  in  his  tamen  ar- 
bitriumcfle  impcratoris,  no  militum*.  aLi'»»«^37 
&  alibi  idem  Liuius  dicir ,  Camillu  Ve- 
iosobfidetem  ,cumiamin  manibusvi- 
deret  vi(5loriam,vrbcm  opuleniiflimara 
capj,  tantumque  pra?daj  fore,  quantum 
noomnibusin  vnumcollatisante  bel- 
lis  fuiflet :  ne  quam  mde  aut  militum 
irain,ex  malignitatepraedaepartitse:  aut 
inuidiam  apud  patrcs  y  ex  prodiga  largi- 
tionc  caperct:quid  de  praeda  fieri  place- 
ret,ad  fcnatum  rcieciflcb.  Solent autem  b  Uuiwis* 
5  impcratores^nonnunquam  pr^dam  to- 
tam ,  vcl  partem  eius  in  a?rariu  per  qua?- 
ftores  referrc  ^  Itaq;  L.  Furrius  praetor  c  o«r.?^f. 
de  Gallis  triumphans ,  trecenta  viginti  ^7. 
milliaaerisin  a?rariu  tulit :  argenti  clxx. 
milliapondo**.  Ingentemquoquevim  dUumLn 
auri&  argenti  M.Heluius&  Q^Minu- 
ciusex  pra^da  Hifpaniefi  in  a^ranum  ru- 
lerunt :  6cT.  Quintius  Philippodeui- 
fto« :&  longe  maxima  L.iEmilius  Pau-  *  ^*''-3+ 
lus,  dcuidoPerfeof.  &CamiIIoduce,  fLw»7i#/,4j 
fufis  Falircis5caftris  eorum  captis^prxda 
omnis  ad  qu^ftores  reda<5ia  clljcum  ma- 

E  5  gnami- 


De  Ivre  et  off.  bell, 
.  gnamilitumira;  (edfeueritateimperij 
vidijCadera  virtutem  &  oderant.&mi- 

^  B,6,  rabanrunvt  inquitLiuiusa.apudquera 
pafliminuenias  plurimuauri&argenti 
ex  praedahoftium  in  asrarium  reiatuin 
fuifle.Nonnunquam  imperatorcsVen-  ^ 
dere  prsedam  3  &militibusdiuiderefo- 
lentjdonatis  ante  alios  iiSj  quoru  virtus 
in  bello  maximeeniteret:habitaquoq; 
ratione  dignitatis  cuiu(que,  &  ordinis^ 
Sic  lulius  C^far  in  Gallia  militibus,pro 
laborc  3c  toleratia(qui  brumalibus  die- 
bus,  itineribusdifficillimis,  frigoribus 
intolerandiSjftudiofiflimcpermanferat 
in  labore)  ducenos  feftertios:  centurio- 
nibus  duo  millia  nummiim ,  praedsB  no- 

bAHyrJi  mine condonandapoUicitus eft ^.  &ex 

heiGaiiM,  prseda,quam  L.i£milius  PauIusPcrfeo 
vi(5to  fecerat ,  peditiin  finguloscenteni 

c imK^Us  dati :duplex centurioniitriplex equiti ^. 
M.Valerius  Coruinus  Samnitibusprj - 
liovi(5lis5  &C.  Junius  Bouiano  capto, 

d  Lw;w/.7,  pragdam  omnem  militidederunt^^.&fe- 

^         natuspra?dam  Epiriciuitatum,  quxad 

Perreadefecerant,exercitui  dedit.  Itaq» 

figno  ad  diripicndas  vrbes  dato ,  tanta 

c/*,4s.  prxda  fuit,  inquit  LiuiusS  vtin  equite 
cccc.denarij,  peditibus  duccnidiuide- 

rcntur. 


Liber    primvs#  37- 

rentur.&  hxc  prxdx  diuifiOjetiamiurc 
probata viderura,Ex facrisquoqi Uteris  ^€.»inmis, 
conftat,  Dominum  pr^cepiffc  Moy  fi,vt  Jj^'^j*^;'^;': 
ip{e&  Eleazartolleretvniuerfampr^da,  t^*c.4; 
fadam  ex  Madianitis,quos  Ifraeiit^de-  toMijuZi 
uiceranr,  &  ex  sequo  earn  diiiiderent  in-  A«tt>,  o.  jg 

tereos.quipugnaueranti&vtquinqua^^ftrff* 
genmaparsdaretur  Leuiiis,  quiexcu-  19^20^^ 
babatintabernaculis  Domini  ^  &  Da-  ^VZij;, 
iiid,  Amalaechitis  praelio  vidis ,  coUegit 
omnempri]edani;Cumq;illijquiinpra?- 
lio  fuerant ,  peterent  fibi  tantum  diuidi, 
necquicquamdariiis^quicum  illis  noa 
J  fuerant :  dixit  Dauid  *,  a^quam  partem 
habituros^qui  defcendifTent  in  prglium, 
&  qui  remanfiflent  ad  (arcinas.  quod 
deinceps  pro  lege  feruatum  fuit  in  If- 
rael^  idqueetiamconftitutionibusrc-  «R*^-''«.3« 
gniHifpanif  decifumeft^^.Quofpcdat,  d  R^gX^s, 
quod  C.Fabius  Ambuftus  tnbunus mi-  ^*^*^^i^'^ 
Iitum  ,  cum  ad  Auxur  oppugnandum 
accefliflet,  collegis  fuis  ,  Cn.  Corne- 
lioCofro5  6<:  Valerio  Potito,  cum  par- 
te exercitus  ad  deuaftandos  fines ,  vt 
diftinerent  Volfcos ,  profc(5lis ,  capta 
vrbe  a  proeda  militem  continuit ,  do- 
nee collegse  cum  fuis  cxercitibusvcni- 
rent :  ab  illis  quoque  captum  Auxur 

didi- 


De   Ivrb    et  off.  bell. 

diditansedejquicereros  Volfcosa  prf- 

tt  limsLi»  Cic^io  eius  loci  auertiffenta.Solcnt deni- 

que  impcratores*ad  cxcitandos  militu  g 

animos,  nonnunquam  totam  prsedam 

militibus  ante  coflidum  edicere,&pati 

habere  quod  cuique  fors  belli  dediffet. 

vti  dc  praeda  Veiorum  dccreuit  (enatus, 

exfententiaP.Licinijjgratiusidforedi- 

cen  tis, laetiusque^quod  quifque  fua  ma- 

nu  ex  hofte  captum  3  domum  retuliflet, 

quamfi  multiplex,  alteriusarbitrioac- 

cipcretiquamuis  refragante  App.Clau- 

diojqui  largitionem  nouamjprodigam, 

hLimMi$  inaequalemjinconfulramargucbat^.  & 

hzBcquidem  quoad illa,qu£ in  conflidu 

&praslioacquiruntur.  alioquivcrores 

hoftiles,  quae  citracertamen  ad  quern - 

cunque  perueniunt ,  funt  eius  qui  prius 

ct.tramfu.  pofTeflioncm  naduseftS  Ccterumetia 

K'jotZV.  pr^da  militibus  concefla 5  principi*ni-  9 

i/»/>r»»#.D.«ic  hilominusfuaportiodeberurd;  qua? ex 

dV.\'L'm^  conftitutionibus  regni Hifpa. eft quin- 

t4rt,  d^n.i.  ta pars prgdaee-.quandoq;  tenia f:quan- 

lAo'lt'.z.  doquedimidia  S.  duci  quoq;  cxercitus, 

fKf^.i.zo,  ex iifdem conftitutionibus,  debeturfe- 

g/'.*9.f»>.26  ptima pars prasd^^quandoquedecima^. 

/•2.  *        Sed &fi forte bellonauali, rex fuppedi- 

5.&!'' **  tet naues  cum  armamcntis ,  &  prajbeat 

anno- 


Liber  primvs,  ^g 

annonam5&  Hipendia  militibusac  nau-. 
tis :  ex  iifdcm  conftitutionibus,  pra?da 
omnis,nonducisvel  praefedi^fed  regis, 
cuiacquiritur,arbitrioeft.  necquicqua 
Diilites  vel  nauta?  ex  ea  accipicnt,  nifi 
quidexliberalitate  fua  rex  illis  concef- 
lerit^  alias  veroreoifuaportioneprse-  a  Ke^.i^'i^ 
ftita,reliquumprefe(5lus  maris  inter  mi-  '"• 
lires^  acnautasdiuiderepoteft,  exquo 
feptima  pars praefedlo maris  debetur  ^.  b  Kfg.i.io, 

xo  Solent* praeterea  Romani,  vt  vidoria  ^^'^^^* 
potircntur,  partem  pra?da?diis  fuis  vo- 
uere.itaqueCamillus,cumaddeledam 
vrbem  Veios  pcrgcrct,  decimam  parte 
pra^da?  Pyrhico  Apollini  vouitc.Nequc  ^  ^«^^tt^s, 

l\  omittcndumcftdifciplina  militari*fe- 
ueriflime  fuiffe  cautum ,  vt  non  nifi  dc- 
uidis  hofiibuSjCaftris  eoru  captis ,  arce 
vel  oppido  omnino  in  poteftatem  re- 
dadisj  ad  prjrdam  difcurrere  liceret :  & 
ne  tum  quide ,  nifi  abimpcratore  figno 
datOjVtmaximcanteconfliftum  prarda 
omnemmilitibusedixilTctinefciliceta-. 
uiditate  praeda?,  vt  plerunque  folet ,  ho- 
ftis  e  manibus  clabatur,  aut  prselium  rc- 
ftauret:vtSamnitibusaccidit:  qui  cum 
in  nodemae^quo  Marte  cum  Romanis 
pugna(rentjtademauidi(atepra?da?,im- 

pctum 


De  iVRe  et  off.  eell, 
petum  in  impedimenta  Romanorum 
(quae  procul  ab  armatis  fine  pr^efidio 
fine  munimento  ftabant)  facientes, 
a  Marco  Fabio  magiftroequitum,  iuC. 
fu  Cornelij  Arinnse  didatoris  diffip^- 
ti ,  impeditique  mifer^  ca'fi  funt  ^  8c 

sLmmlZ,  vidloriam  Romanis  tradidcrunt^prse- 
terca  ita  ferme  euenit  ^  vti  App.  Clau- 
dius dicebat ,  vt  fegnior  fit  pr^edator, 
Vt  quifque  laboris  periculique  prseci  - 
puam  petcre  partem  folet .  Itaque  Vcis 
captis  ,  quorum  praedam  fenatus  mi  - 
Iiti  conceiTerat ,  non  taraen  nifi  per- 
minii  Camilli  didatoris ,  ad  praedam 

bL«w«/.j,  difcurrerc  licuit  b.  ficut  nee  ad  prar- 
dam  Epiri  ciuitatum  ,  qua?  ad  Perfea 
defecerant ,  a  fenatu  exercitui  datam , 

tVumiA^  nifi  figno  ad  diripiendas  vrbes  dato  «* 
Carthaginc  quoque  noua  expugnata, 
arce  demum  dcdita ,  figno  dato ,  vidlo- 

dii>/j»ff/.26  res  ad  praedam  verfi  funt  «^»  Atque  ita 
redle  conftitutionibus  rcgni  Hifpanise 
fcncitum  eft  ,  vt  fi  quis  nondum  de- 
ui(5i:is  hoftibus  praeda*  incumbat,  par- 
tem prasdae  amittat ,  &  duplum  eius 
auod  praedatus  fucrit  ^  jiracftet ,  &  in 
eteriorem  militiam  detur  .  Et  qui- 
dem  fi  pracdantium  culpa,  hoftes pra?- 

Uu/n 


Liber  primv$*  3^ 

Hum  reftituerint  j  &  vicerint ,  aut  re- 
gem  occiderint,  non  kcixs  quam  fiip- 
iiidadmififTentjpuninntura*  Illequo-  «R^^ij. 

12  que  qui  in  diuiuonc  prseda?  *  fraudem  ^r!^,*"**^* 
committit ,  poena  dupli  y  &  amifTio- 

ne  partis  prasdje ,  iifdcm  conftitutio- 

nibus  plei^itur  K     Qui  vero  prsedaixi  b  Rej-W.?, 

ab  hoftibus  captam  furripuit,  legepc-  '"♦^s./'or,» 

cuJatus  teneri ,  6c  in  quadruplum  dam- 

nari  Modeftinus  re(pondit  ^*  Sed  nee  d'aI*/*!!* 

13  iilis  *,  qui  in  acie  ftigerint ,  aut  igna-  i'«<  ' 
ui  &  fecordes  fuerint  ,  debetur  pars 
praedae .  bM,  wL  fi  quls  fro  redemft,  C. 

de  donat.  L^cmneMi6ium^  ^^quifrior^  D.di 
re  milit,  reg.Hifp. lui.^  20,  tit ^2 6^far,2. 
Itaque  L.  Quintius  Cincinnatus  did^a- 
tor  5  ciim  Lucium  Minucium  Confu- 
km  ,  &  eius  exercitum  ab  obfidione 
iEquorum  liberafTec ,  caftris  hoftium 
captisj  plenis  omnium  rerum ,  praedam 
omnemfuo  tantum  militideditjcon- 
fularem  exercitum  ,  ipfumque  confii- 
lem  increpans :  Carebis^inquit,  parte 
prardae  miles,  ex  eo  hofle,  cuipropc 
praeda?  fuifti :  &  tu  L.  Minuci,  donee 
confularem  animum  habere  ina^idiS^ 
legatus  his  legionibus  pra?eris  ^  .  Sed  ^  '^'»»^3» 

14  &  ciim  nihil  magis  exercitum  grauet% 

neque 


De  iVre  et  off,  jeiu 
ncquc  corrumpat,  quam  impecfimen* 
torum  multitudo  ,  difciplinae  milicari 
xnaxime  conucnicnseritjiubere  milites 
prasdam  omnem  venderc ,  excmplo  ?• 
Decij :  qui  expugnatis aliquot  oppidis 
inSamnio^prafdamorone  milites  quam 
primiim  vendere  coegit,  nc  impedime- 
a imiuiii  tis grauibusoncraretagmena.Sciedum 

vero  eft  reslacras^pra^dae  non  cedere.  ij 

cum  enim  nuUiusfintjhoftileSjquajfolg 

in  prxda  funt,  did  hon  poflunt.quod  c- 

nim  diuini  iuris  eft,vt  inquit  impcraror, 

^1  "if'"*'  "ul'^us  in  bonis  eft  ^,  &  hominum  po- 

ZJrL.i^.*  teftatinon  funt fubie(5b. qui  itaque  hu- 

dtmjuufiQ^  iufinodi  quidrapuerit,  facrilegij  poena, 

ex  lege  lulia,  pro  qualitatc  perfonx  •  & 

ciptcriitgii,  rei  conditionepunictur*^.  Itaque  Sci- 

^*< '**'*''  pio,dirutaCarthaginc3&  praedamiliti 

concefla,  cum  multis  praemiis  &donis 

afficeret  milites  ^  eorum  quifanum  A- 

poUinis  fpoliarant  &  violarant,  ratione 

AKpftofuin  nonhabuit**.  Sed an facrilegium com- 

M./w».      mittatj  qui  rem  priuatam  in  aedem  facra 

depofitamfurripuitjOlimcotroucrfum 

cQ^.y.  f^^i^e.  Sed  Antoninus  &Seuerusa<5Uo- 

Ciar,  it  in.  nemfurti,  non  facrilegij  dan  relcripfe-» 

fl'it^.  D.  ru"^  ^'  ideoque  hanc rem  prxdas  cedere 

tiuuL^ti  dicendumeft.  Cicero tam^n in  liiislc- 

gibus. 


Liber  primvs.  40 

gibusa,  inter  rem  facram,&  (aero  com-  a  ub.z.dete: 
mendatam  nondiftinguit.  quod&ca -p***- 
nonesnoftrifequuntur^.Quod vt vcru  b^ e. «yw/- 
iic  inter ciuesjlioctamen  noftrocafu  no  5'*''*'7-^.4« 
puto  procedereiquia  res  facro  comme- 
data,  certe  facra  did  non  poteft ,  quae  in 
nullius  bonis  eft  c,  cumitaqifitrespri-  « '^•§''»«^«« 
uati  5  &  in  alicuius  bon is  fit ,  &  hoftilis, 
campraedaecedereexiftimo.vtenim  res 
prsed^  fit,  fufficit  earn  hoftilem  efTe  <^*  d  Uatttraie, 
Porro  quod  dicimus  iufto  bello  capta  p^^^"  f^;^ 
fieri  capientium:  nofolum  in  rebus,  fed  tu^  rajom^ 
etiamperfonisliberis,  iure  gentium  &  ^;  hoiiet.& 
ciuilireceptumfuit;vtmancipiafierent  mom,  D.dc 
capientium,  &  ex  perfonis  res, qua?  funt  "f  ^  ^ociv*- 
indominioc,  vndeferuitusorta^  Inter  re.D.deu»Tf. 
l6  Philofophosvcro  quarrifolet*,  natura  f^^^i^t, 
nean inftituto homin urn, hare perfona-  i>,fitt,  dett*re 
rumdiuifio,  inliberos&feruosprimu  "*'r-'%"T 
in  mores  perduCta  lit :  &  Anftoteles  na-  n  d'^.7* 
turalemaitgilureconfulti  ver6,contra  g'»'**'^»"*- 
naturamferuitutemindudam  ,iurege-  h  ifermtuf, 
tium  efle affirmant ^^'iu re enimnaturali,  »'*/^*^*  '^**!^* 
omnes  homines  ab  initio  liberos  nafci,  ''ZtZ^nlli, 
&  natura omnes  a^qualeseffe  *.  quode-  »»*?"•''<  "^» 
tiamCiccr.probatk. Nihil  cnimvmum  uZuodatti- 
vni  tarn fimile^inquit^tam  par,quam in-  net.b.derej^, 
tcr  nofmenpfos  furaus.  Id  tamen  fcru-  r«if /e^.^it.! 

F         pulo 


De  ivre  et   off.  bell. 

pulonon  caret,  cumiuranaturaliafint 

immutabilia,  &  iuregentium  tolli  non 

a  ^.fedtu-  poflinta.iniuftumquoquevideturj&a 

wfa/w,«»£.  naturaabhorrcre,  vc  homines  homini- 

bus  leruiat,  quamuisid  fieri  reipub.for- 

tafle  expediat.  quo  potiffimu  argumen- 

to  5  veteres  quidam  olim  defendere  co- 

nati  funt^id  quod  vulgo  ferebatur,  rem- 

publicam  fine  iniullicia  ftarc^augerique 

non  poffe :  quorum difputationem  luC- 

hhUbritde  cipicntcm  Philuminducit  Cicer.^  cui 

'^  '        tamen  optime  ibidem  fatisfecit  La^lius, 

vt  in  prsefatione  huius  operisdiximus: 

vbi  oftendimus,  nonefleiniuftum,  vt 

c  I  mAmmtf.  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  fcrui»  quibus  adde,  vt  no- 

fio'nei.  D.  de  dum  Hucdifloluamus ,  quodlibertasfit 

d?  tidi-  quidemiuris naturalis,e6fcilicetqu6d 

»»w.  D.  de  ante  conftitutionemiurisgetium^om- 

'l^UKm      nesliberinafcebanturc,  &  omnes  ho- 

*jt*,^^art'<,.  mines  pares, &  aequales  habebantur*^: 

^'^/i'T"^  non  autem,  quodiusriaturaleeadcrc 

^TZlLtl  aJiquid  pra^ceperit , aut feruitutem  pro- 

f^em.udeo.  hibucrit  ^  lus vero  gentium, quod  na- 

^^f4c^.r«.  J^J.^J^J.3^iQI^econftitutum  eft^sbella& 

g  §.tu6aHU  feruitutes  induxit  K  Reda  enim  ratio 

^ZTnari'.  naturalis,quanihil  diuiuiuscft^quaquc 

t.exboctHre.  prseftamus  belluis,  hominum  crefccntc 

^  e,«/?.  cr  niaiifia^cocrcendamhumanamimpro- 

*  bitatem 


Liber   pRiMvr*  41 

bitatcm  bello  jcaptiuitatc ,  &  feruitute 
fuafit^.  Similitcrcumiurenaturalijpri-  ^c.sextoJie. 
tnoillo  ^&aureo ,  vtethnici  vocabant^  as,''!/?"»^^ 
ffculo,  communiaeffent  omnia,  nequQ 
cuiufquam  quicquam  propriumrpoftc- 
rioribus  tame  %culis,  quod  communio 
rerum  viciata?  naturae  non  conueniret, 
ius gentium  ex  natural!  ratione,domi- 
nia, eoruque  diftindionesconftituit^  ^J;^^J^, 
Rerum itaqucomniumcommuniOjSe-  &tHr, 
qualitashominum,  &  omnium  vnali- 
bertaSjintegr^  dim  natur^j&prim^  rei- 
pub.  Platonis  magis^quam  ferreo  fecu- 
lo  conuenit.-ideoque  iurc  gentium  non 
probantur.  Quamuis  itaq;  feruitusiute 
natural],  quo  iure  omnes  homines  li- 
beri  erant,&  pares^Sc  aequales  habeban- 
turc,fueritincognita:  potuit  tame  iure  cimammif. 
gentium  conftitui  feruitus^  vtquecapti  ^'7/'^;«^ 
iuftobellofierentferui:  pr^efcrtimcum  u^ttodatn^ 
id  reipub.  conueniatjad  coercedoseos,  'I'^f''^''^* 
quiiniuftabellagerur.  vndceademra- 
tio^quafbella  permittit^etiam  feruitute 
conftitui  fuafif.funtquc  in  banc  fenten- 
tiamprajclaraD./^uguftini verba ^,ciiai  ddednit-Dei 
n  aif.Conditioferuitutisiureintelligitur  ''^•'«•'^•'^* 
35  impofitapeccatori.  nomenitaqueiftud 
3>  culpa  meruitjnon  natura.&  deinde  f ub- 

F  2  du: 


De    IVRB    ET    OTV.    BBLt. 

dit :  Nullusautcm  natura^  in  qua  prius 

Deus  hominem  condidit^feruuseft  ho- 

ininis,  vel  peccati;verum  poenalisferui- 

tusexlegeordinatur :  quf  nacurale  or* 

dinem  conferuari  iubet ,  perturbari  ve- 

tat.  quia  fi  contra  iliam  legem  non  eflet 

hdu  3  nihil  cfletpoenaliferuitutecoer- 

cendura .  Itaque  Apoftolus  feruos  mo- 

nci  fubditos  dominis  fuis  effe  deberc,& 

IdTil^uil  ^^  ^nin^o  feruire  a.&  propter  peccatu  m, 

ad  Tnm^cz  Chanaanferuuspronuciatuscft  a  Noc 

bc^i'c^l  patre^vtferuiretfratribusfuis*».  Suadet 

c  Ad G4/.V  tamenidem  ApoftoluSjVt Dominiali- 

ti'^^cokif.  quiddeiurefuoremittant-.&inquibuf' 

«/».4.      '  damparesomneseilcdicit^.Sciendum 

pJi^Tc^de  2u  tern  eft  *,hacieruitutemperfonarum  17 

bitdlfnna, '  tollere  quidem  libertatem ;  (ed  non  ilia 

^Kmatmntf  natutalem  ,  quae  in  facicndo  confiftit. 

vtn,  c-mr,  na  feruus ,  vt  maximedominus  lubear, 

^^mm*^  poteft  nolleadirchereditatemd:fedil- 

5e  m^'mtl  Iam,qu3eadiuris  cffeduscft  coHiparata, 

g««/*»ii,D.«fc  &iure  gentium  inuenta«.  Sed  necvlla 

i7f»on/,wi-  vis  *5qu3efa(5ti  eft,feruituteinducit,qu3e  x8 

iwm.  ^.<pi.  iuriseft.  nam  non  nifiiufto  bello  capti, 

S«^i2^'.'  fi""^  '^J'u^*  noetiam  captia  latronibas, 

t\.mfnn.D,  vel prf donibus,& iis^qui iufti hoftes no 

t%uliZ  Tunt  f .  Et  quide  inter  ChriftianosMau-  jp 

a  Lirowu ,  dabili ,  &  aniiqua  confuetudine  intro- 

duAum 


LlB£R     PRIMVS.  42 

du<5ium  eft^vtcapti  hinc  inde^vtcunque  ?^i7T.B4m. 
iuftobello,  nonfiercntfcrui :  (cdliberi  »»//'^f^'«D, 
fcruarentur ,  donee  foluan  t  prccium  rc-  datfTi  ho- 
demptionis,quod  Grseci  AtJrpo/ vocat*.  P^f.^dever. 
Romulus  vcro^vtciuitatem  fuam  auge-  S'^j"jfi 
ret,  &ex  parua  magnam  faceret ,  bcllo  ^  ^f^-nai. 
captos  necari ,  vcl  etiam  vcnundari  ve-  c  c..f«,uor«- 
tuit :  fed  in  partem  agri  hoftilis  colonos  ''•*'"  ^-  "'^  '►- 
Romanosmific&multispopulisdcui-  tX^r^^H./. 
dis  ius  ciuitatisdedit^.  Si  tamcn  qui  U.t't.zi.p, 
ChriftianimilicentSaracenis,&  infide-  tit^f.'^ar^'z 
libus  contra  Chriftianos,  cifucauxiliu  d  rext.tig 
quoquomodoprarbeantj  capiia  Chri-  '^I'^dfc^j^n, 
ftianisfientferui:  inciduntquein  cxco-  ^f^'C4,  i.pro'. 
municationemipfoiurec.  noenimiam  fZl'.uJf. 
Chriftianorum,  fedinfidelium,  quibus/#^«fn' D.^e 
fe  adiunxerunt.numero  habcndi  fiint^^ :  "w  '"•/'';^- 
non  tamenalii$,quam  Chrmianisvedi  de  chnSi. 
poterunt*.  at  verofibellumgeraturcu  p"''  '^  '"^' 
infidelibus»  & paganis : certe  hincinde  f  a-rj./.z./if. 
capti,  eiuseruntconditioniSj  cuius fc-  flf^/^^^^z 
cundum  ius  ciuile capti  ab  hoftibus.  id-  gAtaJXl 
quecoftitutionibusregni  Hifpaniajde-  l^^l^'r^'J/ 
cifum  videtur  f .atque  ita  locus erit  Icgis  cW.c*"V.' 
Cornelias  &  poftliminii  fi^ionibus  g.  »«  f  J'«"''«- 
Quam  autem  non  conueniat,  quamq;  d^mfc^mar. 
periculofum  fit  reipublica?,  numerum  wc/wm^»». 
feruoruna  augeri,  indicant  tot  bellafer-  e'.z'^^^iec" 

F  3  uilia,^»»^ 


De     IVRB     Et     OFF.   BELl, 

uilia,  coniurationesque  feruorum,  quae 
rempubl.  Romanam  aliquoties  afflixe- 
runc  5  &  in  fammum  difcrimen  adduxe- 
runt;  vt  late  oftendir  Bodinus  a.  Porro 
t,/4?j1 ' '  libera?  perfonae^in  hello  capta?5&:  in  fer-  20 
uitu  tern  redadtse,  fi  ad  fuos  reuertantur, 
quocunque  modo  poteftatem  hofliuni 
hi.  nihil in^  euafcrinr,priftinalibertatemredpiijt^. 
teren.D.  it  qucmadmodum  fcra  animalia^definunt 
^^*^*       eius  effe^qui  cepit^vbi  eius  cuftodiam  e- 
c^ftnaw^  uaferini'^.Recuperantpr^tereaabhofti- 
tcMjidcrtr,  busreuerfiomne  ius,quod  captiuitate 
r^um.  D  c/«  amiierant:iureialicetpoltIiminij''.nifi 
aj^rarMm,  tamciurauerint *  ferediturosad  hoftcs,  21 
tHtm.mprin,  vcl  non  abitufos .  quo  caiu,  ad  fuos  re- 
vMca^tii»,  uerfi  nonpofluntdicirediiiTepoftlimi- 
nio.  vt  in  caula  Attilij  Reguli ,  &  illoru, 
quos  poft  Canncnfem  cladem  iuratos 
einipoTHi-  ad  fcnatum  Hiifit  Annibal^in  caftraredi- 
mnij.  ^.vtf,  ruroSjDifide  captiuis  redimendis  impe- 
»«x  hX  m  tradent ,  refponfum  eft «.  non  enim  fatis 
hb.9. tit.z9  eft, corporedomum rediifte, nifietiam 
^cffic^u*%7  niete,  ^animofisreuerfus.  vnde&illi, 
f  /.  nMin.  quieamentevenitjVtad  hoftes  reuerta- 
cl^lti.^*'''  ^"''>  noneftpoftliminiumf.  Transfuga 
^mLpojiU'  quoque* nullum  habet  poftliminium.  22 
Z'amfUg'J>\  namjVtaitPaulusSjqui  maloconfilio,& 
tUca^tmi,    proditorisanimopatriarelinquit^  ho- 

ftium 


Liber    primvs.  ^j 

ftium  numero  eft  habendus:  fiuefoemi- 
na,  fiuemafculusfit,  fiuefiliusfamilias, 
fiue  paterfamilias.Neque  enim  pater  fi- 
liumfamilias trasfugam  poftliminio  re- 
tipit.quia  pater  fie  ilium  amifitjVt  idem 
Paulusait^quemadmodu  patria,&  quia 
difciplina  caftrorum  antiquior  fuitpa- 
rentibus  Romanis,  quamcharitaslibe- 
rorum \  Aliud  taraen  eft  in feruo  tranf-  »  dipom- 
fuga,  in  quo  Dominus  habet  poftlimi-  Tm"*      ' 
nium:nefcilicct  contrarium  ius  no  tarn 
fit  feruo  iniuriofum,  quam  domino  da- 
nofum^  Sciendum  eftautem  omnibus  ^-^-  ^*w»/- 
hominibusefte  poftliminium,  cuiufcu-  ^**^'* 
que fexus , setatis, vel conditionis fint ^,  «''•  ^-t^J^l' 
Milmbus  vcro  vt  fit  poftlimmium ,  do- 
cere  debentfebellocaptosfuiffe**.  nam  '^^"IfjJ* 
25  illi*  quiarmisvidli  fe  hoftibusdedunt,  o.deremk 
carent poftliminio c.  Etenim  apudRo-  e  /,/'o/?/.w- 
manosignominioiimmum  habitu  tuit,  f,tm.reg.injp, 
non  vi,  fed  per  deditionem  in  poteftate  /'^«'^.29. 
hoftium  venire.  Itaquc  fenatus  odo  ilia  ^'*''^* 
millia  Romanorum^qui  non  quidem  in 
acie  capti  fuerant,  fed  incaftris  relidi, 
poft  cladem  Cannefem  fe  Annibali  de- 
diderant  5  poteftate  fibifada,  redimere 
noluitivtfcilicetinfitum  eflet  Romanis  ^  f,«,v,w  32 
militibus^autvincere,  autemori^.  qua  o«r.o/./.3. 

E  4  dere 


De   ivre   by   off.  bell. 
a  y»,s-f.i5  derealiolocolatiusdiccdumerita.Sed 
mili  ti  bello  captOj  &  poflliminio  reuer- 
fo,  non  deberi  ftipedia,  &  donatiua  cius 
teporis;  quo  a  pud  hoftes  fuit^Antonin^ 
^ ^l^' ^'t  Im p^refcnpfir^ «fi  tamen expleto militie 
*'*  tempore,  captusabhoftibusredeat,  vt 
veteranum  reftituendum,&  emerita  re- 
cini.i.  §,it  ciperc,  ArriusM^nanderrefpodit'^.Sed 
TLuotmne/.  ^"  ^j  5  quidecrctofenatus ,  vcliufTupo- 
§  ptfn.D.de  puli  per  feciales  hoftibus  dediti  eflenr, 
re  mU4»     ^^  f^^^^  reucrfi  priftinum  ftatum  recipe- 
rent,  inter  Brutum  &  Scaeuolam  varie 
tradatum  eft.  eoque  fpedat  nobilis  ilia 
caufa  Mancini  %  de  quo  cum  ob  pacem  24 
minus  legitime  cum  Numantinis  fada, 
ex  S,  C.  hoftibusdeditus  efletieumque 
illi  non  accepiflent :  anciuis  Roraanus 
maneret,quaefitum  eft:  quibuHam  exi- 
ftimantibus  non  manere.quareP.Ruti- 
liuSjM.  filius.  trib.pleb.  eum  de  fenatu, 
in  quern  domumreuerfusintroire  non 
dubitaratjiufliteduci;  quod  eum  ciucm 
efte  negaret.quia  memoria  fie  eflet  pro-» 
ditum, que  pater  fuus,autpopulus ven- 
didiflet,  aut  paterpatratus  dcdidifkty ei 
a  cietr.deo'  nullum  eflc  poftliminiu  **•  Neqjreferre 
r«U:  .1.      videtur,  quod  hoftes  eu  non  receperint. 
naciuisefledefinit,  quern  ciuitasrepu- 

diauir^ 


LiBER    PRIMVS»  j^A 

diauit^icetabhoftibusnofitacccptus».  a  Arxmefni 
no  fecus  quam  is,  cui  aqua  &  igni  inter-  '•  ^-ifi  *"' '. 
dm  eft,  vel  hoftis  declaratus,  vel  in  in-  lX^:it 
fuladeportatus  eft  Kcui  fentetia?  Mode-  •*^g'»  p^'f 
fiinusaccedere  videtur  Squi  refpondit,  §^,!'a£t7* 
hoftibusdeditu,  Screuerrumjnifieffeta  »»»»*.'•#:<& 
Ms  receptus,ciiienon  efte.fcd  Macinus,  Zp^T**** 
licetnonfueritacceptusabhoftibuSjCU  <^»»i'lvM 
ciuem  mafiffealiis  vifum  fuit.quod  etia  ^*^'** 
Ciceroni  probatur**:  deditu  enim  did  ^^^Topic-tt 
no  poffe,qui  non  fitacccptus.nam  neqj  C^>^"" 
donatione^neq;  deditidncm  fincaccep- 
tioncintelligi^Poponiustame  deMa-  tUhfenH.D. 
cino  legem  poftcalatam  fuifte,  vt  efTet  t^^!'c'^ 
duisRomanus,  fcribit^.  vndevidetur  I'^-j^^wi/, 
adhuc  locus  efle  refponfo  Modeftini ,  e-  f^^  ^^J/'J^ 
tiam  in  eo,queni  hoftes  non  acceperiit,  ac^u/po/jif 
vtfcilicet  reuerfus.  non  alirer  iitciuis,  ^ •"'•'"/'•^- 
quam  u  a  luis  receptus  fit .  nam  alioqui 
quid  erat  opus  legem  ferre  de  Madno? 
25  Porro  inbellonofolumviri^fedetiam 

mulieres  capi  poffuntg.fic  legimus  vxo-  g  /.!./><*/"- 
rem  Darij,cum  matre,totaquefamilia,  ztifi^uj, 
captam  ab  AIexandro:Sophonisbam  v-  wm»i?ffw.c. 
7oremSyphads,aMafanifra:  Cleopa-  tt^^\Tft 
tramab  Augufto.maximam  tamencle-  <«.  i.wmhtr. 
mentia?  fama  fibi  conciliauit  Scipio  per  *^-  '^'"^""^* 
totamHifpaniam,  quod  capta  Cartha- 

F  s  ginc^ 


De  ivrb   et  Off.  bell, 

ginc,  Allucio  Celriberorum  principij 

fponfam  fuam  eximia  formajquacapti- 

a irnmlzs  uam  habebat,  intadam  gratis rcftitu it*. 

Sed  ncc  pueriin  bello  tuti  (lint ,  & capi 

^  '•  '^  ^'T  poffiint^  licet  CamilluSjlaudabili  exc- 

vil^l&pi*'  ploj  nobiliflimos  Falifcorum  pueros, 

piiij  pater 4n  quos  ludimagifter  ipforuin  caftra  Ca- 

^um^ToJde  oiilH pcraftu pcrduxctat ,  nonacccpit: 

capti»,       fed  proditorem  nudum ,  manibus  poft 

tergum  religatisj  caedendu,ac  reducen- 

dum  Falifcispueristradidit,  inquicns: 

Nobis,  qu3e  pado  fit  humano ,  cum  Fa- 

lifcis  focietas  noa  eft;quam  ingcncrauit 

naturajcftj  eritque.  funt  &  belli,  ficu t  & 

pacis  iura;arma  habemus,  non  aduerfus 

camaetatem^cuietiacaptisvrbibus.par- 

citur:(ed  aduerfus  armatos.  qua  bcnefi- 

centia  prouocati  Falifci  fe  fpote  Roma- 

cUmtti^,  nis dediderunt ^  Cerrefaeuireinfoemi- 

naSjVel  pueros,  admodum  fcedu  femper 

habitumfuit :  quos  fcxusipfe,  &  artas, 

periculisbellorum,&  feuitia?  vi(florum 

eximit.  itaq;  lege  diuina  pra?ci  pitur  qui- 

dem  Ifraelitis,  vt  hoftesrefiftentes,  & 

pacem  nolentesomnes  occidant:  fedvt 

parcatmulieribus,  &  paruulis:  quos  ta- 

men  pra^dae  cedere  voluit,&  in  fcruitute 

<jD«rf.c.20c  redigi^.  CanonesveroiubctparcipreC- 

bitcris. 


LlBER     PRIMVS.  45 

biteris,  monachis,  coucrfiSjperegrinis, 
mercatoribus3&  rufticis  a.  fed  hoc  con-  ^^-iMirt^ 
trario  vfu  abrogatum  cfle  dicit  Panor-  ^^** 
mitanus^.  nontamen  credo  abrogatu,  ^^^c.z. 
quoadecclcfiafticos.inquosmanuuin-  ccap.fi^is 
iedioefl  interdida  ,  fub  graui  anathe- {"'''^^*  '^•^ 
rnatis poena',  niii  forte leingeratrebus  dc.iiti.y^, 
bellicis.quia  priuilepiumamittir.quieo  ^'•/^•"/'•y'*'* 
abutifur^.  fcitquoquc  notatudignum,/«r. 
quod  inter  duos  populosbelloexorto,  l^^j^^* 
quiexhoftibusapudvtrumquepopulu  ^<iw. 
fuerintjcapipoffint  .-licet  in  pace  vene-  ^  ^^„V!r 
rint:  nam  &  olim  feruiefficicbanture.  'J^J.  « 

2(5  luftoautem  bello  captus\  quiprofua^"**^^^"?' 
redempnone  modcratu  precium  pro-  fanormtt,  in 
itiifit,  noneximiturabobIiffatione,cx  c.\bba4.cou 
eorortejquodvijmctuuedicatieidpre-  u^»,  dehis 
ciumpromififJe,  namedidu  pr^toris,  9"*^'-  ^'}" 
quopermetum  gcitarelcinduntur,  ad  ,„^„.««.20, 
cum  metunijquiiurelicitoalicui infer-  '^«««'/".do- 
tur,non  pertinet  ^.  Prasterea hic no  tarn  '^Z'^li'cli, 
metus  infertur ,  vt  preciu  promirtatur.  '^'t.  J'J^.5. 
quam  timor  mortis iufte imminetis  ifta  Z'^iH^,'^, 
promiffione  aufertur  :  praefertim  ciim  «. 
precium  rcdemptionis ,  in  locum  ferui-  fZlllurl] 
tutis  fucceflerit  g.  Quodauteadacqui-  ojcpacfa. 

27  fitionemcaptiuorumattinct^idequod  t„l',l'*^o^ 
de  reliqua  pr aeda  rerum  mobilium,  qux  dtnci.gcj}. 

cftdu- 


De  ivre  et  off.  beh. 
eft  ducis  arbitriOjdiccndum  cft:&  ita  o- 
a/nrf/j.Row.  limobtinuifle  teftatur  Dionyf.Halic.a 
*^'         hodic  vero  plcrunquc  captiui ,  vt  &  ce- 
tera mobilia^conceduntur  capientibus; 
ni(i  forte  precium  excedat  fumma  de- 
cem  millium  coronatorum  ^  vtputa  fi 
captus  fit  D  ux  5  Comes,  Baro ,  vel  alius 
tnagni  nominis  :  quo  cafu  ex  antiqua 
confuetudine  Hifpaniaj,  Gallia?  &  An- 
b  Bar.<t  B4/.  glia?,eft  principis  ^.  non  tamen  ilii  redi- 
M  /.  fuim&  11^^  J  j  facultasadimiturj  qua?  etiamduci 

Siruim.  0. «  I       /1 .  *         I'll  n  • 

neg.ie^.  loa.  hoftium  capto  cocedi  debetjii  m  eo  pa- 
itKna,  ine,  ^jj  pcrturbatio Don  timeturc.  nam,  vt 

j^V*Sw"  inquit  D.  Auguftinus*^,  ficut  bcllanri, 

h^Ht  decif,  &  refiftenti  vioientia  redditur,ita  vidlo- 

ul&dtnl  ^"s capto mi(cricordiaiadebetur.quare 

26.par.2,     bene  maiorcs  noftri  hoc  comparaue* 

ll^.u*"^'  rutjinquic Cicero «^vt neminem regcm, 

dtnd.c.mb\  quearmiscepilTentjVita  priuarent.quia 

9^Hertn,u  qy^^i  nobis  facultate  fortuna  dediffcty 

iniquum  erat  in  eorum  fupplicio  con- 

fumcrc,quos  eadem  fortuna  pauloante 

in  ampliffimo  ftatu  collocarat.ei  vcr6,a 

quo  periculum  reftauradi  belli  elTe  pol^ 

fet,noneft  parcendumiqu^effetiniufta 

U^wlliaz'  mifericordia,vt inquit D.  Ambrofius^ 

8-itIiV  *^  Quo  fpeil^at,  quod  Ferrandus  Diaco- 

nus,  dc  officio  pij  &  Chriftianiducis,ad 

Rhegi- 


LiBBR   PRIMVS.  ^S 

Rheginumduccmfcribens,  inter  Tepte 
rcgulasinnocentise ,  quasduci  militum 
praefcribit^refcrtiNoliefTenimiuiuflus. 
Fuit  itaqueapud  Romanos  obferuatu, 
Vt  triumphas  cu  triuphali  popa  de  foro 
in  capitolium  deflcdcret,  captiuos  infi- 
gnes,quifcminadi/cordiarum,  &  belli 
au<5loi  cs  fuilTenr ,  in  cuftodiam  detrudi 
iubcret,  &  exadla  pompa  neci  daret^. » A/<?«.atA. 
28  AIioquiver6priuataaudoritate*nemi-  i'^'.^Til 
ni  captiuum  occidere  licet ,  nee  ctiam 
durius  tradtare  :  ciim  necolim  quidem 
licucrit,cum  fieretfcrui.  iusenim  ciuilc 
dominico  imperio  modum  adhibes^  ita 
demum  necis  poteftate  domino  tribuic 
in  fcruunijfiin  facinoredeprehendatiin 
quo  rcpertum  liberum  occidere ius  Cn\  aHfg^uf, 
alias  feruumdominus  occidere  no  po-  ^<*d>*i.i.qmi 
teft, cuilcuistantumcoeraiopcrmiffa  '^^iTtT. 
cit^^i&exrcicrjpto  DiuiPij^icruiscotra  ^-de  leg.i, 
nimiam  feuitiam,&  intolerabilem  iniu-  ^';J^7>^* 
riam  dominorum  prouifum  eft  **•  cui  di.z.Djehk 
conuenit  conftitutio  regni  Hifpania?,  /"';t' /«if"' 
quoad  bello  captos  inter  Chriftiaiios 
hinc  indc :  non  etiam  inter  eos ,  qui  di« 
uerfa?  religion  is  dogmata  fequuntur*.  «^'^ '•»•''*• 
2p  Ceicrum  fi  captiuus*  fcmelde  precio  ^*^'"^*'' 
iedempuoni$  conuenit  cum  eo ,  cuius 

capti- 


.»  De    IVRE   ET    off.  BEIt. 

^*^ji3  p^r  captiuus  eft,  nonpoteritpofteaaddu* 
fon,,n  amp.  riorcm  conditione  aftringijCx  eo  forte, 

.5.f^.6.i;»  ^^^j  isaquodetinetur,  intellexitcap- 
bmi.pof.L  tiuum  elTealicuiusnominis,  &diujte: 
Ts'^7ixt  neque valebitpofteriorconuentio,  fed 
caphi  fietredudioadpriorema,  Quofpcdat 
m*M.D!de  ^^^^  Paulus rcfpondit^fi  quis captuab 
««•^.^y?-  hoftibusemat,  &plunsaiij  ius  pigno- 
t  ^"^mTfld  ris^quodin  redemptu  habctjCeiTcrit.-no 
««^.  D.  de  eamquantitatem,fedprioremredeptus 
ionat.inttr  (Jebetb.Quiautcm pfo capto* abhoftl*  20 
cot»arm.tn  I.  bus,  vt  libcr  hcret^prccium  redcptionis 
riT'^a/e  velfoluiijvelpromifir,  nofolumhabct 
V« 4.wX  a(5tioncm negotiorum gcftorum  ^ :  fiue 
c  f.  2.  ?  ith^  iuftus  fiue  iniuftus  fit  hoftis ,  qui  capti- 
^ntf^i^  uum  cepit  ^ :  fed  habet  quoque  rcdcm- 
rmtrds.ife^  ptorius  pignorisinrcdemptum^doncc 
nl'it'^l  foluat ^ :  & edido  dc  libero homine ex- 
jM  »ir/?««we.  hibendononaftringitur^nequercdem- 
^tljfgi^  ptus  priftinum  ftatu  recipit , donee pre- 
/tctui.  D.de  ciumredemptionisfolueritjVcl  obtule- 
fL^i  17  ritf.non erit tame feruus,nec olim crat, 
i«'.<$./>?«H.  cum  feruitus  paffim  in  vfu  clletS:  &fa- 
mititfcf*  uoreingenuitatis,  poterit  fucceflionis 
^TuAer  iura  vendicare,  vt  ex  fucceflionc  poflit 
^^'  ^  '^  precium  pro  fe  datum  foIuereli:&  filiu$ 

g  d.u.  CM  ei  fiiccedet ,  etiam  fi ,  antequam  le  luar, 
fe^Tc  raoriatur.imo  morte^quafi  iurcpigno- 


Liber  primvs*  47 

ris  finite ,  abipfo  redemptordibcratur 
redemptus  :ita  vt  nequeheres  eius  te- 
ncaturadprecium  redemptionis,  neq^ 
fideiufTora.  Sed  etfieaquxex  pignori-  a/.yr/wfrfri: 
bus  nafcijtur,  pignoris  vinculo  obligari  J^f;,'}^:^ 
dicamus  ^:  imperatores  tamen  noluc-fifbm.DM 
runtcos,qui  poft  redemptione  nafcun-  ft^^f£>, 
tur,  pignoris  vinculo  obligari*^.  &  hjEC  dtft^mnb. 
quidcm  inliberisabhoftibuscaptis,&  ^^i;^'{1 
commcrcio  redcmptis  locuni  hab6t;  at  depcpueutr, 
feruiab  hoftibuscaptij^  prccio  rcdem- 
ptijfiunt  redimenris  fcrui :  fed  oblato  ei 
prccio^quod  deditjpoftliminio  rcdiifle, 
autrecepti  efTe credunturd,  Porro re-  dim hdh: 
31  demptiocaptiuorum*cfttam&uorabi.  ^Jl^'^/Z' 
lis,  vt  datum  in  banc caufenij  quantum-  ca^tm, 
cunquefit,  repetinonpoflit,  necinfi- 
nuationeopushabeatc.  &quamuisin-  ^t/v^p'^ 

_  r  *.  J  .        redemptione, 

certap  perlona?,  ne  miles  quidemquic-  cdedo^t^ho, 
quam  relinqucrepoffitf:  imperatores  J.f^-^'*]*/^ 
tamen  pietatis  caufa ,  &  militum  infor-  '*'"^* '  ^* 
tuniismoti^relidum  in  redemptionem 
captiuorum,  non  obftate incertitudine  ^  ^.  ^ 
perfonarum^valerc  volueruntg:  etiamfi  %epir.etciirl 
quis  totum  patrimonium  relinquat^  Yf'^*'!''^ 
Pietatis  quoque  caufe  redepto  captmo,  c.  deepijc.O', 
vtpote  fi  mater  filiumrcdemerit,  dere-  f^»^. 

pctitioneprccij  traftare  non  conucnit: 

fed 


De  ivre  et  off.  beiu 
3 1  liherca.  fed  praefumitur  donatio^.  &  rcdimens 
^e^ptflin^.  puellamluxuria^caufajVclillam  proftx- 
rrjf.  Htip.  I  tuenSjperditpreciunij&puellaimpune 
"parT/  ^^*  ^^  ^^  tugere  poteft  *>.  Negligcns  vero 
bifadtfine.  rcdiiiiere * captiuum, noH  lolumexhe-  3^ 
Lt/'"''  ^^^^"  poteft  5  fi  fit  ex  liberis  ;  kd  ctiam 
lcge,proximisagnatis,vclherediDusin- 
ftirutis^qui  in  redemptionecaptiui  ne- 
gligetes  fuerCjdenegatur  fucceillo.-qua: 
tA9thmt,p  applicaturecclefiae,  expendenda  in  rc- 
eftjccrcur,  clemptionem  captiuorum  ^.  Diximus 
rex.Hiip.i.i,  captisabhoftibus,  ta liberis  ^quamfer- 
d'^^Topu.'  uis5&  tarn mafculis^quam  feminiSjeflc 
efairttex^'  poftliminium.  videamusnuncreliqua, 
^mtluii^m.  quajpoftliminio  redeutiquibuscogni- 
/»«t,  w  pftnc.  tisjintelligemus,  quae  fun t  ea,  quae  poft- 
*/t!bjc/ft  J"^inio  carent.  contrariorum  enim  ne- 
i.&ibihur.  gantium^vtinquitCicero^ijeaviseftjat- 
f«L!|7*'  quenatura^vtalteropofito,  velcogni- 
fuifis.  D.de  to^altcrumftatimrubraoueatur,  velco- 
tapttut^mi.fi  gnofcature.  Poftliminio  iraqucredeut 
mod.'vjmf.a.  quoquc  agri  %  corumquc  vlusfruaus.  33 
nrnt.  i.intH.  yp^^  cxDulfis  hoftibus  cx  agHs ,  quos 
derir.dmfio.  ccpctat,  dominia  cofum  30  pnoresdo- 
g  c.;iw»«rf.  rninosrcdire56<:  vfumfVudum  iurepoft- 
1^";/";'  liminij  reftitui ,  Paulus  rcfpondit  ^^ 
/  lOBtram*.  quod  verum  puto,  nullo  quantumuis 
^^/^tf";  longitcmporislapfuobftanteS.  Itaque 

Sagun- 


Liber   primvs.  ^g 

Saguntum  oppidum ,  quod  lam  0(flauii 
annum  in  poteftate  hoftium  fuerat,tan- 
dem  reccptUj  cultoribus  antiqiiis^quos 
vis  reliqueratbeilijreftitutumfuit*.  &  slw/w/.h 
quidcm  ex  coftitutionibusregniHifp. 
imperia,  regna,  comitatus ,  aiiaque  do- 
miniamaiora,  abhoftibus  reciiperata, 
poftliminioredeQt,  &neexeoquident 
tempore,  quo  reciiperata  funt,  vfucapi 
pofTunt.  quoad  alia  vero  dominia  mi- 
nora, fi  quatuor  annis  dominus  fiiuerir, 
ex  quo  recepta  funtjCrit  locus  pra?fcrip- 
tioni,  nifi  dominus  fit  minor  ''.iifdeque  b  r<x.  h$» 
coftitutionibus  cautumeft,  vtfiquisex  ^a°zT*^^* 
fnhdms  arcemjlicet  propfiam,rua  culpa 
amiferit:  quamuis  fua  opera  eandem  re- 
ceperit,  regi  tamen  petenti  eam  tradere 
34  debet^.  Denique*nauibuslongis5&  o-  c  re^-Wp*^- 
nerariis,  poftliminium  efTe  Marcellus  ^^^; J'^''^^' 
refpodit.  qui  equu  quoque,  &  equa  fre- 
ni  patiencem,  poftliminio  recipi  voluit, 
quod  fine  culpaequitis  proriperefe  po- 
tueruf^.&idemquoqjteftaturCiceroe,  ^  ^-^.D.dt 
ciimait :  Poftliminio  redeunt  ha^c,  ho-  "Cto/iv; 
mo^nauiSjmuluSjClitellarius^equuSje- 
quaqu^  frena  recipere  foiet.  no  autem 
ide  iuris  eft  in  armisjqu^  poftliminio  no 
i^edeun  t,  quod  no  fine  flagitio  amittan- 

G  tur,- 


a  JJ.z.  De    ivre   it   off.  bell. 

!*«^t*am.  tur3.  de  quo  alio  loco  plura  diccmus^. 
«w./.  Exrupcrioribus(nifallor)maneteX' 

Itmm't'tx-  peditaillaqu3eftio,qu£varieadmodum 
fiUfts.  D,dc  torfitfereomnesinterpp«vtrumfcilicet 
Tl'r^um  i.fi  ^rcs  femel  ab  hoftibus  capt^ ,  &  ab  iifde  3) 
amdLUuD.  recuperata?,  prioribusdoininisfintrc- 
iViu"i^^  ftituendse,  nccne  quodalijaiunt,alij 
tAart'.UHd.&  negant,alij  tcmerefecant5&  fubfecant, 
f^toZV.m  ^  nequefibi^nequealiisfatisfaciut.funt 
c.petcatio  i^  enim  qui difiinguunt  inter  res  mobiles 
aSZt;  ^ immobiles5&  hasreftitui fempcr *iil- 
e  Krgtt.i.ab  lasnunquamexiftimantd.alijjquoadres 
^fttreu^rn  immobilesj  diftiiiguuntrurfus  ,  fintnc 
mbeh, ^J  virtutebellicarecuperatae^quasnonrc- 
cutifrur*  D.  ftituivolunt :  anvero  commerciorede- 
Bitpa, »«/.!.  ptae,quasoblatoredennptionisprecio, 
ctV/litat  r^fti^ucndss  priori  domino  ccnfent «. 
hco,'&  ah)  alij  denique  fine  vlladiftindionc,  tarn 
j6eo  (ttati  mobiles  omnes.  quhmimmobilesres, 
hofitb.z.cde  reccptas,  prion  Domino omnmoreiti- 
foTH.reu^rrf.i  tueodas  efTc  dicuHt^.  idque contra eui- 

td  quod  a  pud     .  /^  f  .|  4  ,      ,         f^• 

hojiei .  D.dc  dens  reiponlum  Labeonisg,  qui  ait :  M 
iiMLPof^o.  quidbcllocaptum  eft,  inpra?daeft,  nec 
^.uiYndr.  poftliminio  redit.  &  alibi ",-  itademuab 
Aic*,pjrrh\  hoftibus  capia,  &  3  Hoftris  recupcrata, 
tfmclZl,  poftliminio  redirerefpondit,  fifintcius 
m  dx-peccat»  gcnerisjqug  poftliminio  redire  poffunt. 

iuoi^D^dc  qu^jw 


Liber   ?rimvs.  ^p 

quam  diftindione  cti^  Marcellus  pro- 
bat  *•  Ncquevidentid  quodimpp.  re*  aw /2. Die 
fcripferunt'>,{eruosabho{libusrecupc-.  '^p^^^- 
ratoSjdominisfuis  rcftituidebererideo  hoplbHi.2^ 
cfle  5  quod  no  folum  in  liberis  perfonis, 
fed  etiam  in  fcruis  fie  poftliminium  ^,  cipofii  k. 
Quare  etiam  quod  Odauenus  refpon-  '^''/^^t/lj! 
ditd,  id  quod apud  hofteseftjlegaripof-  Kwn.ivk.o. 
fe,  &  poftliminiij  efTe.-de  eo  baud  dubie  "j^^^^^l  .^ 
intelligi  debet, quod  eius  generis  eft,  vt  5««^  apu'dho 
poftliminioredirepoffitjfecundum  di- /^"•^♦'^'^^*'* 
ftin(5lionem  Labeonis^.  Hisadde^quod  dnd.  i.vit. 
36  quamuisre3,qua?funthoftium*,n6fint 

incommerciofitaiTieneasres.quasho-  ^^-  ^^^i^o- 

n  n  r-  •  •  mo.  i.D.it 

ftesceperunt,  u  lint  eius generis,  qua?  vtrbMig, 
pofUiminium habent,  vendi,  Icgari,  &  g,,,-^^^^,, 
quocunque  modo alienari  pofTe g. Qu 6  ^. vu. cumi, 
fpedat,  quodapud  Liuium  legimushr/^W'yj- 
quod  cum  Annibal  adquartu  lapidem  ,ti^'«od  a^nk 
Romamacceffiiret5&  tati  venditum  efTe  ^"Z'^"- 
agrum  audiffet  5  in  quo  caftra  habebat, 
quantianieaduentum  eiusvalebat :  ira 
percitus,  vocato  prsecone,  tabernasar- 
gentarias,  qua? in  foro  Romano erant, 
vcndiiuffit.&certcagriquidemveditio 
valuitj propter fpepoftliminij  *:n6  vero  \jf^^^"" 
tabernarum^quenunquamfuerantho- 
Itium  ,  ncc  crat  m  11s  pofthminium  «^.  ^^,^,^ 

G  2  Nequc 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
Neqiiemouet^quodexL.  Pomponius 
D.deacq.rer.  dom.adducitur^vbi  cum 
paftori  meo  lupi  porcos  eriperet,  &  hos 
vicinse  vill^e  coJonus  robuflis  canibus 
confecutuSjiupisexrorfifTet  .-porcos  co- 
loninon  eire^refponfumeft;  fcdmeos 
manere,  quamdiua  quouis  recuperari 

EolTcnt :  fecus  acfiferambeftiavicinus 
actationemihiabftulifTct.  qusefipo- 
teftatem  noftram  euaferit,  &  ab  alio  ca- 
piatur,ipfius  fit.  noninquam  id  mouet: 
nam  ibi^difertis  verbis  I.  C.  ait,  porcos, 
aliaqueanimaliamanrueta,qua?alupo 
nobis  eripiuntur,  noflra  manere,  quam 
hflifdfm  ^^"^ccipi  poffunt,  quae  erepta  funta: 
dudf^      *  quemadraodum&ea,quasnaufrrgia  a- 
mittimus :  vnde  etia  furti  agi  poffe  dicit* 
aliud  aute  ed  in  iis,qudz  ab  hoAibus  no- 
bis  auferuntur,  quorum  dominium  fta- 
/oi^Tfj.D.  timinhoftestranfirec6ftatt>,vnde  po- 
(kca^tiu,     tiusdicendumeft^quod^quemadmodu 
fcrx  beftisc,  vbi  cuftodiain  noftram  eua- 
fcrinrjdominium  amittimus^^  e^  dem  a 
c<ij.Pam;»o.  quouis  pofteacaptx  occupantis  Hunt  *^  2 
Tc'^^^Ztlfi.  ^^  quoque  captaab  hoftibus,  quorum 
derer.dmf.  dominiumftatim amittimus,  eius fieri, 
qui  reccpitj  nee  priori  domino  reftitue- 
da  effe:  nifi  iint  eius  generis,  qua?  poftli- 

minio 


Liber   pkxmvs.  30 

mmio  rcdeunta,  exquibusetiacorruit  a  i.vU.dm 
corum  fententia  5  qui  fine  diftindtione  ^**^""* 
omnes  res  mobiles,  eorum  fieri  ^quieas 
hoftibuseripuerunt,exiftimant:  &eoru 
quoque,  qui  inter  res  bellica  virtute  re- 
ceptas,&  commercioredemptas  diftin-  ^  ^  ^^   , 
guendum  putauerunt.Sit  ergo  ita  con-  fi^fpt*'*^*^ 
Situtum^vtqu^  res  poftliminiu  habent^  ^rifwil*! 
ex  recuperate  ad  priorem  dominum,&  ubhjitb.z. 
in  priftinum  ftatG  redeant ,  fiue  mobiles  ^'^r/''^^^'^" 
fint,  fiue  immobiles'^tfiueetiam  virtute  cptrtexuu. 
bellicaj  fiuecommercio,  fiuequocunqj^^J-^^l'^jJ^ 
alio  raodo  recuperentur*^.nifiqu6dea-  ejt.D^deca- 
rum,  qu^  commercio fiint  redemptae.ft,^-^*^ 
precmm  reitituatur'^.  quae  vero  polth-  ^utb.mod.ttt» 
ininiocarent,praeda3cedunt«.  llludta-  ^^^'/^flf^i 
27  men  fciedum  eft,  prsedam^tum  demum  /?»6«*.^ 
fieri hoftium 5 vt primiim intra praefidia  ^/."»*«J^$ 
delataeft^.  vndefirecuperetur,antequa  jxdtcl^tZ 
intra prsefidia  hoftiiifitdelata,  omnino  ^^^^rcaptm^ 
priori  domino  refiituidebet:quianon-  „«",/.      '^^' 
dumfaiflafuit  hoftium,nequedefiitefle  e  ifi<iMib€i 
eius,  cuius fuit S.  Et quide  (1  ij, per  quos  ^^^^^^ 
pr^afuitrecepta/raudulSterpaffi  fint,  fLpommi- 
cam  prius  ab  hoftibus  auferri ,  &  intra  '^jl^^llt 
praefidiaeorfiperferri ,  &eam  perfequi  ^.ponumm, 
neglexerintcnon  tantumtenebuturad  gj^/^^'Ji 
icftuutionem  priori  domino  faciedam,  fwoi/.wfno^ 

G  3  eius 


De   ivre    et   off.  bell. 
cius  quod  receperunt ;  fed  etiara  eius^ 
quodferuarepotuerunt,  &corum  cul- 
pa amifTum  ,dominopraeftandum  erit, 
vtconftiturionibus  regni  Hifpaniae  op- 
^yx,i.26,  timecautumefta.'&facitiexrJnL.Iu- 
far.z.Rrg/,  Hanus^.  Porrohuicdiftindioni, litnc 
J3■f/^9.^5•  resabhoftibuscapta,  &pernoftrosre- 
m  rend,      ccpta ,  CIUS  gencHS  5  quse  poltliminium 
habent :  &  ^  fitne  fcrael  in  praefidia  ho- 
fliumdelata,  necne^  nonfubiacentres 
captse  a  piratis^,vcl  latronibus5&  iis  qui  38 
iuftihoftesnon  funt.  nam  captaabiis, 
c  i.fnnesj,  nunqua in  dominium eorumtrafeuntc. 
poJnZwtt.   quarereceptajfinediftindtioneomnino 
^.apiratii,  prioH  domino^quidominio  corum  nu- 
I'altTilZ'  qy^mexcidit,  funt  reftituenda  ^,  hinc 
mhus,  Dje  mjrum^cur conftitutio^regniHifpanisE  39 
d^Uatfonts  ^^^"cdiftinclionem  :  fueritne  prsedare- 
vJecaptM.'  ccpta^femel intra prarfidia hoftiu delata, 
necnc,  probauerit^in  hisrebus5non  fo- 
liimqucabhoftibuSjfedetiamquseapi- 
eRe^.i  31.  ratis  nobis  ablatse  funt^rciim  certe,  fi 
tu.zgpar.z,  bonum&  ajquum  inrpiciamus,  domi- 
nium rerumcaptarum,  nulla  lege,  ncq; 
diuinajnequehumana^averisdominis, 
in  cum  qui  iuftushoflis  non  eft,tranfire 
podlt ,  vnde  rccuperatas  huiufmodi  res 
oranino  dominis  rcftituendas  efle ,  ipft 

raiiOj 


Liber   primvs.  jj 

ratio ,  &  a?quitas  fuadet  •  nifi  forte  pro- 
pter vtilitate  publicam,quo  milites  fmt 
alacriores  ad  perfequendos  latrones  6c 
piratas,aliud  ftatui  conueniat,  prg  fertim 
cum  bono  publico,  etiam  cum  damno 
priuatorUjConfulipoffit^  Quofpedatja  Mmci»* 
QUodTacitusait .  omnemaenumexe-  ^^•'^'«♦'<^-'« 
plum,  haberealiquidexiniquOj  quod  rat^m,  ^.  i. 
contra  iineulos  vtilitate  publicarepen-  ^f*-'^''"^^ 
ditur.alioqurcertemudiatis  durum  VI-  fi#f.w6, 
detur,  Romaniautem^nofolumjficura 
latronibus  &  piratis/ed  etiam  fi  cum  iii- 
fto  hofte  res  cflet,  faepe  ea,  qucT  in  pra^da 
forte  fadla  inueniebantur  fuifTc  fociorUj 
vel  ciuium,iubebant  illis  reftituiJtaque 
Volfcis  ad  dedirionem  copulfis ,  caftr  i(^ 
que  eorum  captis ,  pr^dse  pars,  (iia  co- 
gnofcentibus  Latinis ,  atq;  Hernicis  fo- 
ciis populi  Romani ,  reddita  funr  ^.  &  ^  ^****"^  ^  +. 
SutriniSjfociispopuIi  Romani,  vrbseo- 
rum  5  quam  per  padionc  Hetrufcis  de- 
diderar,  quoddiutiusobfidionemferre 
nonpoflent ,  eodemdie  Camilloduce 
recepta,  inuiolata ,  integraqueab  omni 
clade  belli,ante nodem reddita  eft<^.  Sic  c  lum  u, 
quoqueScipio  captaCarthagine,  quse 
repletaerat  ftatuis,donariisque  Grscca- 
niciscSiciliaadue(^is5edixit,  vte  (ingu- 

G  4  lisvr- 


De    IVRE     ET    off.  BEtl. 

lis  vrbibus  vcnircm^qui  fuadinofccrent 
a  9iut.  i»a.  &auferrcc  \Scd  iftudcertcexbenigni- 
^"^^*         tatcimpcratorisjn  cuius  arbitrioomnc 
pn-Edam  efTc'docuiiDus^pendet.Verum, 
vrrum  resfurro'^alatronibus3&  illegiti-  40 
mis  hoftibus  erepta  ^  qua?  poftea  in  po- 
teftatem  corum,  qui  hoftium  numero 
continenturpcruenerit,a  ciuibus  com- 
mercio ,  vel  virtutebellica  redeptafue- 
rit;VTrum,inqua3hecres,priori  domino 
reftirui  debear,  merito dubites.  Et  qui- 
hmi utro.  dem  lauolenus  ^  y  feruum  furreptum , 
«wf  *'^^'^^*  qw^n^uis  poftea  in  manus  hoftium  ve- 
nerit,abemptore  vfucapi  non  pofTejre- 
fpondit^  quia  fcilicetverumefiet,  cum 
furreptum efTcjncque quod  hoftiufuiF» 
-fer3aut  poflliminio  rediifletjCi  reiimpe- 
tlimenro  efle .  quod  in  feruo  admitto, 
propter  ius  poftliminij  :kd  in  aliis  rebus 
qu^ poflliminio carentjidfequi  nonau- 
fim.  quia  certumeft,  banc  rem  fa(5tam 
hoftium  ,  atque  ita  dominum  eiusdo- 
minioexcidifTe.quidenimrcfert an  do- 
mino, an  vero  fiiri  res  fuerit  erepta^mo- 
doiuftobelloPNamquoddicimuSjVitiil 
furti^quod  rei  cohseret.non  purgari.nifi 
cU.^^.«ci        .j^  domini  poteftatem  reuertatur: 
r^ca/,0.     (quod  lege  Acmiamncitumfmt  )  inter 

ciues^ 


LiBER     PRIMVS.  52 

ctueSjiion  etiam  inter  hoftes  locum  ha- 
bere exiftimo.  vtenim  resbellocapta 
noftrafiatjfufficit  rem  hoftilem  efle^  &  a  Lnaim^Vi, 
haec  fcntentia  mihi  videtur  iuri  confen-  fJ^Zl^'oM 
tanea.  tamen  non  impedio ,  quo  minus  «g. w^^ 
vnufquifquevtaturruoiudicio.  nihilo- 
minus  fi  placet,  hanc  rem  furtiuam  ma- 
nere;iIludcertecequiirimumput05Vtno 
aliter  cum  his  poffefToribus  agi  poflit, 
quam  fi  ipfe  fur ,  vel  ha?res  foluendo  no 
funt^     Et  hadtenus  quidem  de  rebus  bArpw»«*» 
corporalibus,  &  perfonis  tarn  liberis , 'j*^^;^* 
quam  feruis  belio  captis,didum  eft.  fed 
quasri  poteftjVtrum  etiam  resincorpo- 

41  rales* bellocapi  pofTmt,  &in  vi<5iorem 
transferri:  &/ipoflinr;Vtriim  fintpoft- 
liminij,nec  ne.  Quo  fpedat  Hsilla,qux 

42  fuit  inter  Thebanos  *  &  Theffalos :  de 

qua  Quintilian.^mentionemfacit.cum  chK^x.io, 
cnimThebas  euertifTct  Alexander,  in- 
uenit  tabulas  ,  quibus  centum  taJenta 
mutuoThefTalisdcdifleThebanoscon- 
tinebatur .  has donauit  Theftalis ;  quod 
eorum  vfus  cfTct  comilitio.  poftea  refti- 
tutia  CafTandro^conucniunt  Thebani 
Theffalos.  lis  omnis  ex  ec^quodAlexa- 
der  eas  Theffalis  donaffe  dicitur,pendet. 
&  certe  non  videtur  potuiffe  Alexin - 

G  5  drum 


De    IVRE     Et    OFF.    BELL* 

drum  oligationcm  iftam  Theffalis  do- 
nandi  animo  remitterC)  cum  fit  iuris,  & 
ita  perfonaf  cohajreatjVtab  ea  diuelli  no 
a?.j.  &  ii"  poffita,  praeterea ex eo, quod ius, quod 


AccurtD.pro incorporaleeft,  manu apprehend! non 
£«riD.1  poiIit:idver6  tatum  fieri  vidoris^quod 
pic^uo.       ipfeceperit**,  imo  no  diutius  cfTe  vido- 


E/«riD.1  poiIit:idver6  tatum  fieri  vidoris^quod 
pic^uo.  ipfeceperit**,  imo  no  diutius  cfTe  vido- 
hJio  iKde  ris^quam  quamdiu  poiIidet:cum  eodcm 
"/'"«.  ^•»*«^iure,quoiprecepit,abcoauferripofIit«^, 
ZmJ!tn'  &aliamquoque  efle  conditionem  he- 
pttMm.i$.  rcdis  conftat;aliam  vidoris:  quia  ad  illu 
'fi.  fi  ^mi  ius^,ad  hunc  res  tranfii *".  turn  etiam ius 
btiio.  D.  tit  publici  crediti  tranfire  in  vidorem  non 
diTe^ecUru.  potuiflTe,  exeodefendipotcft,qu6did 
D  deptutyo.  quod populus crcdidlt, ab omiiibusdc- 
I'a.fi^d  beatur^^  quamdiu  quilibet  fuperfuerit, 
beiio.  fit  is  totius  fummae  creditor :  imo  idem 
populus  dicendus  fit ,  &  eadem ciuitas: 
criam  fi  nemo  ex  iis,  qui  tempore  con- 
traduserat/uperfit/ed  alij  fuccefierint: 
(in  i,propo.  vtdiferte  Alphenus  refpondit^  ctenim 
iud.  cdd^i.  popaliius,noneflfituminperlonis,Ied 
Ty!r&i%  ^^  vniuerfitatc;  quae  vniuerfitas*2eque  43 
i«y*.D.  dc  reprefentatur  perfuccefforeSjVtpereos, 
^*^-'»  qui  funt  hodie.eoq;  fenfu  dicitur,  quod 
gr/tc-e.  ^.  vniuerfitas  non  moritur ,  nee  definit, 
'tl,\^y'^'^^  quamdiu  velvnusfuperefts.  Denique 
Zm.  ""*'     ad  propoficam  fadi  fpcciem,dici  poteft, 

non 


LiBER.    primvs.  ^       5J 

non  in  tabulis  fuiffe  ius,  cumfcriptura 
non  fit  de  fubftantia contrai^us,  fed  ad- 
hibeatur  tatum  ad  probationeai  ^.vnde  J/;/^"^;^^, 
.tabularumappreheiione5&donatione,  ^nonfcj.fu»» 
nullum  ius  fuiffe  acquifitumAlexadro,;«-c-'ier^^^ 

nequeThebanisademptum .  C>eterum  /«,„si,», 
his  non  obftantibus,  in  propofita  fadi 
fpecie,  verius  videtur,  ius  publici  credjti 
in  tabulis  comprehenfum ,  in  Alexan- 
drumtranfiffe,  atqjitapotuilfcAlcxan- 
drumjObligationem  lUam^qua  Thelfali 
Thebanis  tenebantur^Theflalis  remit- 
tere.  quod  donatione  tabularum  fecifle 
cenfetunciim  enim  iure  belli,vi<5li  in  vi- 
dtorispoteftatem  &dominiutranfeant, 
&poffic  vidoriis,  quemadmodu  velit, 
imperare ;  non  folum  res  corporales  iis 
adiraere  poteft ,  fed  etiam  ea ,  qux  funt 
iuris,  &  leges  pro  arbitrio  dare,  &  prio- 
restollere.  vbienim  omnia ei^quiarmis 
plus  poteft  5  vtaitLiuius,  deditafunt:  bi.i.§.ii 
Qux  ex  iis  habere  vidor.quibus  multari  TfP;'f'* 
eosveht,ipiiusius  atquearbitriumelt.  damn^.^.u 
fed^cumoblieaiiofitincreditorisdo-  ^-  ^^  P'^f* 
minio^jprotinusiuscredJti,  quodviai  cjrhere.xd 
habebat,invidorisdominium,vnacum  ^^■'^"*d 
viftistraut.  nam quiin alicna poteltate  ^^tute.  o.de 
eft,  no  poteft  quicquam  habere  infua^  rrg.„,r, 

Vnde 


Db  Ivrb   et  Off.   BBLt. 

Vnde  profedo  videtur  dominiu  illius 

obligationis,  qua  ThefTali  Thebanis  te- 

nebanturjin  Alexandrum  tranfiffe.qui 

cumeandem  donandianimo  Theffalis 

remiferit :  (nam  tabulis  donatis  ccfetur 

id,  quod  in  tabulis  cotinetur^donarum 

9 1 1.  Q,iz  efle  ^:  dc  creditor  cautionem  creditor! 

^"***       reddens,  pacifcide  non  petendo  intelli- 

b  1.2.  D.de  gitur  ^)  ThefTalosab  obligatione  libe* 

^rJ'Trt  ''^^^^  confequens  eft.  nifi  dicamus^i 

tiaadetJr'.  Thcbanos  reftitutione  Caflandri,  iure 

xsu/.dom.  poftliminijiuscreditirecuperaffe.  nam 

omnia,  qusefuntiuris,  poftquamquis 

poftliminio  rediit,perinde  habentur,ac 

ii  nunquam  in  poteftate  hoftium  fuif^ 

c  iinheUo.§  fcnt  ^.  itaque  dicemus,  ciuitatem  iure 

todKtiu.ver.  poftliminij  reftitutam  eademjeiufdem- 

ci^ttidl ^'^  4^^ ^^^^^ 5 ^ ftatus fingi, quo antea fue- 

rat :  vt  de  agrorum  captorum,  &  libera- 

dUfi  C4{>ti-  torum  proprietate diximus  *^,  & eorun- 

wf4.  ^^cxpt»i.  j^j^  v^ufru(5lu^qui  iuris  eftf.quo  ctiani 

e  /« fiagtr.  modo  poitliminmm  hngitur m  locis  la- 

D.  qmem.ti.  cfis  (Scrcligiofis  ?.  Si  tamen  in  propofita 

f»»alTi.  hypothefi,  forte  TheflfaliAlexandro  vi- 

eorf.  cr  tn-  ^Qvi ,  in  qucm  ius  crediti  tranfifle dixi- 

"^ichnkca,  musjfoluifrentrnonexiftimorhebanos 

t)  .ic/%.  et  per  reftitutionem  Caflandrijiure  poftli- 

fm^t.fune,  ^ .^ •  ^ ^- ^^  QT^^f^Vii fcmel cxftiniftum^rccu- 

pcra- 


Liber  primvs*  54  ^mkj^Xi 

peraturos  fuifle :  vt  in  fimili  fere  fa^i  ^^^^^^ . 
ipeciCjiudkatum  fuiflc  tradit  loan.  Pa-  g^.'^tmLu. 
ponius^.  folutioenimdebitefai5la  fuit,  ^^ptti^htni. 
quaeobligationem  toUit  funditus  ipfo  ^TfauZ^c- 
lurc  b.&naturaliter.vt  ait  lurifconful^  ^**tM.fobi* 
tus<^.  naturale  eftenimvnumquoaque/ow«,^ 
diffolui,  itavtcolligatumeft*^.  lusaute  ^^^^^hdum 
poftliminijnonreftituiteajqug  fai5lOj&  7eug!l^^' 
naturaliter  legitime  fublatafunt*.  non  c^wte/to.§. 
habent  nam^^e  ea^qug  funt  iuris5impe-  «p^f  *  ^ 
riuminea^quariunt fa^i^.Quofpedat,  ^ i-fiyn***.^ 
quodquauis  ieruusne  naturaliter  qui- 1",^^!^ 
demobligetur^itamefiquisproferuo,  Z"»^-  ^}'^^ 
qui  mutuum  accepit,  foluat^vel  ipfe  fer-  £";^^'^j] 
uusmanumifrus5fblutu  repetinonpo-  d*  proponak, 
teft  ^:  quiafcilicctfaaumfadorepedit.  git^^^'. 
eft  enim apta &  commoda  proportio,&  D.depead.  u 
analogiafa(5licumfadojnona?queiuris  ^/rf"^!^' 
cumfado»;fediuriscumiuremaximek.  h  UatHraU- 
vndefiacceptilatione,  padodenonpe-  "J^J'-o'l 
tcndo5chirographiredditione>  quae  16-  codth.iHdd, 
ce minus cautionishabentjouimfolu-  *  ^'"T.^ 
tio  'j>  Iiberatio  contigent ,  cum  nullunj  ne.tnfl.^b. 
fa(5iura  interuenerlt,  iuscreditiadThe  lYommlK 
banos,iurepoftliniinijredire,dicedum  dereg.,er. 
videtur.  neque  enim  his  modis  a:que  ^H-**^''^i 
toUiturobligatiOjVtlolutionejquaeob-  deextfpt.  & 
ligationem  tollit  funditus  ipfo  iure »".  j/"^'*  *^* 

neque  m  m/?.^»»^^ 

med,toll.oUig,l.ftd  etft  Uief§,ctr(e,Pidep(tit,h(r<^t 


De   iVRe  et  off.  bell, 
neque  etiam  militat  eadem  a^quitas ,  & 
bona  fides,  quae  non  patitur^vt  idem  bis 
a  ijorafi^  foluatur^Etquide,fi  hsetabulae.dequi- 
wr,  busagimus,  abalioquopiaquamibm- 

mo  principe^qualis  fuit  AlexadeijCapt^ 
fuiflent:  equidemexiftimo  nullum  ius 
illi  acquiri  potuilTe ,  per  ea  qux  in  con- 
trariamfentetiamadduximusratqueita 
non  efle  opus  poftlirainij  fidione ;  ne 
quide  fi  fint  rabulse  priuatialicuius  cre- 
dit!, nifi  forte  creditor  eius,  qui  tabulas 
habbtjCaptiuus  fit :  qui  olim  ficbat  fer- 
uus^qui  njhllfuum  habere  poterat :  fed 
omnia  cum  ipfaperfona  in  dominium 
hi  acquiri-  transfcrcbatur  ^.  Verumcumhodiein- 
vjtc^.7J^'.  ^er  Chriftianos capti,  non  fiant  ferui,  a- 
dom,         liuddicendum  videtur .  cum  enim  per- 
fonanontranfeatindominiucapientis: 
ne  quidem  ius ,  quod  perfonae  ita  cohae- 
cU^&ibi  retjVtabeadiucUinon  poffitStranfire 
Ac«.rt.D/>r.  ^iccndum  eft. 

DE  FIDE  HOSTI  SERVANDA, 

/     Fidem  Romam  maxim  e  coluerunt^ 

2     Fides  hoHi  data ,  fmefuhlkc^  fiue  priuA" 

tm^ferttanda^ 
5     BdiCiumquodmctfiscaufa,  mnftrtinct 

tidpdem  hofiidatam^ 

4    NulU 


Liber  ^rimvs»  ^ 

4  7{uUa  latebra ,  out  adtmnk qiutrenia 

ferturto, 

5  ohfdesdaH^mliberent  a  fde  frafiitA, 

6  Iniu^ohoBiaftftfermnda  fides, 

7  Jura  beffi  non  comimuntmuliu  h' 

S  Conutntioms  per  tyranfiUem^  aut  rebeU 
lionem  exprejfe^  non  fermnda^ 

g  Trincefs  ea^  quajfum  iuris  reg^y  alkndre 
non  poteji, 

X  0  Summum  mpertum  inquiBus  trdeffae 

verfetur. 
J I  tJ^inme  firmd  funt  conuenthnes  ^qae 
fiuntcum  fuhditis  rebcHihus. 

X I  Rebdles  &  latrones  Armis ,  nonpA6iiont 

fubmndi* 
X3  lioBibus  mn  ftmftr  fides  fernanda, 
/^  J ur amentum  de  re  slUcita  non  eH  fer* 

HAndum. 
//   Fides  a  priuAto  w  pr^iudkium  reipubL 

data^  non  e  ^feruanda. 

t6  TrdfiatnondarefidemdereilUata^quAm 
datam  fallerc^, 

xj  Hoflifide fdlenunonesi fcrtiAndafides. 
X  8  IndutU  An  mAneAnt  hojle  eai  vtolante. 
X  g  IndutU  etUm  hngi  temper ts  ejfepojfunt* 
Z  0  Tidem  frAngenti^fidem  feruandAm  non 
^Jfe,  quomfd^  wtelltgendum. 

21  Perf' 


De   ivre  et  off.  bell. 
jiT  Terfidlam  Perfidia  vldfcinonlkeu 
^2  Paaumdohmaloimtum^anferuadftm» 

Cap.  sextvm. 

Fide  nullam  rem  apud  nortales  tria- 
iorem ,  aut  fandiorem  veteres  Tem- 
per exiftimaueruntjeamqueRomani  in 
capirolio ,  vicinara  loui  opt.  max.  eflc 
voIuerunt:quafemeI  data,  nihil  firmius 
^moa.httko  fuit.  Itaque  Aulus  Gellius%  omnibus 
hbzoMif^i*  quidem  populiim  Romanumvirtutum 
gcneribus  colendis,  exercendifque,  ad 
tatam  amplitudinem  perueniiTe  tcribit: 
fed  omnium  maxime,  atque  praecipue 
fidcm  coluiffe,  fandaque  habuifTe ,  tam 
publicc  quam  priuatim .  cuius  rei  ciim 
permulta  exftentargumetaj&teftimo- 
nia,  turn  illud  perquam  memorabile; 
quod  inter  eos  ,&  Perfeam  pa(5lisindu- 
tiis,  ciimludi  Circenfescelcbrarenturj 
ingrefTihoftium  duces  curuli  ccftami- 
ne  contenderint ,  &  vidores  coronaii 
fint.Sed  &  cofulesclariflimos  viros^po- 
pulus  Roma.confirmandjE  fidei  public^ 
gratia,  hoftibus  dedidit^vt  de  Poftumio 
<>T.c4/..i.  &  Mancino alibi diximus^.vnde  Ptolo- 
maeus  -^gypti  rex,  agnita  Roraanoruin 
fide,  populum  Roixiananfanti  filio,  cui 

regnum 


Liber   primvs.  5^ 

rcgntim  debcbatur,  tutorem  teftamcto 
reliquit.&certCjVtVlpianusaitjgraue 
eft fidem  fallere^ :  &nihil fideihumanac  a i, /. «.  D, 
tamcongruumeft,  quam  feruare ,  quae  •^")'-^«- 
placuerunt^»  Porro nullum,  vtinquit  b^^uo.ii 
Cicero  sv^jnculum  adaftringendamfi-  ^V/c^Wj, 
dem  iureiurado  maioresardius  efle  vo- 
luerunr.  id  indicant  leges  in  xij.tabulis: 
indicant (acra ;  indicant fcederajquibus 
ctia  cum  hofte  deuincitur  fides .  &  qui- 
dem  Romani,  cum  belli,  pacis^ueiura 
religiofifTimefempercoluerint,  tucer- 
te,  fi  teporibus  addudi,  hofti  quid  pro- 
nufiffent  ^  in  eo  ipfo  fidem  fandiffime 
fcruabanc.  Itaque  praeclareScx.  Pom- 
peius,  magni  P6peij.fihus,Ccoenantibus 
apud eum  in  naui  ad  Puteolos  Antonio 
ficOdauiOjCumquibustuncfocietatem 
inierat)  Menodoro  Pompeian;^  claflTis 
piicfedo,  per  internuncium  figniFcanti 
tempusadcfle,  quo  parentis,  &fratris 
iniurias  vlcifci  poffet,  &  occafionearre- 
pta.paternumfibiaflerereimperium:  (e 
cnimcuraturum  ^nequifquaenauibus 
euaderet:  refpondit :  Vtinam  Menodo- 
rus  hocabfque  me  poffet  perficere.nam 
illipenuriumconuenire,nonPopeio'i.  iul^Ti^* 
3  ountautem  quiexiiliment^oitiquide 

H  publice 


De   ivre   et   off.   bhll. 
publicefidem  datam  feruandam  cfTe^no 
a  jiart.eui^  etiaiTi  caiTi ,  quseapriuatofit  prasftita»* 
rin"T'de  quoru  fententia  niillis  folidis  argumen- 
fan,zaz.m  fis  fulcitur5eftquecontra  vetcrum  cxc- 
ZtL''!'&  pJa,  inftii;utaquemaiorum,  &grauiffi- 
<ic Wx.<j.*.3  moru  Philofophorum  fententia.  quarn 
b  offcM.^.  elegater  profequitur  Cicero  *>,  &  Gell.c 
c/.i.7.c.i8  jtaquequandocumiufto,  legitimoque 
ub.2o,caf.i  i^Qfteresgcritur,  non  exiftimo  debere 
conditiones^padtionesbellicas  &  hofti- 
leSjperturbari  periurio^ctiam  apriuatis 
dptrt^tm  jnitas^.  namgraueeftfidemfalleree.  & 
t!^j}hmmu  funtqu3edamofficia,vt  inquit Cicero^, 
§.rit.  D.de  ^fiam  aducrfus  cos  feruandam  aquibus 
crDuareatu  miuriam  acceperis.  eltquepr2eclaruni 
tnLcinmn»-  j^  hanc  rem  M.  Attilij  Reguli  facinus, 
^aa.  S«J  qui  primo  bello  punico  captus  a  Poe- 
tni.eaejina-  njs,  cum  dccaptiiiis  commutandis  Ro- 
T^M.coJr,  mam  mifTuseflet,  iuraflTetquefereditu- 
tnf^.u.d^rc  rumiprimiimvtvenitjcaptiuosredden- 
2./>4r.c.3  §,  ^^^ -j^  fcnatu  non  cenruit;deindccum 
c/.i.  D.  Jtretinerctur  a  propinquis  &  amicis,ad 
nfecTr  fupplicium  redire  maluit ,  quam  fidem 
g  c.cJ  of  hofti datam  fallereS.quod multis laudi- 
Ha')Vc\  buscftertD.Auguftinus^  lacobusve- 
hlauirua  roiratus  fuitSimeoni&  Leuifiliisluis, 
''^•»^'*f-'8- quia  violauerantpadum cum  Sychimi- 
iG«,./,34.  lis ini turn  uidcoquemorknsmaledixit 

illi$. 


Liber   primvs.  57 

illis^.  Neque  rccipiendaefteorumfen-  aCweAg. 
tentia,  qui  exiftimarunt  5  quod  per  vim 
hoftium  eflet  a6lum,  ratum  effe  non  de- 
here .  viro  enim  forti,  vt  inquit  Cicero, 
vis  adhiberi  nequit:  &  fides  ^vt  inquit 
Seneca b.fanai/Timum  humani  pedoris  ^  ^P^^-^9. 
bonum ,  nulla  nece/Titate  ad  fallendum 
cogitur,nulIo  corrupitur  pr^mio.  vnde 
Cicero  :  Nulla  res  tantajinquir,  exiftat, 
vt  pofTit  mihi  maiorem  vim  adhibere 
5  metus,quamfides.  Edidum^quoque 
prsetorium ,  quo  per  metum  geftajin  in- 
tegrum reflituuntur,ad  eum  metum, 
q-ui  iure  licito ,  vtpote  iuftobelio  infer- 
tur,  nonpertinttc:  nequeadpromifia  ct«^c%irt 
hoflibus  fada,  fedciuibus.  Etquidem  ^/j^^jZ 
tan ti  dim  fuit iufiurandum^vt  M.Pom-  g«*o<l  »1«. 
ponius  Tribu.pleb.  cum  diem  dixifTet  Ti/frc'^ 
L.  Manilio  A.  filio  (quod  paucos  fibi  3.  mc,  c/W 
dies  ad  didaturam  ^erendam  addidiffet,  f'''^''''  '^''i 
occrimmaretur,  quodTituhiium,  qui  mv.cafifw 
Torquatus  poitea  eftappellatus.ab  ho-  ^"'*' '"  "^* 
mmiDusrelegaflet,  &:ruri  habitareiui-  20  deexcef^t, 
fillet)  abadolefcentefilio.quiintelliee-  ^^'"■"*'^'' 
bat  negotmm  exhiberi  patri,  remotiSco/.-u/f  j,/z.5 
arbitris.ftridooladioiufiurandumdare  ^^'7'- '" 
coadus  ,  fe  patrem  miffum  efle  faduru;  ^.6. 
quamuisnuUoiurecogipoflet :  tamen 

H  2         acaufa 


De    lYRB    IT    OFF.    BBlt* 

acaufadcftiterit,  Manliumquemiflum 
^cker.offc  fcccntK  ItaqucpulchreFerrandusdia- 
w.j,  Lmm  ^Qj^yj^  adRheginumduccm,  de officio 
pij  &  veri  Chriftiani  ducis  militum  fcri- 
bens,  cenfet  hoftcrHjVtcunque  aniiquu, 
&  reip.infeftum,non  effe  falfa  iuratione 
feUcndum :  ctiam  fi  vitaeius  impediat, 
mors  profit  pacu  humanisenim  diuina 
femper  funt  praeponcnda ,  &  vt  Petrus 
apoftoloru  princeps  dicebat ,  Deo  ma- 
h  AOor^u  gisferuicndum  cft^quamhominibus^. 
Quarc  cum  quibufcunqibellafufccpta 
funt,vt  idem  Ferrandus  ait,aut  nulla  fi- 
de data,bello  aut  pace  fada^inuiolata  fi- 
de iurifiurandirefp.fcruanda  vel  adiu- 
uandacft.  quidcnimproderiteumvin- 
cere5quem  diabolus  vicit,vt  vidori^  fpc 
cp/44»,i4.  falfiimiuraret?ProptereaPfalmiftasdu  ,, 
canit :  Dominequishabitabitin  taber-  „ 
naculotuo,  aut quisrequiefcetin mote  „ 
fandotuo  ^refpodetfibiipfiexperfona  ,, 
Deijtalibus  verbis  :  Qui  loquitur  veri-  ,, 
tatem  in  corde  fuo,  qui  non  egit  dolum  ^ 
in  lin  gua  fiia^nec  fecit  proximo  fuo  ma-  „ 
lum.  &  opprobriu  non  accepitaducrfus  „ 
proximum-quiiurat  proximo  fuo  &  no  „ 
decipit.  illeautem,vtideDiaconusait,  ^ 
iurat  proximo  fuo,  &  non  dccipit,  qui 

quoa- 


Liber  primvs.  ^g 

quodcunqueiurat  lingua ,  impletope- 
re.  neque  ^xiftimet  quis,hoftemjCui  iu- 
rat,  non  debere  proximum  deputari. 
propter  hoc  enim  iurarur,  vt  proximus 
deputetur:  &,  perfoeduspacis,ex  hoflc 
iitamicus.  Maximum  itaquenefas  eft, 
falfum  iurare^&jfi  altius  confideres,ma- 
ximeinutile,  &damnorumimperaton, 
vel  duciexercitus.  nam  praecipuum  di» 
Iciplinae  militaris  vinculum  eft ,  facra- 
menti  religio:  quae  fijCxemplo  duciSjle- 
uis  seftimariincipiat,  tarn  apud  hoftes, 
quam  apud  milites,  omnia  mifcerijper- 
turbarique  necefle  eft.  neque  etiam  im- 
perator  fide  data  ab  hofte  tutus  erit^neq; 
fuosfidoshabebit.  Quidquid  proinde, 
iuramcnto  intercedentejadhibira  inuo- 
cationenominisDeiconfirmatur  (fiue 
inimico  gratia,  fiue  reo  venia,  fiue  raili- 
tibus,  re  bcnegefta,praemia  promittan- 
tur)nulIiusvtilitatiscofideratione5nul- 
liuspericuli  formidine,  debet  fieri  irri- 
tum:  fed  fixus,  &  immutabilis  fit  fcrmo, 
cuius  fidei  teftis  fit  adhibitus  Deus,  Ca- 
4  uendum*praeterea,  ne  latebra  quasratur 
periurio5&  calumnia  quadani,  &  nimis 
callida,  &  malitiofaiurisinterpretatio- 
nejiurifiurandifidemviolemus.  vtille^ 

H  3  qui^ 


De   ivrb   et   off.  bell. 

qui,  cum  triginta  dierum  pada^effent 

ACicer.ofjic.  induti3e,nodu populabaturagros*.  vt 

'"^•^-         Q^Fabius  Labeo,  quern  nonnullitra- 

dunt  5  ciim  Antiocho  prxlib  vidlo ,  ex 

foedere  dimidiam  partem  nauium  acci- 

pere  deberet,  omnes  medias  fecuifle,  vt 

hvai.Max.  regcm  tota  claffe  priuaret^.  6c  vtvnus 

^*7*^^M'  exdccem,quos5poft  Cannenfemclade, 

iuratos  ad  lenatum  mifit  Annibal^in ca- 

ftra  redituros,nifi  de  redimedis  captiuis 

impetrafTcntiquijCumpaulopoftquam 

cgreflTuserate  caftris,  rediiffet:  Romaj 

manfit.  reditu  enim  in  caftraliberatum 

feefle  iureiurandointerpretabatur :  no 

rede,  fraus  cnimdiftringir,  vtinquit 

Cicero^non  difToluit  periurium.  itaque 

decreuitfenatuSjVtilleveteratorj&cal- 

lidus ,  vindus  ad  Annibalem  deducere- 

c  cicer.  of  tur '.  &  hucreFerripofle  videturrefpo- 

^j;'""^  fum  Cenforini,fi  Appianocredimus^: 

d dtbeibptf  qui legatis  Carthaginienfium  (qui que- 

rcbantur,  qu  6d  con  traiidemipfis  data, 

obfidibus rraditis ,  atq;  omnibus  armis, 

adhuc  Carthaginem  delere  vellet)  re- 

lpondit,per  Carthaginem,  quam  libera 

fore  promiferant  Romani ,  Carthagi- 

nienfesintelligi ,  non  vrbem  &  folum. 

Ncque  verum  "^  eft  id  quod  nonnulli  ar-  5 

bitrantur, 


nt. 


Liber   primvs.  ^      ^g 

bitrantur,obfidibusdatis,quempiaafi. 
dedataliberari.  quarationeBodinusa^a  derepubd, 
FrancifcumGallorum  regem  religione  ^•^'«f.»- 
foederis Madriciani,  filiis  obfidibusda- 
tis ,  folutum  fuiffe  contendic :  exemplo 
pacis  Caudinae,  quam  ideo  irritam  fa^a 
aiferit ,  quod  obfldcs  dadciTent :  idque 
contra fidemhiftoria?.  namipfePoftu- 
mus  conf.  pads  audor  /eiitentiam  ro- 
gatus,  ideo  dixit  populum  Romanum 
fponfionc ,  quart!  iple  cum  Samnitibus 
fecerat^non  teneri,qu6d  iniuflli  populi 
"faaaeffet.-ficenimaitiNcqueegoinfi. 
?'ciaseo,P.C.tamrponfiones,quamfoe- 
3'  dcrafandaefle,  apudeos  homines,  a- 
5>  pud  quos iuxta  diuinas rjligiones, fides 
3'  humanacolitur:  fediniufTu  populi^ne- 
5'  go  quicquam  fanciri  poffe,  quod  popu - 
lum  teneat .  fe  tamen  feu  turpi ,  feu  ne- 
cefTariafponfioneaftriaum  affirmauu.   ' 
ideoquequopopulus  religione libera- 
retur5&  pax  Samnitum  repudiaretur,vc 
ipfe  cum  reliquis  pacis  audoribus  de  - 
deretur,  fuafor  &  audor  fuit.  ciim  equi- 
tes  D  c.  obfldcs  dati  eOent,  qui  capite 
luerent,  fipadononftareturb,  obfides  bLr«/W9. 
enim, quemadmodurafidpulTores ,  &  c.cer..#.^3 
pisnora.principaliobligationiaccedur, 

H  4        quo 


De   ivre    et   off.  bell. 
ciinfliM,  de  quodiligentiuscautum  fitaduerfario*. 
u!f:iZC  &tantum  abeft  vtprincipalem  obliga- 
v.'lobh.c  tioncmtoUant,  vtfineeaconfifterene- 
h^fitt^Ui  queant^  noncnim  magis pofTibilc  eft, 
reioUtx*'*Mt  accefforium  fine  principali  efle,  quam 
^i!u4i'iL  accidensfine  iubicdo^inquoeftc.   De- 
frcJtnt.  D.  buit  itaque  Franciicus ,  d  non  publica, 
dcpi^fw.  Ki-  quoad ea forte, in quibuspopuli&  or- 
cm.c,44.    dinum  conlenius  rcquirebatur,  laltcm 
^^'/"""dJc  fualiberatafide,  potiusin  carccremre- 
rrg.i^  /.i,D.  dire,  quam  fidemdatam  fallere :  excplo 
cofihfrdd,     Poftumi,  Mancini,  Reguli ,  &  aliorum. 
eoquemagis^quod  princeps,  cui  popu- 
lus  omne  impcrium  in  fc ,  poteftatcmq; 
d;  I  D  ill  conccfTit^Jj  rcdlede  ncgotiis  ad  remp. 
cQBfht^rm,  fpedantibuspacifcatiir,fiuepacem,fiue 
quamcunquc  conuetionemcumhofti- 
cfc»mcnM-  bus  faciat  ^.Rcdlius itaquc loancs  Gal- 
f^£h    '     ^01'^  rex  5  in  pr2cIio  ab  Angus  captus,  & 
fidcdereuertcdodaradiminiiSjfi  minus 
pada  implerentur.-ciim  omnia  pra'ftare 
noh  pofTct^quaPconucncranr ,  ad  hofte 
redire  maluit,quam  fidcm  violare,  cum 
f^odmu*  de  wmen  &ipfefiliumobfidemdedi(retf^ 
rf/».w,i.c.8.  Etha?cquidem,quapde fide  hofti  feruii- 
dadiximus,inuioIabilitertenendafiint, 
fi  cum  iufto  &  Icgitimo  hofte  res  gera- 
tufifin  vcro  quis  metu  forte  compulfus, 

abeo 


LiBER    PRIMVS.  ^o 

^  ab  CO  qui  iuftus  hoftis*non  cftjfidem  dc 
precio  redeinptionisfoluendo,vel  fimi- 
libus  dederit^eum  non  aftringi^vt  fidem 
feruetjdiccndum  cft^.idcoque  fi  pr^do-  *  J^^'^ 
nibus,  vt  inquit  Cicero^,  padum  proM.«»„y;^| 
capite  precium  no  attuleris,  nulla  fraus  ^i^^^'  ^ 
erit :  ne  fi  iuratus  quidem  id  n5  feceris.  t^fi-^poUk, 
pirataenitnnoneft  ex pcrduelliumnu-  c,'w.t;j*, 
mero  definitus  ,  fed  communis  hoftis  'D.icaftui 
omnium :  cum  hoc  nee  fides  efTe  debet,  'jf 'f '/' ^* 
neciuliurandum  commune.  &hmc  eft,  d  «//oRtf. 
quod  latrones5&  predones  hoftium  vo- ?^*^j^ '"^ 
cabulo  non  contineridicatl.C.c  Vnde  «/.«ii.  * 

7  iura  belli  ^captiuitatis,  &poftliminiJ5  f/*';*^^'V 
qu:Bhoftibusrantumcoaueniunt<*3  no  »»««.$ /iTJ! 
pofTunt  latronibus  conuenire*.  atque  ^*'-^'^"/*- 
ideocaptia  piratis^a  latronibuSjOmni-  mbm .  d.  j» 
no liberi permanent^. Cum  itaqueiure  ^^^*'"'>-^« 
belli  agerCjfibiqueacquirereiistantum  ^dfiLna, 
permiflumfit ,  qui  iufti  funt  hoftesS:  J^'^'^/^^J" 
nulloiure  ij  qui  nonfunthoftium  nu^  TflrZle". 
Iiierodefiniti,quibus  iura  belli  no  funt  ^'^-^y-fi^^t 
concefTajdehis^quf  iuftistantum  hofti-  fJ^ut'Zdt 
bus  acquiruntur,  pacifci,  autad  pacifce-  "*''*^'  ^:  a^- 
dummetuminfcrrc  porerunt^  quarc  umet.*'c^ 
cdidlo  praetoris,  quo  per  mctuin  gefta  »''<^-  aa*-<. 
refcinduntur,  locuserii^  imoipfbiure  J;.?;«xu 
non  tcnebit^quicquid  ex  hac caufa adu  c.wd. 

H  5  vcl 


De  ivre   et  ofFi  bell, 

a  iqitimcar  vcl  promifTum  fuerit »:nequeiuramcto 

ccreD.p>d  ftabilictur;  Quiaquod  nullum  eft,  con- 

b  iMoefi dii.  firman  no  potelt  ^  .&  nullum  vmculum 

htkcMLegK  conrineredicitur,iuramentumatrod,& 

c  c.ftrittnit,  nefanda  coadlione  extortum  ^  poterit 

I.e. verHm,  (^j^^ad  maiorcm cautioncm  abfolutio 

d  d.cpeme.  pcti^quf  faciieconcedidebet^^.Non OD- 

"J^^&'liL  ^^^ ^is quas diximus,qu6d leges pra?do- 

de  $termr.    ni  adioncm  pignoratitiam  depofiti ,  & 

cijipifoore.  commodati,  tribuante.  idenimverum 

ifipredo.D,  eft, fi cum  alio  contrahat,  quamquilae- 

iSififr7'  ^"^ eft.quamuis enim pra^do fit^refpedu 

do'j.'bonafi-  eiuscuiremabftulit:  tamen praedo noa 

'ttfulKfh  ^^'  refpe(5lueius5  cum  quo  contraxit. 

/•r.D.cow.  quoniambona  fides  in  contradibus  as- 

woiijtj  »0«  ftimanda eft, inter eos  tantum,qui  con- 

itiisc..        traxerunt,  nihil  extrintecus  aiiumpto  s 

u.ionafid&  pQrr5  qjnodde  latronibus,&  praedoni- 

di^^!*'^'  bus  diximus,  idem&de  rebellibusdi- 

cendum  eft:  qui  iufti  hoftcG  dici  no  poP. 

g(J./,fco5l«.  fiintS-  namaliud  eft hoftis^aliud rebel- 

h  ex.^ifn^  lis  h.  &  iniquum  eft,vt  quis  ex  improbi- 

rebtu.         tatc  fua  lucrum  fentiat».  quamuis  vcru 

D:tl^'*  fit 3  generali  nomine,  exvftiloquendi, 

hoftes  vocari  omnes,  contra  quos  arma 

feruntur.  Hisconfequenseft,  conucn- 

tiones  illas*,qu^  per  tyrannideracxtor-  8 

quentur,  feruadasnoneflfe.  nequecnim 

confen- 


LiBER     PRIMVS.  6l 

con(enfu(quiin  omnibus  contradibus  a  u.^.D^de 
requiritur^)  faautnvidetur,  quod  pet  «^^»cira««. 
vim  exprimitur.  ideoque  ex  hac  caufa 
geftum.nulliuseritmomentib.  Itaque  b  j./.j^,,» 
tyrannorum  leges, non elle leges aocet  ,^ ^^^^  ^^ 
Cicero*^ : nequelegem  Valeriam,quam  "«/:  Lfipjr 
L.  Valerius  FJaccus  inrerrex  a  fenatu  cST^J-c 
proditu?,  dedi tuta con fulibusciui rate,  nmet.cauf. 
Carbonc  &  Mario  interfe(5^is  ,  armis  '^Zn7!''^ 
Syllaeoppreflarepub.tulitiVt  Syllaper-  c  deU^bM 
petuus  didlator  reipubl.  conftituendse 
caufa  creareturi&qusecunqueis^autta- 
quam  conful,  aut  tanquam  proconful  ^  {„  orat.-i. 
gefn(rer,rata eflent.quam  omnium  legu  contra^us. 
iniquiffimam  ,  diffimiliimamque  legis  pMel'/"§\ 
cfTe^idem  Cicero  oftendit^^.ldempror-  /«/w.  d. 
fus  de  illisconuctionibus,  quas  iniuftus  /«"c.i^ifrt^r! 
populus,  quem  etiamtyrannumvocatM"»'^-»'^- 
Cicero,  perrcbellionemaprmcipeluo  ^  ^/^^  q  ^ 
extorquet,dicendum  erit.&quidemfia  traf.pamrM 
picrifque  dubitatum  eft ,  an  princepsex  ilT^e^Un 
cotradtucumfubditisobligetur  «:quid  ntJcmjh.e. 
deconuentionibus  publicis  dicendum  il'itmT^»- 
cft^quasfubditiperrebellionc,  &rum-  chor.c(»i{iUz. 
roam  perfidiamextorquetr'etenim  cum  If^ZlZ'.^ 
rebelles  eoipfo,  quod  in  principcm  in-  «tb.  &  nh\t 
furgunt,  fidcm  violet/ruftra  fibi  feruari  ZZtT^. 
fidempoftulant.  dequo  moxdiccmus.  ub.ucap.9, 

turn 


De  Ivre   et  Off.   bell. 
turn  etiani,quod  foedusratum,quamfi* 
dem  fandam  apud  eos  fore  fperandum 
cftjqui  diuinijhumani^ue  iuris  violato- 
reSjpcr  fummum  nefl*s  &  perfidiam,pa- 
tria  prodere  non  fu  n  t  reucriti?  au  t  quo- 
in odo  per  Deumiurabunt,  cuius  ordi- 
nation! ipfi  refiftunt  ?aut  qua?  conditio 
paciseflepoteftjin  qua ei,cum  quo  pace 
a  Ccf/.pfe/.  facias,nihiIconcedipoteft*?Sed&cum 
hj>p,i2,      iniufti  fint  hoftes,  iure  belli agere non 
pofTuntjVtmodooftendimus.  nulla  e- 
nim,  vt  inquit  Cicero,  iufta  caula  videri 
poteftaduerfuspatriamarmacapiendi: 
&  per  confequens,  aduerfus  pnncipem ; 
bAutJf.TK^i  qui  eft  communis  ommum  parens  *>: 
IbJI'mfiZ  quiquepoteftatem^quamhabet^a  Deo 
cpaubttad  accepit^.  Praptereaciimpopulusdere- 
Km4n.c,ii  busadremp.  fpcdantibus ,  nequidem 
cum  extraneis  pacifci  poffit,  quodfoli 
dicMttenth'  principi  concefium  eft  ** :  cui  tota  refpu- 
ti^i^D^de  biicacommifTaeftS  &  penes  quern  eft 
cojiti'pnnap.  bclIi ,  pacisque  arbitrium^  multo  mi- 
f  c.  ^mdcui'  j^yj  principem  ad  iniquas  conditiones 
^litmni,!.  adigere  poterit.princepsenim,cuiuseft 
23.  ^'«^•z-  leges  dare  populo ,  non  acciperc^,  ciim 
^<L!itt^,nc,  legibus  folutus  fit  ^  ,  nuUis  legibus  a- 
VT^'^^'  ftringi  poteft  afuisfubditis  ncmoenim, 
^*^*^  vt  ait  Vlpianus/ibiipfiimperare  poteft, 

&coa£ti 


&coaai,  &  cogentis  officio  fungi'-  &  S.S7afc. 
nulla  obligatioconfifterc  poteft^quaea  '^'^Jjf^ 
voluntatc  promittentis  ftatum  capit  K  b'/./ril^. 
co6uc  fpedat,  quod  Canonifta?  paffim  |^J^^"^^-^^* 
traduntjPontificcmnunquam  fibima-  ^'Ire/pl,^ 
nusligare.  &hafcquidcmmultomagis  «f«M.nM»o* 
obtinebuntjfi  princcps  ex  hoc c6 tradu  thtn.hc^nm- 
fitlaefus :  qui  vt  minor  reftituitur^.  &  fAWi.c.ae^- 
omnium  maxime,fimaieftati  principis  J"/p^^{,^J* 
quiddetrahatur.  fummi  cnim  princi-  anen.ui.s* 
9  pes*5quemadmodum  nulla  regni  parte  "^'i^^cean- 
alienarcpoflunt**;  (cuius  funttatumv-  oium^cde 
fruduarij ,  vel  dni :  fed  non  fccus,  quam  "]'^^'^uih. 
maritus eftdns  dotis^  quaalienare  non  nHtn.Ucet,tn 
poreft  ^.)/icnecquidqua  exiiSjquse  ma-  ^7'pe«o.  «. 
ieftari  eoru  coha:rent5&  funt  iuris  regij.  frane.  d.  dl 
itaq;  de  fadto alicnata^ad  ius  priftinu  re-  {^^''^/''c/ie 
uocaridebet,&  fucccfTores  ex  hoc  con-  /nndt^atrim, 
tradu  no  obliganturS.omnia  cnim  ilia,  ^^•"•'•^^* 
qug  lunt  luns  regijjno  funt  in  comerao,  frod/.  u^at, 
fed  corona?  an nexaJra  vtab  ea  feparari  f-J^]\^-^' 

^         rr        L  '     r  -        •     ^         de  tutta.Umit* 

nopolimt»^ :  ncqjpcriplumpnncipea-  nb.iz, 
lienari^etiani  ex  cerrafentetia,  vel  motu  ^  '•  f'*'"/"'- 
proprio  '.eoque  ipedat,  quod  Cams  re-  wwn«m.  $. 
iponditjCa qua? funt  iuris diuini^velpu-  ""^y;f^''* 
blici^nuUiusin  bonis eile'^.nequcctiam  lJ?„pof!i^[ 

hie  i'^'""/»*'^'? 

loan  .|»roidt  Ompha  &  alij.tjuos  aUegat  &fe(jHitur  Carolu*  Mo  -  *' j!'  *  ^  '^'  *' 
l*ntmmconfHHHd,V*rifietiJtKA.gloQ.'^,nn,2l.hart  Uf.C-^n.&  "«''^"^'■- ** 


,  De    iVre  et   off.  bell. 

dereb.ecclno  hicquicquam opcrabitur luramentuiti. 
alien,  cmtei  prohibitio  enim alicnationis.quceeft  in 

Uilo.de  mre-  *     .  ...  ...  r-    'ii*    • 

^.  rei  condirionejracitjVtiitillicitum  lura- 

fji'* Tac  rne"tu"ipoftc^a  prceftitum^  &quidcm 
/^.i7^tr./.!  fi  ilia, quse flint rcipub.vel  regnijiieque 
^^'f'/'j'l'  alienari^nequelongitcmporisprsefcri- 
rrut.i  Tz.^m  prioneacquiripofrunt^rquomodoiila, 
fim%ub.  qu2e  funt  regime  maiefiati  in  fignum  fu- 
Ctjam.DM  prcma?  potcltatis  reieruara  ,  ilii  auferri 
off.frtfid.  porerunt, cum necfpontefcabdicando 
v.roiHt.mar,  pHncepsimperiu amittac  ^"  c^  &  lipadtUj 
e  B^Jj«c  I  quo  maritus  pacifcitur  ^neconucniatur 
lr'!g.fl^u"l  i"  i^  quod  facere  poteft,  fed  in  folidum : 
cHtnniikeat.  feruad  oportere  ncgat  VIpianus ,  tan- 
Mmfde^P^l-  quam  contra bonos  mores  fit :  quippe 
fcnpt.  Anto,  contra  receptamreuerentiam  3  quae  ma- 
v::;:;I/;L!  ritisexhibendaefl^^:  quiddepado.quo 
qmfmtfHt\  maicftasprincipi  diuino&  humane  iu- 
^ic.ci^no  redebitalgditur^dicendum  eft?in  quam 
hceat :  qmt  fententiam  multa  amultis  di(5la  funt  ^. 
'^zo/ml  &hinceft,  quodfi  quispriuatusvtatur 
Row.  if»/>er.  titulis,velinfigniisrcgiis,capitcpleda- 
^^•'^'^'dfdT-  tur,publicatis  bonis  f.&olim  per  legem 
«^y;  nf^npt.  Valeriam  facrum  elTet  cum  bonis  caput 
i2,c.'vtm-  eius^quiregnioccupandi  confiliainiif- 
Za^rTd!^  fetg.  Hinc  quoquedicit  Bodinus^  pri- 
g  iHon.ual  uilcgium  concefTum  a  principe^vt liceat 
ri«^  /  J;  condemnatum  reIUtuere,aut  a  poena  li- 
ov/f.  berare 


LiBHR   PRIMVS.  6^ 

berare,  nuUius  efle  momenti.  quia  fcili- 
cethocdependetamaicftateprincipis: 
cuifolihoc  licet^&Baldus'^dlCl^non  y:',;;i2 
DoffevUoteporepraefcribiiuriappella- 1.  ant^dam- 
diadrummilprincipcSporrofummum;;-;-^^^^^ 
lo  imperiu^vtreacannotauitBodmusd,  ie5?».«.D,ds 
precipue verfatur  in  (ummis  magiftrati-  f--^^^^^^^^ 
bus  crcandis,  &  officio  cuiufq;dehnicn-  ^«^  /j.ccc/. 
do,in  legibus  iubedis,  aut  abrogadis,  in  ^--7-- 
belloindicendo^acfinicndcincxtrcma  apf^ret.c.^e 
prouocatione  ab  omnibus  magiftraii- P;^;^^^^';^ 
bus  Scinpoteftatcvitseacnecis.  neque  venkntfs.de 
enimfiiudiccsruppliciaderccleratisru.  '^-«-^^,^ 
munt,proptcrea  nccis ac vit^  ius habet:  fo,j?«r.wf6. 
cum  legibus  obftriai  teneatur :  nee  me- 
retes  morte  liberarc  poffint;  quod  fum- 
mi imperii  eft:vbiclemcntiac6traleges 
locu  habet.  Icaque.cxaais  regibus^qui- 
damdolebantmutatum  reipub.  (latum, 
dicentcsregemhomineefTe,  aquoim- 
petres  vbi  lus ,  vbi  iniuria  opus  fit :  efle 
gratia!  locum, (Scbeneficio  :  Scirafci^  & 
ignofcere  poffe:  leges  vcr6,remfurdam^, 
&  inexorabilcm  elTc  :  nihil  laxamenti), 
nihil  venix  habere  ^  &  Cicero  veniam«^^^^-* 
pro  Ligario  precatus  a  Capfare  ,  Apud 
35  iudices,  inquit,  nunquamegi  hoc  mo- 
5>  do ;  Ignofcite,  iudices, crrauit^ lapfus 


Db     IVRB   BT    OFF»  BEtt. 

eft  i  non  putauit;  fi  vnquam  pofthac.  ad 

parenrem  fie  agi  /bict :  apud  iudices, 

Non  fccitjnon  cogitauitrfalfi  tcftesjfal- 

fum  crimcn*Sunt  itaque  hsec,qusedixi- 

tnuSy  principis  propria :  qux ctiam  po- 

puJusRomanus,apud  quemfumraum 

imperjum  fuit  ^  ciim  pleraq^  alia  fenatui 

committeretjiibireferuauit»  vtmultis 

l^^6.  ^ocjs  oftcndit  Dion.  Halic  a.  prsefertira 

'  quodad magiftratuscreandijleges fere-» 

di^  &  bellum  pacemquedecernendi  po- 

teftatem  atiinet .  prouocationctn  vero, 

&  vitx  neciTue  poteftatem ,  populo  per 

hr>kn.}jaU.  legem  Valeriam  tributam  f uifTe  coftat  ^ 

•uia^ub'.l]  ^  ^3BC  quidem ,  iureconfultorum  opi- 

vaiMax.1,4.  nione^ita  maieftati  principis  coha^renr^ 

yLKvlh*.  ^'tcumaliis  communicari  non  pollinr. 

fitbiuou,     &fuperioribusaddunt,  pignerandico- 

cellionem  ^  vedigalium  uc  tributorum, 

nummiquepercutiendi  potcftarem,  & 

alia  nonnulla.ex  quibus  tame  quaedam^ 

etiamiis,  quinofuntfummiprincipes, 

<euido?ap£  tributavidemus<^.&de  his  omnibus  la- 

7mJr%\    teloan.Papti.  Porr6Bodinus,propter^ 

Uf.uft.uci  ea*j  qusehadcnusdK^afuntjdicitnullas 

•i*!]^!*^«  Gonuentionesminusfirmas  efTcj&plus 

r<M.i,c.v/r.  cautionis  opus  habere  ^  quamquasfa* 

ciuntfubditircbellescumiuoprincipe. 

ideo« 


Liber    PRimvs-       ^         ^4 
ideo^ue  fuadet  rebcllibus,  ne  ipficon- 
trahant:  fed  alius  princepsextraneus,ac 
vicinus^  pro  eis .  at  ego  fuaferifn,  vt  re- 
deuntes  in  viam,humiliter  vctiiam  ora- 
tes, poenitentia  potiusclemctiim  priri- 
cipisdemcreantur.-quarn  iniuftis  &  ini- 
quis  padtis  animum  irritent.  nihil  enim 
magispungit  principem,  quampacird 
eum  fuisfubditis  rebellibus ,  iifdem^ue 
fidemferuarCk  itaqucPhilippunijVtre- 
feft  Liuiusa^vnaresmaxim^angebac;  aw.^9 
qu6dcumlegesaRomanisvidoimpo-* 
nerentur  j  feuiendi  ius  in  Mdcedoncs, 
quiinbelloaledefecerant,  ^demptutn 
erat .  Cum  ergo  conuentiones  ilia?  non 
fubfiftunt,  per  quas  maieftas  principis 
imminuitur:  quid  deiisdicendum,per 
quas  Diuina  Maieftas  Iseditur  (cui  per 
homines  nulloeontradtUj  longaquan- 
tumuis  longi  temporis  prsefcriptione^ 
derogari  poteft)in  aperto  eft.itaq;  Thc- 
miftociesad  AtheniefeSj^  Catoad  Ro- 
manos  dicebant^  homines  nihil  quic- 
quameorumjquseDiuin^Maieftatide- 
berentur,vfucapere  pollc:  neqile  priua- 
tosquicquameoru^quaeeffentreipub.l'  ^^^;"  ^ 
ideoque  Caius,  eaqusefuntdiuini,  Vel  cata  \ww^ 
public!  iuris,  nullius  in  bonis  effe  re- 

I  fpondir* 


& 


De     IVRH    ET    off.    BELt. 

a  mli.vje  fpondita.  &  hue fpedat locus iilenobi* 
h^L   '^^  Ambrofij  ^  vbide  Valcntinianoim- 
peratoreloquitur:Conuenior3in<juit53  ji 
comitibus&tribuniSjVtBafflicas  fieret  j> 
matura  traditiojdicentibuSjimperatore  ^^ 
fuoiure  vti,  eo  quod  in  poteftate  eius  j, 
eflentomnia.  refpondi,  fiamepeteret, ,, 
quodmeumelTetjideftjfundummeum,  » 
argcntum  meum,  ius  huiufraodi  meum  >j 
non  refragaturum  ;  quanquam  omnia,  3, 
quaemeafuntjeiTentpaupcrumi  veriim  „ 
eaqusediuina^inriperatorispoteftatino  ,) 
cflc  fubieda.  Ceterum,  quamuis  conue- 
tiones  cum  latronibus,&  rebellibus^ra-* 
tasnon  elTe  docuerimus,  tamcn  prin- 
ceps,  quantum  poteft^ab  lis  abftinere 
debet:  turn  quod  maieftati  principisno 
coueniatjtum  quod  quguismalapotius 
toleranda  funtjquam  maloconfentien- 
cf..w,32  dum  ^,  turpifTimum^autemiudicauere  ^^ 
5'«y»5-      Romani^debello^pace^velindutiiscum 
piratis,  latronibus,  vel  rebellibus  paciP- 
ci.  itaqueeos  nunquam  cum  iis,  quiim-» 
perio  Romano  rubie(5i:i  rebellarent,  foe- 
dere,  aut  padione  rem  compofuifTe)  le- 
gimus:  quin  potius  non  quicuere^antc-* 
quam  expugnando ,  aut  in  deditionem 
accipiendOjOmncsiubigeretjvtLatinis^ 

Campa* 


Li^ER   PRiMVs.  6$ 

Campanis,  aliisque  rebellantibus  han 
fuiflelcgimus.  ideo^^uc  Cicero  afuade-  a^^.«^t* 
bat  Planco,ne  pacem  componeret  inter 
D-Bratum  &  AntoniUm>  vocans  Anio* 
nianos,foediffitnos!atroties:quiautar- 
mispofitis  pacem  peteredebenr :  autfi 
pugnantesearo  poftulant;  vidoriapax, 
non  paaione  parieda  eft.&  idem  dicit ^»,  b  p&%.  5, 
ignorare iura  belli,  &  cxempla  maioru: 
&C{md  populi  Romani  maicftas,  quid 
fcnatus  feueritas  poftuIarer>  qui  legates 
ad  Antonium  mittendoscenfercnt,noa 
cnim  verbis  rogandum,  kd  armis  cog6* 
dumeffe.  &  idem  vocat  hoc  bellumin- 
cxpiabilejiiegans  ideopaci  locum  effe*.  c  pWJ»i>iU« 
Itaqjbello  fociali^  c^m  focij  populi  Ro- 
mani fperantes^fe  non  foreampliusfub- 
ditos,  (cd  imperii  participes,bellum  pa- 
rareht,  &  icgatos  Roma  mitrerent  que- 
flum  jfe  no  admitti  ad  ius  ciuitatis,  cum 
tamen  ipforum  opera,  &  auxilio,  longe 
latequc  imperium  cxtediffent  Romani: 
adhaecfenatus  feuere  refpodit/e^donec 
refipuiflcnt  ^  nonaudituros  legationes 
eorum<**  HincquoquecumTacfarinas  d  AppUnM 
nobihs  latro,  eo  arrogantiae  venilTet,  vc  ^^'•«•«^•^'^•^ 
legates  adTiberium mitterct, fed cquc 
Vitro  fibi  atqjexercitui  fuo  poftularet, 

I  X  auc 


Dfi    IVRE    ET    OFF,    BELL* 

autbellu  inexpiabileminitaretur.  Nor» 
2iio»HiM,i  alias magiSain^uit Tacitus Sfua,populi-  ^ 
que contumelia^Rom.indoluifTe  Casla-  j, 
rem  ferunt^quam  quoddefertorj&pr^-  „ 
do, hoftiummoreageret.  neSpartaco  „ 
quidem ,  pod  cofularium  exercituu  cla-  „ 
des5multuni  Iraliamvrenti^quanquam  „ 
Sertorij  &  Mithridads  ingetibusbellis  » 
labaret  refp.  datum  ^  vt  pa5o  in  fide  ac-  a, 
ciperetur:  nedum  pulcherrimo  populi  53 
Romaniilagitiojatro  Tacfarinas,  pace  ^ 
&  conceilione  redirocretur.  haec  ille.  iis  » 
tamen,  qui  fe,  citra  padionemj  fidei  im-» 
peratorum  dederent,  parci  foler.  itaque 
FabiusMax.iEmilianus,Conoba?latro- 
bA;^^»,je  numducijquireeidediditjpepercit*».^ 
*«</.Hi^.    Auguftus  Crocolae ,  infigni  latroni  in 
Hilpania  ,  cum  magno  in  eius  caput 
propofito  prsemiOjfefefponteofferretj 
veniam  deditj&  prasmium  exigenti,nu- 
mcraii  iufifit.  ne  fcilicetjfi  eum  fupplicio 
affeciffet  ,  vidcretur  voluiffe  fruftrari 
promifTo  praemio ,  vel  decepifTc fiducia 
c  D»»»j.i6,  ju^ij  public! *^.  Porro  non folum C\ cum 

rebellibus^vcliatronibus^&iisquiho-ij 
ftium  numero  non  funt  definiti ,  resiu; 
ied  &  fi  cu  hoftibus,&  iisquiiuftobello 
nobifcum  contendunt  agatur^on  fcm- 

per  fi- 


Liber   primvs^  66 

pcrfidcm(eruarcc6uenit  :&  inprimisj 
fiquis  iuraucrit,  humana forte  infirmi- 
14  tate^lapfus/efadurumidjquod  Deum, 
perquem  iurauit,  pofTit  ofFendere,  non 
faciet.,  quod  iuraiiit.  namiuramcntum 
non  debet  effe  vinculum  iniquitatis  ^;  ^cinttra^ 
&inmalis  promififis  fidcm  feruarioon  ^«*'22..y.4. 
cxpedit^neque  obligaturquifquam  ex  hdnmaiu^ 
iuramcnto contra bonos  mores prsefti-  ^^"^^X"*'* 
to  ^»  fed 5c  qui  rem  illicitam  facit ,  quia  c  c.noefloh: 
iurauit,accumulat  peccata  peccatis^.Eft  ^^^^ZT'^ 
itaque  contra  officium  nonnunquam^vt  a  cM»  m*. 
inquit  D.  Ambrofius  %  fidcm  feruare.  t;.^;^* 
quod  &  Cicero  fendt  ^,  &  Seneca  in  e  opi.i. 
Hercule  Oetseo,  cilm  ait:  f  #^&*.5, 

Prdftare  fateorfojfeme  tAcHArn  fdem^ 
Si  feeler  e  cArcAt :  wterimfcelui  eJifdes, 
Nam^vt  inquit  D.Auguftinus, fi  ad  pec- 
catum  admittendum  fides  exhibeatur, 
mirii  eft^fi fides  appellatur^.  vnde  longe  g  c^/^-^^^c- 
iaftius  fecit  Dauid ,  qu^d  non  ftetit  lu-  "^"-^^-^  '^* 
ram^nto^depverdendo  Nabal,quam  He- 
rodes^qui  propter  iufiurandum,occidit 
virum  lan<5timmum  l\  Merito  quoque  h  c.  enetis, 
Cicero  *  Agamemnonis  fa(^um  repre-  "  1»^'^^'*' 
nedit:  quicumdeuouilIetDianaejquod  izqu.^, 
in  fuo  regno  pulchcrrimum  naiumef-^'^*^"^-^* 
fetjlphigeniani  immolauit.  promiifum 

I  3  enim. 


De    IVRE     ET     OFF*  BEtL, 

a  kuthetuM  enim,  vt  idem  ait,potius  non  faciedum, 
fal?t'Lr7/n  ^"^^  ^^^  tetruoi  facinus  admittendu 
bcmUndai:.  fuif.  quarationc  etlam  faciHus  Gcdco- 
tbiiZT^  nisnon probaturfuperiorifimiIe,quivt 
b  Giof  mc.  votum  folucrctjephte  filia  imniolauit. 
;^1^'^^76«^^;  Uliciras  itaque  rei  iu(iurandum  fcruari 
c,fiyerc.  de  nondebet3&  poeoa  periurij,fiqua  cft,  ifi 
a'valfon^'^i  ^"^1  conucrtcnda  eftjquiexegifiidquc 
nutiAic.ad  vcfum  cftjCtfi  tantutu  agatui' dc  pcccato 
I  paiiacfu^  veniali^  His  confequenseft.quod  fides 
faam.^z.  dataa  pnaato  ,  in  pr^iudicium  reipub.  15 
c  Lt^rifpn.  velecclefiajjnonfitreruandac.quodve- 
cjfc.tr  ^  ge  rum  eit,  11  principahter deems praemdi- 
rteraitt&r,  I  clo  agatUf'^.quia  propinQiia  caufa  infpi- 
D  depaa  I.  c*  debet  nonremota^.  Itaque  Themi- 
yh  Ddchu  ftocIcsrncxHiumilTuSjCuniadXerxeni 

^ntoioffet  ^^  contulifTet^ei^uc  promififletfe  Athe- 
id.ini  con.  nienfibusbelluillacurumj&aregemo- 
^'"^^'■J^  neretur  vt  promifTa  feruaret :  quamuis 
hcetmttUer.de  graui iniuriaaffcdusa ciuibus,&  huma- 
hatinlt'it  i^i^imeexceptusarege.-tame  honeftius 
c.tiu<tndoiic  fibi  vitaefinem  imponere  ratus,  quam 
i^deX'  ar  P^f^^*  bellum  inferre,  epoto  vencno, 
f.4lSc.^"  morte fibi confciuit ^. iuntque pra?clara 
aanoftru.de  \^  hancrein  CClaudij  verba^dum  hor* 
dtmei»,mi.  tatuf  App.Claudium, &  rcUquosdecc- 
^.  "#  ^  uiros, 

d  l'liinjgentifm.&  ibiDD.de ^aft.  c.cjuaviuv.de  faOjn6, 
e  /.yi  iwAty.  D.de  rti^.amot^  f  P^^i»  Themifio', 


Liber   primvs.  67 

uiroSjVttyrannidcmdeponerenttnon 
dcbere  eos  moucre,inquics,(]  quas  forte 
padiones  arcanas  inter  fe  feciffentjfide- 
quedediiTent,  fponfores  facientes  deos: 
docens  has  conucntiones  feruatas  im- 
piasefle,  vtaduerfum  dues  &parriam; 
loIutasver6,piasfore.  quoddij  nogau- 
dcnt,(e  adhiberi  ad  rem  turpem  &  iniu- 
flama.  Quadecaufaetiam  Vlpianusre-  aDw«.H4/, 
Ipondit^maleficij  &rcrum  inhoneflaru  *'^'-^*'"''» 
nullam focietatem  clTe b.Itaquenon fer-  b  m  l  qmi 
uarefidem  quandoquc  iuftu  eile  docet  ^**"^'  ^-"'^ 
Cicero  .  veliiti  non  reddcre  depontum  d;*.D.pr&foc, 
furio/bjVcl  hodi  patriae,  omnia  enim^''-^'''^-^' 
qua:  agimus,  referri  debent  ad  funda- 
meta  iuflitiae:  primum,  vt  ne  cui  nocea- 
tur:dcinde,vtcommunivtiliratircruia- 
tur.vndeetiamiurifiuradi  temeriratem 
reprehendunt  poera^in  Phaetontis  Ta- 
bula, &  (alius  ^ui^^Q  doccnr ,  iufiiiradum 
violaflCjquam  iuueni  imperiro  (olis  ha- 
benaSjtotius  naundi  male,  permiiifTe  ^.  ci  Ou/iw 
&  hue  facit,  quod  Paulus  air,  fipadum  '"'"""''• 
conuentum  a  re  priuata  rcmotu  fitj  non  « ^^■f^^ntti 
efle  feruandum  ':  &  Vlpianus  f,qu6d  i7„S!'  ^' 
generaliter^quoties  padom  a  iurccom-  f  inUunfgh 
muni remotum  cft/eruari  non  debet^e-  yaUter^'^je 
ciam  iuratum.  nam  maior  eft  au(5loritas  p«^. 

I  4  iuris. 


De   ivre    bt   off.  bell. 

iuris,quamiuramenti.  itaqiie  iufiuran- 

dum  contra  vim  leguii),&  audoritatem 

jilr t  ^""^ '  nulliuseft momenti \ &  hinc  eft, 

yit.  D.  'dcie\  quod  in  quolibet  iuramento ,  cenfetur 

ferV*i  w  ^xceptaluperiorisaudoritas^quoadea 

j>det^e^i!a-  qua?  ad fupcrioris  potcftatem  fpcdant; 

$ro.i,nond».  ^^j  pcf  iufiufandum  deroi^ari  non  po-' 

^,  teit%  noenimpoteitquispaciicideiis, 

J^J'*'"'^'*'^  qua?  non  funt  fui  arbitrij .  qua  ratione 

h^'denfmp,  Gottfaluus , prorcxNeapoli, comitcm 

€,yinwv,  tu  Yalentinum, quern  infuamfidemacce* 

peratjpolteajex  mandato  regis  Ferdina- 

di^  finevllaperfidix  nota,  incarcercm 

c  hodimet^  coniecit^^.hincquoqueeijquiiurauitjfe 

wf.  .i.f«8.  Qj.^^j^i  j^Qjj  interfuturum^gratiam  fc iu- 

rifiurandifacere,  imperatores  Seuerus 
d  inivk.D,  &  Antonius  refcripferunt  *^,  imo  fi  iu(^ 
dtadmnr.^  iuranduHi  fit contra reoip.  ipfo  iurerc- 

miflumccnfeiuriexeoquodPauIusaft, 

lege  lulia  ren)itn  iufiurandum ,  de noa 
einiadigere.  conttahendis  nuptiis^  fuitenim  apud 
t^^pat^ol'^''  Romanos conditio,  vel  promiHio,  de 

non  contrahendis  nuptiis  tarn  odiofa, 
^L\t^'toi  vtateftametiSjaliisqueadibusomnino 
L/edetfihoc',  remoueretur5&pro  non adie<5ta habe- 
^.vit.cHtni.  jTQinj-  f^  Licebit itaque  priuata  fide  con- 
V  Tin",oJc  tempta , publica»  lecuntatis  cura  gerere. 
wdMdcmdf.  apud lapientes cnim,  inquii Cornelius 

Taci-» 


LiBER     PKIMVS.  68 

Tacitus,  caffa  habentur,qug  nequedari, 
ncqueaccipiralLiarep.po{Tunt.inquatn 
fententiam  exftant  egregia  verba  Poftu- 
mi) ,  quibus  oftendit  populum  Roraa. 
nontenerifponfione,  quamcum  Sara- 
nitibus  fecerat,  conrranitentibus  L.  Li- 
iiiOj&Q^McIioTrib.  pleb.  qui&ipfi 
au^torespacis  Caudinsefuerant:  &,  ne 
hoftibusdcdcrentur^perfuaderecona- 
bantur,  populum  Rom.  religioneaftri- 
16  dum  efle  ».    Cctcrum  longc  tutius*,  &  a  limtui^^ 
laudabiliuseritjVtquisnonpcrmittatfe 
villus  periculi  metuad.fidcmdadamde 
re  illicita  impelli ,  quam  datam  fallere, 
namiuransfefadurumremillicita,ipfb 
fa(5io  eft  periurus  ^:  &  quoduis  malum  b  c./«tw- 
potius  tolcrandum  eft^quam  malo  con-  -JJ^"^^^^^^^^^ 
(entiendum^  quonomincconftantiam  t.dememr^ 
Porii  Caefariani  militis ,  merito  laudes:  "*^* 
qui  pro  CflanspariibusexcuDas,abci-  ^^«aj. 
pionispr^fjdiointerceptus,cu  vno  mo- 
do  faluseidaretur,fi(cfutunl5Cn.P6pei 
militcaffirmafTet.itarefpoderenodubi- 
tauitjTibiquide,Scipio,gratiasago.Ted 
mihi  vti ifta  coditione  vita*,n6  eft  opus. 
Parifiducia  CMeuiusceturio  Augufti, 
cu  Antoniano  bellof^penueroexcelle- 
tespugnasedidiflet^inprouifis  hoftiu  ia 

I  5  [idiis 


De    IVRE     ET    off.     BEtl. 

fidijs  circumiientuSj^c  ad  Antonium  A- 

Iexandriampcrdudus,inierrogatusque 

quidnamdeeoftatuideberetilube  mc, 

inquit^iugulari ;  quia  necfalutis  benefi- 

cio  3  nee  mortis  lupplicio  adduci  pot 

fum^vtCsefaris  miles  die  dcfina;&  tuus 

cfTeincipiam .  fed  quoconftatiusvitam 

Vol  Hax  ^<^"^^"^P'^^^<^f^ciliusimpetrauit.  An- 

Ai.j.c-p.s.'  tonius  enim  virtuti  eius  incolumitate 

b  LmiiUh.  conceffit^.  &5nefinguIosreferam,vni- 

h!>.6.cap,6.  uerla  Saguntus,  Hilpaniae  ciuitasopu- 

"L.TUmM,  Ictajmagnum^licettriftejfideierga  Ro- 

cl'^fer^mt.  uianos monumcntum: ciim poftconti- 

z.c.jicitt&  nuam  obfidionem,  fcdiutius  ab  Anni- 

infra.deture-  it*  rr  n  • 

iJr.i.qi^ifide.  bale  tueri  non  poflet^neque  Romanio- 
D.i^tiM»/:/.  pemferrent/pretisconditionibuspacis 
If^D.te  minus honeftiSjfefuaque omnia  in  ro- 
ma.<mpt,Lfi  gum coniecit  potius, quama  Romanis, 
"jum^flefta.  ^""^  qulbus  focdus  Inicrat ,  deficeret^ 
I.  cimpropo-  Dcnique  hofti  fidem  fallenti  *, fides fer-  17 
'^a^l^c'^  uanda non  efl^etiam  iurata ^:  &  tam pu- 
frofin^Xfi  blicac  conucntionis^  quam  priuatse  ^i 

dft^text.  t'  Fdlerefa/Ientem^fratidem^refefferefratid^^ 
^  *^^'^t      ^xf^flo^  licet ludere  queM£fu<K, 
vkjemroit.  GctteraHs  cnim  lex  eft,  omniu  conucn- 
id^'*"'' ^2  ^^onum,vt  nemo illis ftare teneatur,  nifi 
f^K  ^     ex  aducrfo ,  qu^conuenerunt,  pra^ften- 

tur« 


LiBER    PRIMYS«  6p 

tur^  nam  fruftra  quisfidemabeoprae-  ai./-c*« 

ftari  poftulat,  cui  fidem  datamferuareSri'' 
rccufat  fe.atquedolofacit,qundmnsin  l^hfj-^^ 
aduerfarium  valcre  poftulat ,  quod  m  ic  ,,J^,^ 
nonadmittit:  contra  quern  edidtoprae*  i^.o.dt 
toris  cautum  eft,  vtquod  quifqueiuris  *«'*• 
in  alium  ftatuitjipfe  eo  vtatur.nequedi- 
cendus  eft  quis  ex  hac  caufa  fide  violare: 
fedpotiusex  noua,eaderaqaeiuftiirima 
caufa^nempe  ruptae  fidei,iure  belli  agere 
cum  hoftibus,  diuini,  humaniqueiuris 
contemptoribus.  qua  de  caufa  Romani, 
cum  Sabinis ,  Latinis ,  Priuernatibus, 
Voircis,  Hernicis ,  Apulis,  Samnitibus,  ^  ^j^  ^^ 
Hetrufcis3^quis,Carihaginienfibus,a-  ?  5, 
liisque  quamplurimis.ruptis  foederibus  ^^^^^^ 
bellageffere:  &  fenatus  praedam  Epiri  ^>^'aimo-^ 
ciuitatum ,  quae  rupto  federe  ad  Perfea  f'/^;^ 
defeccrant,  muris  earu  dirutis,exercitui  thmtntn.  p, 
dcditc.  iuramentum  enim  non  extendi-  ^«  ^^  '^^ 
tur  adea^quaepoftea  accidunt  :&  noua  iiuntjij>M 
caufa fuperueniente^poteft quis  noim-  f'^'^^'f^* 
plere,quodiurauii^,  Qu6rpc<5tat,quod  i,anaJ.^(u 
Ciccro^docet:  Tempore nonnuquam  'f"^**":^ 

,     rr    *  ♦  r  ditraftf.l'tres 

commutariomciumj  itavtnon  leruare  fratres,D,Je 
fidem,quandoqueiuftum fit: veluti non  ^^ i-fi  ^ 
redderegladiumdepofitum  furiofojvel  ^* 
hofti  patriae .  &  in  omni  quoque  iura-  c  #c.^.i, 

mento 


De    IVRE    ET    off.    BELi. 

.  mentointelligiturh^ecconditiOjfiinihi 
a. clj^*  feruata  fides fuerit a.- vel  nifi  per aduerfa-. 
mok.cfiatt  rium  fteterit,  quo  minus  pada  feruen- 

vanj.qt*£ro,  nirc  taci'ta  padti  remiflio*' :  &  is  qui  prior 

^;^*  o,  conrrauenir,  folds  fidemfregirfe  ccnfe- 

b/.ciw^o-  turd  ;itavt  fequentis  faduadviolatio- 

^f^n^'*^  nem  referri  nequeat^.  Quo  fpeclat  con- 

cccotiftni*-  tentio  ilia  Romulicum  Cluilio  Alba^ 

Tuulma  "o^u"^  di<5tatore , vter  fcilicet prior co- 

$.1.  &  tbi  ditionibus foederis  non  ftetiflet  j  eum  e- 

^Tudcfcm.  jjjj^  folum  foederis  violati  reum  effe^. 

ftbcodttione,  vnde  priorem  quoque  belli  caufam  ma- 

^*  tlit"Sc  ^^^^  dicendu  eft.  nam  fi  in  eo  fides  vio- 

tejia.  /.V^  letur,  cuius  contemplatione  con  tragus 

pattr.  §.  ih-  inituseft,  corruitconuentio ,  &  onnia 

u^.z*    *    in priftinum ftatu  redeuntS. Icaque VI- 

fDicn.mi,  pianusair.non  teneri a(5lione pro focio, 

g  uimu.c.  qui  ideo  locierati  renunciauit,quia  con- 

depaa.  Mter  djtio  quo^dam^qua  focietas  erat coita,  ei 

rSf^lt  non  prseftatur  K  &  idem  integram  dicit 

nas.cMpac,  maucre  inofficiofi  teftamenti  caufam  ^  fi 

D^*!2^lT  fides  ab  hercdetranfaaioninonprsefta- 

h/./Jcooie-  tur*.reciprocatioenim  obligationis^v- 

«^f.D.pn»  trinque vinculum inijcit,&  itaquidem, 

iinlfiinni-  vt  alter  ex  fu  a  parte  non  teneatur^  fiex 

fjrtaw/wK,  acluerfojlliquodconuenitjnon  prsefta- 

rcJ?^.        tur*  idciueverumefljfiucconucntiom 

poena 


Liber  primvs.  70  ^aj^quan, 

poena  fit  adiedta,  fine  non :  neque  poena  f^^^  ^' 
debetura:&etiam(ineceffariacau(aita«  b  Ahat.ai 
peditusaduerfariuSjfidcm  nonferuetK  ichmfropa. 
quamuis  enim  impedimentum  a  mora  Q,itpaa. 
feu  poena excurct<^:ad  producendam  ta-  5  ^fi^ji^ 
men  adione fans  momcnti  non  nabcr,  ^i^.  d. «<£ /. 
idemeritj  fivel  in  minima  re fidemfer-  R'jx'm^. 
uareneglexerif--.  m7i  tamen  tarn  Icuis  rf,;^^;^^^: 
momentircsfit.vtnofitverifimilejCius  ^^-^  focati. 
vtrinque  magna  rationem  habitafuif-  J.^aXcrfe 
fef.ln  tantum  quoquc  ex  parte  fuajquit  '*»^  ^•«a»»-»'* 
que  adfideidatse  obferuationetenetur,  cs^ll^^b. 
vtetiamfiipfa  promifTioniscaufaceflk-  3.A/c.n»»«7. 
retj  nihilomJnus  dui et  h^c  obligation,  ]^l^^^, 
Quod/inon  conftet,  vter  prior  fidem  ««t^^-  o.^'e 
datamviolauerit^mutuacompeiatione  T^J'^Xie 
vterque  a  poena  con  tragus  abfoluedus  i^mn^. 
eft^  foktenimdici,  inter pariadelida  n^,'^^ 
compenfationi  locum  elTe  *.  vnde  rece-  inde. d  Je«, 
ptum  eft^Iicere  litigatori  malitia  aduer-  ^'[^if^^^i^^ 
farij  fui^malitiarepellere*^:  &  cornicum.  d  Jire/cmi 
oculos,  quod  aiunt5Configere.  quod  in-  ^^^'^j^, 
telligedum  eft , dum  tamen  bonam cau -  tm.\kfttn. 
famhabeat^  &fraudcnonvtatur.  qu^  '\['^'^-?* 
mcrimmisnotamtraleat:  quale  eft  ral-  kxiofme^ 
fum  ftellionatus,&  id  genus  fimile "".  Et  «p^'««-»^"f* 
bsEcquidem  plerilque  probanturm  pa-  deem.ia6. 
^opacisvelfoederis^nonetiamindutia-  ^ ci>«>»^«'. 

rum,  m  Bwf.  »»*.' 

3,ckr*g./«r,  \kktJn  Um^rofQtKti.CM  tranfaif» 


TlVhteAoatu  pg    j^re   jy    OFF.  BELL. 

^Hu'.c^d.  rum^jquasinuiolabiliter feruadaseflcj iS 
Angd.c^.  etiam  hofte  fidem  earum  falknte.  cen- 
cwf.LZi/  dr  fen^  •  quorum  lententiam  vt  faniorem> 
duo socyn* .  & ^equioic, amplcxos fuifle camera? im- 
l'!^^^B^Ut  perialisafTeffores,  refcrt  Mynfingerus, 
ntmiu.par.i  &addit  rationctn  diiierfitatis ,  quacria 
%!c^!!^Z  ccteri  innituntur  :  quod  fdlicet  finito 
cb/er.y,  &  indiitiarum  tempore^quisfe vlci^'ipoC- 
Pccjoowi/.  ijj^  ^y^  ^^^^^  ratio  ncquefatis  idonca, 

hifoWimi'  prfffertim  in  bello :  (vbi ,  Vt  inquit  Li- 
iu*D.*r^4-  uiuSjfiinoccafionismometOjCuiusprf-  5, 
ftm.QeiUtb.  teruolatoportunitaSjCundatuspaululu  „ 
l^uLx^h-  fuerisjtiequicquam  moxomifTumque-  ,5 
*»m/^*.  f  raris)neqU€ctiamiure probata  vidctur. 
^^"^J^-^^  cum  cnim  inter pacem&indutias,  hoc 
L^Bjmt'.  tantuminterfit,  quod  ilia  perpctuafit, 
fhH^'T'%  b3ever6ad  tcmpus^:&tempusobliga- 
verAo'r.oA/»^.  tioocm  Hequcaugcat,  neque  minuat*^ : 
dc  nomt.de  quemadmodum  pax  alterutrofide  fal- 
mt.  c. >it.  d,  lente  corruit;  ita  &  mdutias  dillolui  co- 
^TfJ^"^'  ^equens  videtur:  cum  vtrobique  eadem 
Ij^rci^:  fuKfit ratio  mempc  ruptc  fideid^  nemo 
reiw!nd.i.n6  exruodoIo5veldeli<5tolucrari5autaliis 

Zt'o'l  nocere  debcate.  eftque  in  banc rera,nifl 
ry>,u.m:Lu  fallor,  elcgans  refponium  Pauli  ^ :  qui, 
tjfjjt'.  cum  proponeretur  inter  locatore  fundi 
tr^xcr^  &condudorcconuenille,neintratem- 
«."Ur^';  poralocationis  condudor expelleretur, 
tai^  adie^a 


Liber  primvs»  ji 

adiedapoena;nihilominus  tamen^fico- 
dudor  biennij  continui  penfionem  no 
folueret^  fine  metu  poena^cum  cxpelli 
poffe  ref  ponditjetiam  fi  nihil  de  folutio- 
ne  penfionum  in  ftipulationc  pcenali 
expreflumeffet.quibuscerteargumeiis 
moueor^vt  potius  inclinem  in  fententia 
corum,  qui  exiflimauerunt  idem  iuris 
efleiniudiciis,  quod  in  pace  vel foede- 
IP  rea.praerertimcumindutiaj^etiamlongi  a  p-*».  1^»». 
temporis  efle  pollint^.  Jcgimus  enim  Aic*at,  Beu^ 
Veientibus  a  Romulo  in  centum  ^  &  a  ^*"*-  ^*»**^»- 
Seruio  Tullio  in  xl.&  in  totidem  annos  ^^«..c^^. 
L.Furic^&C.  Maniioconfull.indutias  «^>.7.p*«;* 
datasfume*^.  o^cumpopuIoCa^riti,  m  ut.p^.ytiu 
cetum  annos  indutiasfad^asfijifTe  pro-  ?• 
ditueft**»  Voifinienfibusverobellofef-  ^^^^i  '*' 
fis, in viginti annos induti^datae funt^.  zumMii.u 
TarquinienfeSjmetucompuIfija  Decio  ^uuiwi.j, 
conf.inxl.annosindutiaspetieref.  JE-  Qintt***i.s^ 
quiodoannorum  indutiasimpetraue-  ^^"'"**^-»' 
runtSiHetruriecapitajVol/inijjPcrufia,  gi.i«w«/.4, 
&  Aretium5cum  paccm  peterent,  indu- 
tias in xl. annos obtinuerunt\  vndele-  ^^'y"**'*" 
gimus  quoque  violatione  indutiarum 
fquevtfbederiSjRomanis^quiiura  belli 
religiofi  film  e  fern  per  conferuariit,  cau- 
fam  belli  fuiffe.  atqueitacum  Samniti- 

bus^ 


Dh    IVRB   Er    OFF,  BELL. 

bus,  quibus  bicnnij  indutias  dztx  fuere^  i8 
eodemannoruptis  indutiis,  bcllatum 

a  Uvrnt  /.9.  eft*.&  contra  Hetrulcos,qui  paccm  foe- 
dusque  a  Romanispetentes,indutias  in 
triginia  annos  impetraucratjpaulo  port 
indutiarum  fide  violata  rebcllantes ,  k^ 
liciter  res  geftacib&eode  anno,  inquit 

b  IA.9.  *  Liuius t, cum  reliqiiis  Hetrufcorum  ad 
Perufiam,  qu^  &  ipfa  indutiarum  fidcm 
ruperat,  Fabius  conf  nee  dubia,  nee  dit 
ficili  vi(^oriadimicauit5&  ipfum  oppi- 
dum(nam  admoeniavidoraccefEt)ce- 
piffet,  ni  legati  dedetes  vrbem  exiffcnn 

cfift.It.  &  idem  Liuius  alio  loco  'refert^HetruC- 
cis  (quod  cum  pax  negara,  &  indutias 
biennij  data?  e(renr,ac  aduerfus  indutias 
pararent  bcllum)  a  Roman  is  bellumil- 
larum  fuiffe.  his  accedit^quodmaiorfo- 
leteflercligio  foederis,  vbi  precationc 
res  tranfigebatur^quam  indutiarumjal-» 
teriufue  (ponfionisudeoqueiniufTu  po-» 
puli,  nee  fine  fecialibus,  caerimoniaquc 

dijdwi9.  alia  folemni  foedus fieri  nonpoterat*** 
indutias  vero ,  aliasque  fponfiones,  fine 
fecialibus,aiusquerolemnitatibus.fepc 
a  belli  ducibus  ,  iniuffu  populi  fadas 
fuiflelegimus:  vt  proximo  capitelatius 
oftendimus*  atqui  nihil  quicquam  fa- 

croian« 


Liber  primvs.    ^  72 

Cro&ndhim  cflepotuit,  inquit  Cicero, 
nifi  quod  plebs  populfifque  finxiflet,  & 
quod  au t  gcncre  ipfo ,  aut  obteftationc 
legis^aut  pcena?,  cum  caput  eius,qui co- 
tra  facit  confecratur  >  facratum  efTet ».  ^tnorat.pn 
cum  itaque  foedus,  quod  fan(5lius  eft,  /.ctm.ki/. 
altcro fallen le  rumpatur,  multomagis 
induti^.Nontamenimprobandifuntij, 
quiindutiarum  tempore^quauis  iniuria 
prouocati^ab  omnivindida  abftinent; 
inaximefideleui,&exiguiteporisprae- 
iudicio  agatur^vt  omne  violatas  fideide- 
decuSjfit  penes  hoftcm :  kd  id  vfu  6)Cc6' 
fuetudincporius  rcccptum ,  quam  iure 
probatumafTcrit  Alexand^^.cuiconue-  badKckm 
nirevidetur^quodScipioCquamuisnon  ^epi!'  ^* 
modo  indutiaru fides  rupta  efleta  Car- 
thaginienfibus*  fcdetiamiusgcntiuin 
IegatisruisvioIatum)ramefe  nihil,  nee 
inftitutis  populi  Romani ,  nee fuis mo- 
ribus  indignum  fadurumdicens :  lega- 
tes ho(lium,quieodem  tempore  Roma 
ad  eum  venerant,  inuiolatos  dimirit'',  cl»wjw/,jo 
quo  nomine  Scipio  maximam  laudem 
meruit:  licet ^fivereiudicarevolumus, 
nulIo  non  iure  legatis  Carthaginienfiu 
parcercdebuitjVtmaximcduplicifcele- 
fCjVtrefert  Liuius,omnino  ruptg  eflenc 

K  indutid?4 


De    IVRE    ET    OFF.    BEtt. 

indutise  •  ea  enim  decaufa  Scipioni  ad 

bellum  redire^quod  fecitjfine  vlla  perfi- 

dia?  nota  licuit  ?  non  autem  hoftium  le- 

gatos  l^dcre  >  qui  citra  vllam  pads ,  vel 

indutiarumcoucntionenijetiaminipfo 

aidorc  belli  fiint  inuiolabiles  >  &  fandi 

^IvU.'DM  *^r^  gctium'.ncquerefertjquodhoftes 

te^iomb,    prius  indutias  fregcrint,  &  legates  ho- 

Aium violauerinc .  nam ,  quod dixioius 

fidemfrangenti*noneflendemieruan-  20 

dam  3  ad  vnam,  eandemque  conuentio- 

nem  referendu  eft  >  cuius  fides  ruptacft: 

&adeaquae  vna,  eademqucfponfione 

hAhcander  comprehenfafunt ^:  &  in  promiffioni* 

lJ»rcfrfe  bus,.quarum  altera alterius  caufafada 

paaj/tito,  eftc.connexorum  enim  vnum idemquc 

D^tr*  cftiudiciu<i.  fecusver6eftinfeparatis^ 

c  Aiciat,  ad  vndefiquisin  vnamlegecommittit,al- 

^Z/T  ^erius  leois  beneficio  non  cxuitur ;  6^ 

d  ctr^yiato,  heres  in  primis  tabulis  inftitutus,  «in 

^7%;']^^.fecundis  fubftitutus  :  poteft  repudiata 

tLt^.DJevi  hereditateex  primis tabuliSjadire ex fe- 

cr-ui^nn^^cundishereditatem^  Q"are in  belief  ai 

«fc  v«/g,  c^  etiam  n  cu  m  perfido  &  rcedifrago  noltc 

I'^K         xt%  fir,  &  qui  remel,iterum,&  fepius fide 

fefellit ,  viciffim  fidem  fallerc  non  licetx 

nifiper  hoftemftet,  quo  minus  couen- 

torum  fides  fer  uetur :  vtfuperius  often- 

dimu5i 


Liber   primvs.  y^ 

climiis :  alioqui  vero  perfidiam  perfidia 
vlcifcifemper  turpilfimum  fuit.quo  no- 
mine Lucullus  maieaudiuit ,  qui  Lufii- 
tanos  5  rupiis  foederibus  bella  gerentes^ 
contra  iurifiurandi  fidcm^dolo  circutn- 
lientos5per  fummaimmaniratem  om- 
nes  trucidauit  J  barbaros imitatus  5  nul- 
la Romanse  dignitatis  ratione  habitat  L/.h1)!^ 
&Ser.  Galba  a  Libonc  trib.  plcb.  pxo  b.v«/.Mrfx, 
roftrisaccufatusfuit,  quodLufiranoru  cui^!jg„, 
magnara raanum  ruptis  pa<ftis  rebella-  UH.§.fr£tor, 
tium,  interpofitafidc,  praetor  in  Hi/pa- 1*^^^«!!' 
22  nia  interemiiTet  **.  Denique  padum  *  4  i.&ei^i- 
quoque  foederis,  pads5veiindutiarum,  {^^^a.* 
dolo  maloinitum^nuliiuseritmometi.  ^.uDMtm- 
padaenini  conuenta  dolo  malo  irrita,  "^lj.s/anio. 
iion  tuetur  praetor  '^ :  &  dolus  dans  cau-  neCJetrsr. 
iamcontraduibonae  fidei,facit  contra-  sc  Ve?.**'' 
dum  ipfo  iure  nullum  «J.quod  ita  verum  ni./«m!c. 
eft,vt  tameinarbitrioeiuspermitcaturj  fj^'^'^r^ 
qui  deccptus  eft^velit  nee  ne  padis  ftari:  credttoribM. 
alter  verb  qui  dolumadmifitjaudiendus*^-'^^''^^ 
no  efl^.  nemo  enim  ex  dolo  fuo  lucrari,  ^i.  aMoffi-> 
autaliis  nocere  debet  f:  &  propter  mala  «f  ^»-.». 

r  \  \        '  1  •  n  decond.empt, 

hdem  altenus  contralientium  ,  potelt  i.uiia,m.§, 
cotraduspendereexarbitrio  alteriusg.  t^^^riti^ 
Legiraus  tamenin  facris  littens^auod  tmft.i.cndi' 
lofue.  licctdolocircuuentusa  Gabao-  tor.^.u«v*$ 


De   ivre   et   off.  beli. 
nitis,6«:deprchenraeorumfraude(qu6d 
cum  finitimi  eflent,&  e  terra jquas  a  Do- 
mino Ifraelitis  promifTa  erat^aduenas  fc, 
&elonginquaterraefre5CommcntitieP» 
fent^vtpaccm  ab  Ifraelitis  irapctrarem) 
tamen  pacem5quam  dedcrat^reuocanda 
non  efle  cenfuit :  ne  dum  alienam  perfi- 
a  loy&e  C.9.  djam  redargueret/uam  folueret^.  kdyVt 
'^^i'^*  inquitD.Ambrof.b  Vetereibidedoio, 
hof/icM.3,  noniuriiperitorumformulam ,  fed  pa- 
triarcharumfentetiam^fcripturadiuina 
cxpreffitrquaenonadpoliticam  neceffi* 
tatem,(ed  ad  plenitudinem  pcrfe(5tionis 
Chriftianx  pertinet.  fed  &  lofuequoq^, 
quamuisGabaonitasliberarctdemanu 
filioru  Ifi-ael^ncocciderenturjmaledixic 
tamen  eis,  propter  fraude  ipforum ,  dc- 
cloj&ectfjHj  crcuitque vt  inferuirent  cudi  populo^* 

DEFOEDERIBVS   £T  IN- 

DVT  I  IS. 

/     TrU  feeder  um  genera^ 

2     lM  ate  Hat  em  comiter  coffferuarejn  f(g^ 

dtribtis  add't  folitu^quam  vim  habeat. 
$     R  omani  nunquam  cum  ho  fie  armatofoe^ 

dm  facer e  foUti, 
4     Slutd Inter  foedui&ffifionem  inter ftt* 
$     Bux  belli  facem  cum  koHe^  imujfufrtH^ 

dp  IS  facer c  non  pteft. 

6    ^n 


Liber   primvs,  7^ 

4     An  dux  hc/li^fcutfAcem^  &  iniutiasfa* 

cere  prohiUatur, 
/     Princefs  utrkm  vulitati<  pubUucAuft 

poteh  pr'iuatis  quid  detraher^^ . 
i     Tr weeps  ajlriSiu^  Ugibm  mtutd» 
p     Reges  quatenus  fmt  domini  0  mnium. 
19  An  prmceps  teneatur  ex  feeder e  i6io  cum 

frmcipCy  cutfuccept, 

Capvt  septimvm. 

QVod  ad  foEdera,  quibus  hofti  fidem 
,obftringimus,attinet5fciendum  eft 
I  tria^fuiile  olim  foederu  genera ,  quibus 
incegre  pacifccrecur  amicitias  ciuitates, 
regesque:  vtdifcrtc  Menippus  Antio- 
chi  legatus ,  Romam  de  pace  tniflus ,  T. 
QuintiocQndi(reruita.vnum3Cumbel-aLWK»/«44 
lo  vidis  dicerentur  leges,  vbienim  om- 
nia ei,  qui  armis  plus  polTet ,  deditaef- 
fcnt  j  qua?  exiis  habere  vidor,  quibus 
inultari  eos  vellet,  ipfius  ius  atque  arbi- 
triuerat.6e  talefbedus  fuit,quod  i£ne^, 
dcferta  Troia,  pacemdeprecanti ,  ab  A- 
chxis,  quieumiiiiequebantur,  datum 
fuit:  his coditiQnibuSjVti€neas&  foci), 
cum  fuis  rebus  quas  in  fugaexportaue* 
rant,  intra certutempusagroTroiano 
cxcedcrent  J  cafteliis  in  poteftatem  A- 
K  3         chasorum 


De    ivre   et  off.  bblu 
a  VknM^!,  chscoru  m  traditis  ^ :  &  quod  Roman!  ca 
^bq.s^oma,  ^quisfeccrunt^hislegibus:  -^quorum 
populij  faluis  Puis  agris,  Romanoru  fub- 
diti  fun  to  iRomanis  nihil  mittQto^prse- 
ter  auxilia,  quoties  accira  fuennt,eaque 
hDion.nai.  fumptuproprio^.  Talcetiafoedusfuit, 
wX'^°'"*  quod  Apuli  a  Romanis  impetrarunt. 
nonenim  a?quo  fosdere,  vt  inquit  Li- 
cW.9.       uius*^:  fed  vt  in  ditionepopuli  Roman! 
effent,  conuenit.  eiufderaquoqucgc- 
neriseft  foedus,  quo  Philippus  ex  om- 
nibus Graecf^ciuitatibus  prf  fidiadedu- 
cere  iuflus  eft ,  naues  &  elephanres  tra- 
dere^mille  lalcntum  populo  Rom.dare, 
extra  Macedonian  fines  bellum ,  iniuflii 
diiuimi^i  Senatus  gerere  prohibitus^.&quo  An- 
tiochus  ,  cum  omnis  Ailacrs  Taurum 
monte  Romanis  cefTit^naues  ornamen- 
taque  tradidit^duodecim  milliatalenta 
atticainduodecimannospcfionibusa?- 
-^ia«^/48  quiSjRomanisdedite,  Alterum  feeder ii 
genus  fuitjCum  pares  bellOjiequo  foede- 
re  in  pace  atque amicitia  veniret ,  quale 
inter  Romulum  &  Tatium  Sabinorum 
regem  iaum  fuiile  legimus .  cum  enim 
iam  tertio ,  ^quo  Marte, fed  maxima  v- 
trinque  accepta  cladejaciecertaflenc^in- 
tercedentibus  Romanoru  vxoribus^Sa- 

bini 


LiBKR    PRIMVJt  75 

bini  generis  (propter  quasbellGexor- 
tum  eratjfoederejquam  praeliobelloh- 
nem  imponerepotius  habuerunt :  con- 
uenitqiVt  Romulus  &  Tatiuspari  po- 
teftate  honorc^uc  in  vrbe  regnarent,  6c 
vt  Sabinis  ins  ciuitatis  Romanae  dare- 
tur*.  Soletauteminhocfoedcredccl-  aD»»,Htfi!, 
ptiuisreddeodis,  vrbibus tradendis,  &  «»R*3»^^.a» 
iimilibusaequis  conditionibastrafigibw  hUmbeBoM 
ita4ueinter  Oaauiura  Caerarem^AntO'  ^^f^^^ 
nium ,  ^  Pompeium  conuenit>  vt  pace  <apa)t» 
terramari^uereddita,  negotiatoresli* 
betecommeare  omniloco  poflentiPo- 
peius  ex  omnibus  Italia?  locis  praefidia 
aeducerep  feruos  fiigitiuosino  ampHus 
adraitterctjSafdiniajjSiciliaejCorficasq;, 
&  ceteris^quas  tunc  habebat,infulis  im- 
peraretj  he  prasterea  Pcloponnefum  ac- 
ciperet;Caefer  &  Antonius  reliqua  poP 
fiderent  ^.  &  huius  generis  quoquc  e(Ie  c  Appia».  a 
videtur  foedqSjquo  i£toIis  pax  data  fuic  ^'^•^«"^•'»'i« 
a  Romanis,  his  conditionibus :  Impc- 
rium,maieftatemque  P.  R.  gens  u^tolo- 
rumconferuato,  fine  dole  malo;  hoftes 
cofdem  habeto ,  quos  P.  R.  armaque  in 
COS  ferto ,  belluinque  pariter  gerito  ^,  Uiuitam 
quamuis  enim  aequum  focdus  iftud  dici 
nonpoteft stamen  verum eft,  non tan- 

K  4  quam 


De     IVRE     ET     off.  BElt, 

quamvi(5^is  leges didas,nequequicqua 
ademptum ,  fed  fuislegibus  liberos  reli- 

v'ttttM  ^os^  Tcrtium porrofoederum  genus 
'  fuit^ciim qui  hoftes  nunquamfuerat,ad 
amicitiamrocialifoedere  inter  feiunge- 
damcoibant :  ij  nequedicerejnequeac- 
cipere  leges  fo lent :  (idenimvidoris& 
vidi  erat;)red  cerris  coditionibus  vtrin-» 
que  amicitiam  &  focieratem  inibant: 
quale  fuit  foedus  ,  quod  Latinus  cum 
i£nea  fecit,  Troianis  in  agri  partem  ad- 
mifTiSjpadtus^vteflentilliinbellOjquod 
cum  Rutiloparabant/ocij:  vtquevtriq; 

b  Dion.Hai.  altcros  pro  viribus  inuicem  iuuarcnt  ^* 

a^^u.B.m.  ^  ^^^  referri  potcft  foedus ,  quo  cum 
LatiniSjPoftumio  Cominio  &  Sp.  Caf- 
(io  confl'.  inftaurata eft amicitia .  quam- 
uis  enim  confteteosantea  fuiflefubdi- 

c  Ub.i.&^.  tos  Rom.imperio^ex  Dion. Hal *^.  tame 
propter fidelem  operam,  qua  Romanis 
nauauerant,pofteafocialifoedereiun(5li 
funt,his  verbis:  Romanis  &  Latinorum 
populis  omnibus  mutua pax efto  J  dum 
caelum  &  terra  ftationem  eandem  obti- 
nent  :&  neutrialterisbelluminferant, 
aut  aliunde  hoftes  inducat :  nee  bellum 
inferentibusjiter  tutu  pr^beantj^  bello 
infeftatis,  ope  ferant  totis  viribus :  prae- 

damque 


LiBER     ?RIMVS.  «7^ 

damque  &  fpolia  ex  aequo  diuidant,Sed 
iidem  Latini  poftea  fsepius  rebellantesj 
tandem  a  Camilloperdomitifunt,  &m 
poteftatem  populi  Romani  redadi.Hu^ 
ius  vero  foederis  genus  dici  quoque  po- 
teft  5  ciim  prouincia ,  vcl  ciuitas  aliqua 
tutelar  &  protedionialicuius  principis 
cxtranei  fe  rubijcit ,  aut  regno  velrei- 
publ.certis  legibusaccedit^.navtPro-  ^inoiuhu: 
cuIusrefpondit^Jiberpopuluseft-.fiue  ^^'  •"  'j* 
aequo  foedcre  m  amicitia  venit ,  iiue  foe-  fim<u.D.de 
derecomprehefum  eft ,  vt  is  populusal-  ^'^ "'^.  ^r"**^- 
2.  terms  populimaieltateni^comiter con-  soc»«.isi^m, 
feruaret.  hocenimadiicitur,  vtintelli-  «nci'6./».i. 
gatur  alterum  populum  (uperiore  cflej  d^i,,^. 
non  vtintelligatur altera  nonellelibe- 
rum.  &  ita  quoque  banc  claufulam;  ma- 
ieftatemcomiterconferuare,infoederi- 
busadiici  folitainterprctatur  Cicero  ^.  ci«ow/^ 
&  hoc  quidem  tertiumfoederum  genus 
duplex  dici  potcft.aut  enim  initurcaufa 
defenfionis  tantum;  autdcfenfionis& 
cffenfioniSjVtdicunt:  ideft,  tamadar- 
cendumjquarninferendumbellum.id- 
que  vel  contra  quofcunque,vt  foederati 
eofdcminimicos,  amicosque  habeant; 
vcl  cumquorundam  exceptione.  His 
addi  polTunt  ilia  foedera ,  quae  tantum 

K  5  com- 


De  Ivrh  et  Off.  eeli, 

commercij  caufa  ineutur,  vtlibere  mer- 

catores  vitro  citroque  commeare  pof. 

fint^qux  ctia  cum  hoftihus  efle  poflunr. 

fuittamenRomanisconflitutUjVtnun- 

quam  cum  hofte  armatoconditionem 

foederis  acciperent:  ncq;  cumaliquibus 

pacato  imperio  vti  folen  tjuifi  omnia  di- 

uina  &  humana  tradidifTent,  &  prsefidiu 

accepiflent ,  aut  denique  focietate  aut 

foedere  aftridi  eflent .  femper  enim  po- 

pulus  Romanusdiligentercauit,  nevi- 

a  xxanMaU  ^erctur  hoftiu  metu  imperata  facere  a. 

^'^'        itaque  Sp-  CafTiQs  conf.  legatis  Herni- 

corum  pace  petentibus  refpondit^prius 

iliis  facienda,  quaBvi(^os&  fubiugatos 

deceret ,  atque  ita  demum  petendam  a- 

hDionMai.  miciiiam  ^&T.Largiusconf.Fidenati- 

m,Kfl,iti^^z  bus  indutias  petentibus,  I'efpondit,  dc- 

ponendaeffearma,  portasque  aperien- 

das,  atque  turn  demu  impetraturos  coL 

loquium :  alioquinecpacerr,necindu- 

tias^nec  quicquam  humanum^modera- 

c  Dw».iw.  turn  que  fperandu  ds  a  populo  Roma,*^ 

*>»t*^Mi,s  SicquoquecumPyrrhus,  Albino  conC 

cum  magna  csede fugato, magnis  copiis 

audtofuo  exercitu ,  admirans  virtutem 

Romanorura ,  quodnuUam  raentione 

pacis  facercat,  prior,licct;  vi(ftor,pacein 

peteret 


LiBER    PRIMVS,  -yy 

peteret  a^quilTiinis  conditionibus^  libe- 
rationem  captiuorum,  &  auxiliumad 
fubigendam  Italia  populo  Romano  of- 
ferens : pro  his  nihil  aliud^quamTaren- 
tinis  fecuriratem^  fibiamicitiam  poftu- 
lans:  ex  fentetia  App.CIaudij  Cxci  viri 
amplilHmi,  refponrumeft,  vtiPyrrhus 
Italia  exccderct,  tumque  /i  e  re  fua  vide- 
retur,  deamicitia  ac/bcietate verba  fa- 
cerct:  quoad  vero  inarmis  eflet,  popuiu 
Romanum  aduerfus  eum  belhgeratu- 
rum^etiam  fi  mille  Albinos  pugna  fupe* 
raflet».  Similiter  y£tolispacem  peten-  f^p^/^^'J^* 
cibus,  M.FuIuiusconf.refpondit,^to-  mJL.8,c^ 
I0S5  nifi  incrmes,  depaceagentesnon  '^-^^M^i 
auditurumfe.'armailHspriuscquosque  "'  * 
omncs  tradendos  efle :  deindemille  ta- 
IcntumargcntiP.R.dandu^.  Vermina?  bUwi^M 
quoque  Syphacis  filij  legatis ,  per  quos 
petebatjVt  rex  fbciusquej&  amicus  a  fe- 
natu  appellaretur/efponfum  eftjpacem 
illipriuspetendam  a  populo  Rom. eiTe, 
quamvtrex,  fociusque,  &  amicusap- 
pellarcturc  Porrononfemperfoedere,  ctw'w^st 
fedetiam  per  fponfionem  nonnunqua 
ha? conuentiones  fieri  folent.  quidaute 

4  fnterhaecdtiointcrfit^indicant  ha?cT. 

»  Liuij  verba "^cConfuIes profeif^iad Pon-  dw.7, 

tium 


De  Ivrb   et  Off»  bell. 
tium  in  colloquium,  cum  defoederevi- ^ 
ftor  agitarct ,  negatunt  iniufTu  popuU  ^^ 
foedus  fieri  pofTe,  nee  fine  fecialibus^cae-  ^y 
rinioniaquealiarolemni.itaquc5nonvt  „ 
vulgo  creditur,  Claudiusq;  fcribit,  foe- ,, 
derepax  Caudina,  fedpcrfponfioncm ,, 
fadlaefl.  quidenimfponforibus  in  foe-  ^^ 
dereopusc(rct,aut  obfidibus:vbi  preca- ,, 
tione  res  tranfigitur?  per  quern  populu  ,, 
fit  5  quo  minus  legibus didis  ftetur ,  vt  „ 
cum  ita  lupiter  fcriatjquemadmodum  a  ,> 
fecialibusporcusferiatur.  fpopondere  „ 
confules,  praefedti,  legati ,  quaeftorcs ,  ,, 
tribuni  militum, nominaque  omnium,  „ 
qui  fpoponderunt^exftant: vbi  fi  foedere  „ 
resadaefTet,  pra^terquam  duorumfe-  „ 
cialium non exftarent:&  propternecef- ,, 
fariam  foederis  dilationem ,  obfidesetia  ,, 
DC.  equitesimperatiiqui  capite  luerent,  „ 
fi paais  non  ftaretur,     Ceterum  ficut  3, 
fummi  principis  eft  arma  mouere,  bellu 
gerere,  exercitum  cogere ,  &  deledum 
a!.}.D.*J/.  habere^ficecontrariofoedera,&indu- 
ui.mst.d,xi  tiaspacifci  cum  hofte,  fummi  quoquc 
/-p^4.fc».y/o  jj^p^j.|j  ^^ .  vtfuperiore  capite  oftendi- 

mus.itaqueaducibusbelUscitraprin-  % 
cipis,  autpopuUconfenfum,  cuius  no- 
mine &  aufpiciis  bellura  geritur ,  pax 

confti*> 


Liber  primvs»  y% 

conftitui  non  poteft.quod  olim  lure  fe- 
ciali,  &poftealege  lulia  dc  prouinciis, 
&Icge  Cornelia  Maieftatisfuitcautu^.  »cvi»Pifj. 
iniuBu  cnim  populi,  aut  citra  fenatus 
audoritatem  (cuius  poteftas  omnis  in 
principemeftcollatab)  nihil  fanciripo  b/.i.  da 
terat^quodpopulumreneretc.  Etqui-  ^*^-^"^' 
dtm ,  fi  in  ciuilibusac  forcnfibus  nego-  o/bo/*, 
tiiSjprocurator^qui  vcl  generali  madato 
ad  adione  conftituitur,  tranfigendi  de- 
cidendique  negotij  facultatem  non  ha- 
bet**:  con(equenseft ,  cum  qui  bellige-  d  umaniato 
jrandi  caula  excrcirui  prsepofitus  eft,  pa-  g^^raii.  /, 
ccm  cum  hoftibus  faciedo ,  muneris  fui  ^Z!!1'^d. 
fines  excedere.  quod  in  re  militari  maxi-  ^^  ^wato, 
mevitio^umfemperhabitumfuit^  qua  e  1.3,  $.« 
quidcmobcaufam,  pacemCaudinama  ^<^«».£>.'^'« 
T,  Vcturio,& Sp. Poftumio,cum Sam-  "^^'^ 
nitibusfadam  3&foedusaC.  Mancino, 
ciim  Numantinis  idum ,  fenatus  ratum 
nonhabuit:ficutnec  Camiliusdidator 
padionem  illam  5  qua  inter  Sulpitium 
quondam  tribunum  militum  ,  &  Bren- 
num  Gallorumregulumconuenerar^vt 
Galli,  acceptis  millepondo  auri  a  Ro- 
maniSjObfidionemrelinqucrentjUegas 
cam  paftionem  ratam  efTe^qua?  poftqua 
ipfedidatorcreatusefTet^iniufTu  fuoab 

inferio- 


De     IVRE   ET    OFF,  BBLL. 

ai«»w2*.4  infcrioris  iuris  magiftratu  fada  cflet'» 
penes  didaiore  enim  fum  ma  potcftas  c- 
^  K*'^'*  ^^^^*  ^  Salluftius, inter  Auluexercjtus 
^^  •  ^'^*  Roman!  duce^&IugurthaNumidarum 
regemfa(5ta;Senatus,inquit3Vtiparerat> 
decreuit,  fuo,  atq;  populi  iniufliijnullu 
potuifTe  foedus  fieri.  Ex  quibus conftar, 
neminilicere5iniufruprincipis5citra  cri- 
me la^fse  maieftatis  cu  hoftepacifci:cum 
c  lami'tio'  hoc  fit  fiimml  principis  «.  qua  potiffimu 
w^.D^de  ratione^LudouicUjduce  Aureliancfem, 
^tu'npM.j  iure  csefum  fuifle  cxiftimat  Bodinus**.* 
quod  fcilicetiniuflu  regis  Galliaefoedus 
iniiflet  cum  duce  Lancaftri,quare  etiam 
chiUon.  DuarenOj  quemalijfequuntur^saflen- 
wmwoi»»».    ^jj.|  j^Qj^  poffum :  qui  banc  fententiam 

f  tffgmenio  veram  elTe  putat,  in  eOjCui ducendi  tan- 
h  prooirator  tum  exercltus/egendiquccura  comifla 
t^.SZfro-  eft :  noautemineOjCuiplenalibcra^ue 
curatonb.etL  rcfum  omniu  poteftascfl;  concefli:  que 
5l  «„«  w^  etiam  ius  pacemcum  hofle  faciendi  ha- 


aui  q 


tit  ytce  etiam  lus  pacem( 


rtit.etfitB4r.  berevult^.quodnonadmitto.  Namea 
^^t/til:  qu2efiint iuris publici,  &rcgij,reparata 
<fe/«-x  3.  habet  a  iure  priuato  caufam  g ,  &:  cu  pri- 
l!m/&'i^r.  uatiscomunicari non  poflunt :  vtftipe- 
/.  conuentto.  rlorecapitcdocuimus.vndCjquantum- 
rl'i!hrtco-'  ^""^J  plena,&  libera duci  rcrum  omniu 
n^LiA.i.c. I  potellas  fit  permiffa^pacis  tame  facied^, 

&cum 


LiBER   PRIMVS,  ng 

&aimhofte  facultatenon  intelligico» 
ccffamaibitror.naeajquaefuntiurisre* 
gij,n6  vcniut  fub  quibufeunq;  generali- 
bus  verbistfed  dcmu  fi  fpeciaiiter,  &r  ex- 
prefteconcedantur^  &  quide  hoccafu,  ^  ,^^  ^^^  ^ 
imperatori  vel  duci  fanciendf  pacis po-  «•  cap.  ^uoi 
teftateexprefsecocefTa:^  fit  extra  ordi-  ^'j^fg'^l; 
nem.-necmandatumegrcdipoteritjnec  & »» i.i^V 
alteri  madare:  quia  non  habet  earn  iure  fi^^^^**^- 
inagiftratus&  imperii  >  ^^^  nudam  hgis  maJTefi^i!!^ 
adionem:  ideoq;  nihil  pro  fuo  impcrio  ^^*  ^^**/* 
agit>  vtinquitlulianusl»,  fed  proeo,cu-  lig.ZnZ 
ius  mandatum  accepit.  nam  vt  iam  fepe  '"^A**^-  f^*»- 
dixjmus,  IUS  belli  &pacisapudrummu  ^.i.^iofs. 
principem  refidet,  &  m  alium  transferri  /"«**«*«»'■• 
non  poteft.  ficque  nimiru  confules  Ro-  TtJj^Tew^ 
mani,  penes  quos  eratfummaaudori-  ff*     ^ 

'.  *  til-         «J-  -1-  0  in  l.etji  pr,g 

tas,  exercitu  acceptOjbelli  quide  geredi  tor.Djeof, 

Eoteftatem  habuerunt ;  vtq;profupar-  ^t^cuimad^ 
itrio  laceflerent^aut  inuaderent  hofte,  '■Z^"*"-''^''' 
acmilitarem  difciplinam  fua  voluntate 
regeret;  bellum  auteindicere^autfinire, 
nifiex  fenatus  audoritate,  &  iuffupo- 
pulinonpotuerut.iraq;5inquitLiuius%  ^  ^*^'^°* 
dedeuit fenatus  5 iubentepopuloj  vtP. 
Scipio,  ex  decclegatorumfentetiajpa- 
cem  cu  populoCarthaginiefi,quibus  ie- 
gibuseivideretur/accrct:&T.Qiuntio 

liberum 


De     IVRH   tr    OFF.  BHLt. 

liberutn  arbitriu  pads  ac  belli  cum  Phi- 
>  til  ^4i^i  lippo  permifTum  eft  a.  ite  Hetrufcis  pax 
data  eftj  ijs  legibus^qux  L.i£miIio  conH 
viderenturjoptimae :  &  -^quisjex  arbi- 
hnonMai.  trio  QJFabij  confulisK  idquefepiusa 
2'rt..;.R(,m4.  Romanisfadum  fuifTelegimus.'  fcicbat 
enim ,  ncminem  imperatorc  verms  a^Iti- 
mare  poflc^qua  mcnte  pax  peterctur,  & 
quo  ftatu  resefienr.  Enimuerodeindu- 
tiis*  idc  quod  de  pace,plcrisque  refpon-  ^ 
c  <:J  /,  «"•  dendum  placuit  *= :  licetcontrarium  fen- 
J!Z(u'^*  fcrit  Bartol.nam  &  hie  a  praefcripto  ma- 
**      *      dati ,  ficut  in  fuperiore  cafu ,  rcceditur: 
quandoquide  in  ciuilibus  negotiis^pro- 
curatori  tempus  ad  foluendum  dare,  no 
minus quamtranfigere  cum  aduerfario 
a  I  .fwRo.  interdidum  (it  ^.  quod  equide  admitto, 
m€.^,caiu,  fidelongiteporisindutiisagatur,  qu32 
n,trbtn;obhx.  Hon  tam  ceflationem  pugna^cocedere, 
iwif«*  fff  quam  bellofincm  imponere  videntur: 
..amnctio.  ^^^^  fummi impcrij cft.idcoquc iftiuf^ 

modiiridutias  nunquam  a  confulibus, 
aliisqueRomanoruimperatoribus;  fed 
a  fcnatu^populoque  Romano  conccflas 
fuifTc  legimus.  itaqjSamnitesvidi^pro 
foedere,quod  petebant,biennij  indutias 
Vmm  /.9.  impetrarunt « ,  Similiter  Veientibus , 
Volfmienfibus  ,/£quis,aliisquc  quam- 

plurimis, 


Mwn* 


Liber   primvs.  8o 

plurimiSijinannosaliquotafenatu^  & 
papuloinduti^datgfuntaallasveroin-ai^w''^'-^' 
dutias,quas  in  breue^Sc  in  prsefens  tepus  '^"^^'^^  "^* 
fiunt5nc  hoftes  inuicem  fe  laceflant,  (de 
quibusPaulusloduiturb)  cumbello  fi-  ^>w^/'o^«-' 
nemnoitimponant  (nambellumanct}  ^p^,^^ 
pagna  ccflac  *^)  duces  cum  hofte  facere  ^oeUmi.u 
poilc,  exifli mo  :  pra^fertim  fi  temporis  '^''^'*^* 
ratio,  velaliqua  neceflfitas,  vel  vtiliras  id 
fieri  fuadet.  imperioenim  ducidelato, 
pro  fuo  arbitrio  laceHere  ,  &  inuadcrc 
hoftempoteft)&  omnia  ea,  qua^adbel- 
lumfpe^antadminiftrare.folentitaque 
Romani  duces  ^  hoftibuspacem  pofiu- 
lantibus ,  propria  au(5lorirate  indutias 
concedereidum  Romamlcgati  adpacS 
petendammitterentur.  Itaque  Scipio 
Carthaginicnfibus  in  trcs  menfesindu- 
tiascoceflit:  vt  interim  perlegaros  Ro- 
ma? depaceagerent"^.  Libo  quoqae3&  diimul,^ 
Bibulus  Pompeianarum  partium  ,  qui 
cumcIafTeerarad  OricumjCumfummis 
anguftiis  rerum  neceilariaram  preme- 
rentur,&  velle  fe  de  maximis  rebus  cum 
Cae^re  loquidicerent,  vtdecompofi- 
tioncaduri  videretur: interim  indutias 
aM.Acilio&StatioMurcOjlegatisCas- 
faris  (quorum  alter  oppidi  muris,  alter 

L         prae- 


De     IYRE     feT     OFF.    BELL, 

pr^iidiis  terreftribuspraeerat)  impetra- 
runr.  magnum enim, quod adferebant, 
videbatur5&  Csefarcm  id  fummefciebat 

a  ctfav  de  cuperea.  Leges quoque  pacisipfi  duces 
dicerelolent.-qu^liaccipcrenturabho- 
flibus,  indutiasconcedcbant  5  dum  de 
pace  legatis  fuis  RomamifTis,  infenatu 
agerent.  vt  Scipio  cum  Carthaginienfi- 

htittiati^o  bus fecundo fecit  ^:  eodemqueaudorCj 
L.Scipio  frater,  Antiocho  deui(5to  con- 
ditiones  pacis  tulit5permifitque  vt  lega- 

cUwmL^j  tosde  pace  Roma mitteret^.&T.Quin- 
tiusNabidijIaceda^moniorumtyranno, 
fexmenfiumindutias  dedit,  vtinterim 
coditiones  pacis,  quasilliprsefcripferar, 

d Lt«r«i/.44  ^ fep3ju confirmarentur  ^. & ide  Quin- 

tius,  Philippo  indutiis  induosraenfes 
datis,  vt  de  conditionibus  pacis,de  qui- 
businteripfosadlum  erat,  Romam  le- 
etw/w^.42  gatosmitteret5permifit^roletqifenatus 
plcrunque^confilio  ducis,pacem  ab  ho- 
ftibuspetitam^darevelnegarejvtmodo 
diximus.ali  j  vero  populi  non  tantamfa- 
cultatem  fuis  ducibus  conceflerunt.  Le- 
gimusitaque,  ciim  inter  Agidemlace- 
dxmoniorum  regemj&TrafybuliJ,  AI- 
ciphronemque  Argiuorum  duces  pad^ 
cffent  quattuor  mefium  indutif /adum 

fuifle> 


LlSER    PRIMVS.  8r 

fuifle  J  auftore  Alcibiade,  vteas  Argiui 
ratas  non  habeicnt,  &  Laccdasmonios 
quoque  easirritas  fecifTe  :  quoseam  ob 
caufam  adeo  in  regem  fuum  indignatos 
fuifTe  fcribit  Thucydidcs ,  vt  lege  lata, 
duodecim  confilianos  ei  adhibuerint, 
fine  quorum  confilio ,  neque  indUtias , 
ncquequodciique  foeduscum  hoftibus 
ferircpoflet.  reges  autem  Laceda^mo- 
niorum^nullum  Imperium  hdbuifTe^ne- 
que  fuiffe  fui  arbitrijj&tis  conftat ^,  Sed  a  Dion.viac, 
cum  princepSjCui  populusomneimpe-  ^l^'^'J,'^fl^ 
riuminfepoteftaremqueconGenit^jde  m^.c.  ' 
negotiisadremp.fpedantibus.redeat-  ^  ^*v^** 
que  vciliter  pacifcatur ,  nue  pacem,  nue 
aliud  quodcunque  foedus  cum  hoftibus 
faciatc :  quserut  lurisinterpretes,  an  pa-  <^  ^-comkUd' 
cem  cum  hoftibus  faciedo ,  priuatorum  ^^^;  ^'  '^ 
7  damna^&iniurias,  ob  caufam  belli  ac- 
ceptaSjpoflitremitterejVeletiambona 
ciuium hoftibus concedcrc^.&quidem  dini.in^. 
quod  ad  resbellocaptasattinet,  dubiu  "^'l^;*'"-^ 
no  ell.  cum  etiam  nne  vlla  prmcipis  pa-  z^wnexM 
aione^iurebelli/adsB  fint  hoftium.ide-  ftf^,: 
queaicendumeudeauisdamnis,&in-  V4t9  ,««/?. 
iuriis  iure  beUi  illatis.  quod  ad  alia  vero,  J^^^-  ^'^''* 
qusenon  funt  hoftibus  acquifita,  velab 
miuftis  hoftibus  ablata:  fialitcrcomuni 
L  2  omnium 


De   ivre   et   off*  bell. 

omnium  faluti  confuli  non  poffitjetiara 

illaciuibusadimi,  &  hoftibus  conccdi 

poterunt.  communis enim  vtilitasfin- 

a  Authmt,   pulorumcommodo  praefcrri debet*.  & 

com.itiegj.  vtaitPliniusb,  oportetpriuatisvnliia- 

*'^bT'  ^*  ^i^^^pul^^^^^^Sjmortalibusgternasantc- 

foa^,L.ymc.  ^^^^^ •   Q"^  fpcdat  quod  Tacitus ait : 

^.peny^ucje  Omnc magnum cxcmplum  habere  ali- 

htpljiM^^l  quid  ex  iniquo,quod  contra  fingulos  v- 

tilitate  publica  rependitur.  Itaque  Tra- 

fybulus ,  cum  ciuitate  Athcnienfem  tri- 

ginta  tyrannorum  fguitialiberaflct,plc- 

bifcitum  interpofuit,  ncquapra?terita- 

rum  rerummentiofieret:quf  maforum 

ohVmio  ^cLfJinTicf,  abipfis  vocitata,  con- 

cufTum&labentemciuitatisftatum,  in 

c  Vfl?.Mw,  priftinum  habitum  rcuocauit  ^.  quod  & 

*^"**"^***  Cicero aliquandoRomfjpublic^quieti 

a  p/».v/>/».i.  confulere  volenSjfequcndueflecenfuit^*. 

Sed  hoctum  maxime  necefTarium  elle 

conftar,cum  occupata  per  injuria  bona, 

logotemporisfpatio  pofTcflafunt;  quae 

fia  poflefToribus  auferantur,  reftituan- 

turquedominisjmultaconcutijpertur- 

bariquefit  nccefle.vt  infpecienonabfi- 

mili^cofultusa  PlinioTraianusimpcr. 

e  w.io,  e.  prudentiffimerefcripfit^.  alioquicerte 

l»^.f  H.   nifi  ex  maxima  neccfliiate,&  pro  magno 

reipub* 


Liber  primvj.  83 

reipubl.  bono  noa  licet  principi  bona 
ciuium  ip/]sadiroere:quodiuri  natural! 
&diuinorcpugnat*.  Etenim  quamuis  a  /.  imw^c 
8  princeps*legibusfolutus fit ^;lege  tame  ^^^'^  ^jj*^ 
natura?,vtPyndarusdiccbat,oranesre-  yi],riiM/«*  * 
ges,  &  omnes  principes  tencntur :  &  vt  ^  ?"» ^  * 
fnaximelargafitprincipispoteftas,  ta-  Vi'pmct^. 
menadeaqufiniuftafuntjnon extendi-  D.deitg.i;«. 
tur.  eoq;  fpedatjquod  Plinius  ad  Traia- 
numfcribit*^:  Vt,inquit,felicitatiseft;  cwP^wfgj^r* 
pofTequantum  velis ,  ficmagnitudinis, 
vellcquatumpoffis.vnderefcriptaprin- 
cipumitaintelligidcbetjVtfineincom- 
modoaheriusprocedant^.  &non  valet  a  /.  2.  f  /» 
jJIa re/cfipta ,  qua? ius  alterius  tollunt  ^  «/"^f^  Z""*'^ 
Qua  ratione donatio  ducatusMediola-  C/oc."lS, 
nenfisabimperatoreMaximilianOjLu-  ^«/«^'Z"'»-  c, 
douico  XII,  Gallorum  regi  fada,  caufa  o^C  ""^' 
belli  fuit,  propterius  quod  Sfortixin  e'-^-  ^-^* 
cundemducatumpraetcndebant :  quod  J^,>/""^' 
imperatornonintelligitur  voluiffedo- 
nare,  nee  potuit  ^  quamuis  enim  re^es  ^/'f'^  ^''; 

1.  \  .     .        *      .  w     ,  *^     ,   din.de  reb.l.x 

p  dicanturdominiomnium,  hoc  quoad  f.,y,.9,  ^ 
maieftate,  &imperium debet  intelligi,  %J-*nrema- 
non  quoad  proprietatem  &  polleilio-  vtJid.cnoia 
nenij  quae  eft  fingulorum  S.  quodelega-  ft.Dde^cq, 
terSenecaexpreiTit^^ciimait :  Ad  regcs  'hhb'"'.  ^,^. 
po^eftas omnium  pertinetj  adfingulos  (tyihtnef. 
L  3  proprie- 


De    IVRE     ET    off.  BELl, 

proprietas :  &  paulo  pofli  Omnia  rex 
imperio  poiScktjfinguIidoniinio ;  om- 
nia funt  in  imperio  Csefaris^in  pacrimo- 
nio  propria.  Quare  Aratutn  Sicyonium 
a  offcMKi,  iurclaudatumfuifTerefert  Cicero'*:  qui 
cumoppreffo  Niocle  tyranno  patriam 
liberafletrquajquinquagintaannisaty- 
rannistenebaturj&plurimosexulesre- 
ftituifletjquorum  bona  alij  poffcderant, 
&  tarn  logo  fpatio  multa  hereditatibus, 
multaemptionibus,  multa dotibusde- 
tineri^atque  fine  iniuria  neque  poffeflb- 
ribusadimi^neq;  his  non  fatisfierijquo- 
rum  illafuerant  videret.-grandi  pecunia 
a  rege  Ptolomaeo  iuuatus ,  adliibui  t  fibi 
in  confilium  quindecim  principeSj  cum 
quibuscaufascognouit^&eorumquia- 
lienadetinebant,  &corumquifuaami- 
ferant :  perfecitquc  seftimandis  poffef- 
fionibuSjVtperfuaderetaliis^vtpecuniS 
accipere  mallent&  po flefToribus  cede- 
rent;aiiis  vt  comodius  putarent,nume- 
rari  fibi  quod  tanti  efTer,  quamfuumre- 
cuperare.  itaqjperfedumeft,  vtomnes 
conftituta  concordia/me  querela  dece- 
derent.  Similiter  Brutus  &Cafrius5p6ft 
necem  CaefarisCquadoquidem  acf^aeius 
ratahaberic  rep.  vifumerat)  veteribus 

poffef- 


Liber   primvs,  S^ 

pofleflbribus,quibusSyIla  &  Cgfarbel- 
lis  ciuilibusaeros  ademerat,  (altero  prc- 
cium  ex  publica  pccunia  numerari  de-. 
bereccnfebant :  quo  &  illi^  fatisfadum, 
&aliis  fecurior  efTet  pofleffio '.  Porro  a  A^^ian.  «fe 
10  qu^ritur  an  mortuoprincipeVuii^  ^uo  ^«''•"«♦''V'-z. 
foedusi(flueft,mancatfoeduscum  prin- 
cipequifucceflit.  &  quidcm,  quamuis 
quoad  alios  contradus,  diftinguendum 
videatur :  fucccflerit  ne  tanquam  hercs, 
qui  ex  fado  defun(5li  tenetur  ^ ;  an  vero  b  uti  a  «^ 
ex  ftatuto,  vel  per  ele(flionem ,  qui  fadu  ^^'  ?•  '^^  "^ 
derundi  non  prasftat ;  perfbnalis  enim 
obligatio  no  manatad  fucceflbrem^  nifi  p;^^''J„^^*^ 
hereditaria  c  :etiam  fiquisexprefse  pro-  empu.i.^.fi 
mifcritpro  fe^ac  ruccefToribusfuisd.  ta-  ^!^"  ^ff' 
men  quoad  foedera5aliaiqueconuentio-c.(ie/;«..«^. 
nes  publicaSjquae  non  nomine  proprio,  %'f'^'*'^l''* 
fed  reip.ineuntur(qua?  «eque  reprsefen-  *v7rbor,'obhg, 
tatur per fiicceflbres,  vt  per  eos  qui  funt  ^  '•  P'^^"'; 
nodie*^)  pnncipem  omninoexcotrac^u  ,«</♦. 
defundi  teneri  dicendum efl,&'  foedera-  J  '^**- '^^Z:'"*'- 
tosfoedereaftridosmaneref.Nonitaqj  dd.  c.gJ,« 
fuiclegitima  caufa  rebellandi  Veienti-  «*»^'^  i^.^.x 
bus,&  FidenatibuSjregnanteTuIIo  Ho-  ini",Zi%] 
ftiliOjUeque  Latinis,regnateTarquinio  ^.decouHtu 
Prifco,  qui  poft  Anciobitu  fcreligione  c'r^^^J^rX 
foederis  folutosexiftimabat:neque  He-  'vk«/.w, 

L  4  trufcis, 


Db     IVRE     Er    OPF.  B£Lt. 

trufcis,  quidefundoTarquinio  Phsco, 
cuius  imperio  fefubmiferantjnolebanc 
^T)Un.}jai  aniplius  ftarc  conditionibus  foederis^. 
a-»t.Rj>m.i.j,  &  iure  Romani  Perfeo  bellu  intulerunt, 
^^'         quilegatisipforu,  fbeduscum  Philippo 
patre idum,  ad  fe nihil pertinere refpo- 
bLwiJH/^j  dit^.Sitame  pcri(tiufmodifoedusrcfp# 
enormiter  fit  Isefa,  fucceflbrc  non  teneri 
<cyn.  &    plerifquevifumeft*^.  quod  admitto,fi 
^v7x!'ci  hacconuentione  quidcxiis,  qua^regis 
dcconji.pnn,  coronsc  funt  annexa,  fit  alienarum,citra 
^Mnltn^d  populi  vel  ordinum  confenfum ,  qui  ad 
a  c.i>w,  hoc  requiritur^  :vel  fi  maieftas  principis 
mntti'i.  fit  imminuta,quodin prsiudiciumde- 
12.9.'.  I, L^^  fundifieri  non  potuit^,  &ne  abinitio 
^^rJfiub's  ^"idem  iftiufmodi  conuentiones  vllo 
t^Mo,        modo  fubfiftere  potuerunt  f.Ex  his  co- 
c^r^..t.ft.  ft^f^omnium  firmifrimaeffeilla  foedera^ 
fAwT.c.4.  quse inter vtrumquercgem,  &ytrumqj 
populumhincindeincutur.quofpetot 
quod  Hernici,  iegatisRomanorumex- 
poftulantibus  deiniuriis  &  latrociniis, 
refponderunt ,  fibinunquamfoedusin- 
terceffiflecum  Ron3.popiiLo:quodaute 
cum  regeidtumefletTarauiniOjiamfi- 
g  D.'.»  H4i.  nim  exiftimare ,  morte  ipfius  &  exilic  S. 
»4.8,  ■      Itaq;  Eduardoeiusnoniinis  quarto regi 
Angliae,regno  pulfo,cumexfoedereau- 

xilium 


LiBER    PHIMVS.  2  A 

xiliuffl  regis  Galliae  imploraret^refpon* 
fum  fuit,  antique  foederevtrumque  re- 
gcm,  &  vtrumque  populum  vtrinqug 
obftridtosefleiatquc  ita  pulfo  Eduardo, 
foedusmancrecum  populo,  &regequi 
regnabata.  Latini  vero,  cum  Tarquinij  a  nf^^^ 
in exilium adi  Romanisbellfiinferrent,  ^"^-^r^f-U 
Vtrifqueauxilianegauerunt,  qu6dreli«  '^'^* 
gione  vetarentur,  tarn  contra  Tarqui- 
nios  3  quam  cotra  R  omanos  bdlnm  ge- 
rere :  quandoquidem  ex  aequo  vtrifquc 
foedcre  iundi  eirent  b,  b  d»<.».k4. 

PE  INSIDIIS  ET  FRAVDE 

H  O  S  T  I  L  I, 

2  Bontis  doim  quis, 

3  Stratagemata  imperatori  Uudem  pariui, 

4  Romani  veteres  omnes  fraudes  ajfernAti 

funt* 

5  Veteres  mnnunquam  fola  opmom  fyn^ 
cerafidei  plusprofecere^  qukm  armis* 


-AP.    OCTAVVM. 


/^  Vm  quis  bellum  fafceperir,  inquit 
^^  D.  Auguftinus  *^5 vtrum  apcrte  pu-  a  mc.nom^ 
I  gneturjanexinfidiis^^ad  iuftitiam  nihil  "*^'^"'*' 
3  attinet;&  bonum  dolum* (quod  pro /b-  ^**^  '** 

L  5  lertia 


Db  ivre  et  Off.  bell. 

lertia  accipieban  t  veteres )  dicit  effe  VI- 

pianus ,  cum  quis  aduerfus  hoftem ,  la-» 

loV^^^jUi  fronemuequidmachinatura.  itaqj  op- 

XJo,   '  '  *timusimperatorLylander  dicebatj  vbi 

leonina  pellis  deficeret,  vulpinameffe 

b  p^.w  A-  afliiendam^&  poetaefinxeruntjHercu* 

f"/'**         lem  Neme^i  leonis  pellem  pro  armis 

habuifle,  &(agittastin(5tasfellc  &fan- 

guine  Hydrse  Lernsec. quo  indicant  bo- 

num  imperatorem  calliditatem  fimul 

cum  fortitudine  coniungere  debere:eo- 

que  (pedtat  illud  Virgilianum: 

I)olu4  an  virtue ^  quis  tn  hoHe  requirat. 
Quae  fententia  vera  eft ,  quatcnus  fides 
cf.»»oK.23.  ^o^  violetur*^.  neque  enim  Dionyfio 
3M.1.         tyranno  fimiles  efle  debcmus ,  qui  dice- 
bat  pueros  talis ,  viros  iureiurando  fal- 
w/tfrt'*'^*'^'  ^^^dos  effe  *^ :  aut  Perfas  imitari ,  quibus 
fides  didis  fadisque  nulla  erat,  nifi  qua- 
e  i«»/im./.i2.  tenusexpediret^  aIioquiver6&  lofue 
hoftibus  fuiSjipfo  audlore  Deo,  infidias 
f  lo/ie  8.     flruxiffe  legitur  ^.   &  Pittaci  Mitylenei 
(qui  vnus  ex  fepte  fapientibus  fuir)  ftra- 
tagema  laudatur,  qui  cum  Phry  none  A- 
theniefiuni  duce  certaturus,  cui  in  cafli- 
de  pifcis  imagucula  erat,  rete  in  ftadium 
detulit5&  exclamans  fe  pifce  petere,eum 
retiinuoluitjficquefe  extricare  nefcien- 

tcm, 


LiBBR    PKIMVS.  85 

tem5Confecit.  Re(^e  itaq;  A^efilausdi- 
ccbatjimpium  quidem  elte  fidem  daum 
violarcj  hoftcsautemdecipere,  noniu^ 
ftum  mods  efie ,  fed  fuaue  etiam^  &  lu- 
crofiim  a.  Cambyfes  veroa  Cyro  apud  a  pw.ibA- 
Xenophontem  interrogatus,  qua  potif-  ^°^^* 
fimumrationevincendum  efTet/efpon- 
dit,  fividoriacupitur,  quacunquearte 
Capiendi  funt  hoftes,  occultis  infidiis, 
doloj  fraudeque  fallendij  &  furto  &  ra- 
pinis  exhauriendi .  fie  oportunum  ali- 
quando  mendacinm  imperatoriSjVido- 
riam  dedit ;  vt  illud  Valcrij  Leuini ,  qui 
exclamauic  Pyrrhumafeinteremptum 
efle,cum  militis  cuiufdam  c^dc  gladium 
cruentum  haberet :  quofadum  eftjVt  E- 
pirot^  confternatijin  caftra  quam  prima 
pauidiacflentesfcreciperent.  Similiter 
T.  Quintiusconf.cumVolfcispugnaSj 
gradumreferentibusfuis,  falubri  men- 
dacio  fiigerehoftes  a  cornu  altero  cla- 
mitans,  concitauitaci^  &  impetu  fado, 
dum  fe  putat  vincerejViccre  K  Quas  qui-  b  Hmusi.z, 
J  demftratagemata* maxima  imperatori 
laudem  &  gloriam  dare  folent,  Hac  autc 
cauendi&fallendiarte,  Philippus  Ma- 
cedo  infignis  habitus  fuit  jgaudcbat  etc- 
nim  longe  magis,  decepto  per  dolum 

hofte. 


De  Ivre  bt  off.  bell. 
hofte,  quamapertoMartefuperato  :Vt 
qui  diceret,  vi^loriam  perdolum  &cal* 
liditatem  finefuorum  cladefemper  efle? 
iilam  autem  ,  qua?  collatisfignisfieret, 
nunquam  fine  cruore.  Poeniquoquc, 
inter  quos  Annibal  darus  exftitit ,  & 
Craeciplurimumhifce  calliditatis&  FaU 
lendiartibus  gloriatifunt.quod  impro- 
bandum  non  effetj  nifi  etiam  fidem  tarn 
facile  violafTent.  atveteresilliRomani*  4 
omnes  has  fraudes  &  fallaciasafpernati 
funtjS:  non  nifi  vera  virtute,&  apcrta  vi, 
Romanisqueartibus,vtillidiccbat5vin- 
ccre  voluerunt .  fed  pofterioribus  tcm- 
poribus  Romani,  fpretahae  maiorum 
fuorum  fententia,  fallendi^decipiendiq; 
ardbu^  fibi ,  rei^ue  publico?  confulerc 
potius  habueruni.itaque  Q.Martius,& 
A.  AttiliuSj  quilegatiad  PerfenMace- 
doaum  regem  mifli  crant,  reucrfi,  nulla 
remagisin  fenaru  gloriati  funr,  quam 
decepco  per  indutias,  &  fpe  pacis  hofte: 
adeo  enim  apparatibus  belli  fuifle  in- 
ftrudumJpfisnuUaparara  re,  vt  omnia 
oportunaloca  pra^occupari  ante  ab  eo 
potuerint,  quam exercitus in  Graeciani 
traijceretur  :  (patio  autem  indutiarum 
fumpto,  vcturum  ilium  nihiloparatio- 

rcm: 


LiBER    PRIMVS,  2S 

rem :  Romanos  omnibus  inftrudiores 
rebus coepturosbellum»  hacc ,  vt  refert 
Liuius^,  vti fumma rationc a(fia,  magna  ^  ^^ 
parsfenatusapprobabat.vetcresautcmj      *  ^ 
quibus  hasG  noua  minus  placebant  fa- 
pientia  morisandqui  memores  ^  ncga- 
bant  fc  inealegatione  romanasagnof- 
cereartcs :  non  perinfidias,  8c  no^urna 
praelia,  nee  /imulatam  fugam,  improui* 
losque  in  incautum  hoftem  reditus^nec 
vtaftumagisquam  vera  virtutegloria- 
rentufj  bellamaioresgefififle;  indicere 
prius^quamgererefolitosbellaidcnun- 
ciareetiam;  interdum locum  finire,  in 
quodimicaturieffent.  eademfideindi- 
catum  Pyrrhomedicum  vitx  eius  infi- 
diantem:  eademFalifcis  vindum  iradi- 
tum  proditorem  filiorum  regis.hgc  Ro- 
manaefTe^nonverfutiarumPunicarum, 
neque  callidiratis  Gr^  cse^apud  quos  fal- 
lere  hofle ,  quam  vi  fuperarc,  glorio/ius 
fuit .  interdum  in  praefens  rempus  plus 
proficidolo ,  quam  virtute ,  (cd  eius  de- 
mum  animum  in  perpetuum  vincijCui 
confeffio  e^prefTa  efTet ,  k  neque  arte, 
nequecafu/ed  collatis  cominusviribus, 
iuftoac  piobelloeilefuperatos.  Ha^c^vt 
inquit  Liuius^(eniores,(juoru  fententia 

accepta 


De     IVRE   ET    OFF.  BElt. 
DE  IVRE  LEGATORVR 

r     Legati  inuiolahiUs. 

2  Legatum  hoH'mm  Jul  fans  dedi  hofiibfCi 
folet. 

3  Legati  Ugationis  munui  excedere  mn 
fo^ttnt, 

4  lui  UgAtermn  hoflibm  ta?jtum  conuenih 

5  R  chillis^  etiam  ft  intmere  legations  fun» 
gatur^mn  efl  inuiolabilis. 

6  iS^d  nhilles  legatos  miner e ,  makftatl 
fr'tncifis  nonconuenit. 

7  Jn  legatis  fpeCianda  prudentia  &  cU-» 
gnitd^. 

S    Nonnuquarn  mulkribffs  legatiohes  com* 
mijfa» 

Capvt    NONVM. 

Egati  apud  *omnes  gentes  femper  1 

tuti,  &inuiolabilcsfuerunt5  quod 

hlvU,i>Ae  iure gentium  indu(5lumcft^•& a Roma- 

^^^u^Mfi,  nisfanaididi^a  fagminibus^quxlegad 

i^  populi  Romani  ferre folent:  ficui  Jegati 

Graecorum  ferebant  eajqu^  x,>i|3ux,e/a,  vo- 

\ymi.finni.  cantur,vt  rcfcFt  Marcianus^Jra^uequi 

p..fc«r.ai-  j^g^juj^  hoflium  pulfafTet  %  autiniuria  ^ 

c  li.vu.  D.  affeciflet ,  dcdi  hoflibus  folet  ^ :  quod  & 

i^k^atfo,     jurefeciali  cautum  fuifTe  diximus .  Sic 

M.  M  milio  Lepido ,  C.  Flaminio  conff. 

L.  Minucius  Myriibus  ,&  L.  Manlius, 

quod 


Liber  primvs.  2j 

quod  Carthaginienfium  legatis  manus 
inruIerantjiuffuM.  Claudij  pr.vrbis,per 
fecialesjtraditi  funt  \cq2lus,8c  CanhagU 
nemauedia.  &  Q.Fabius&Cn,Apro-  umitttliS 
tiiusi€dilitii,qu6dIegaros,abvrbeA- 
polloniaj  Romam  miffos  y  orta  conten- 
tione  5  pulfalTent ,  continuo  per  feciales 
deditirunt^&  quidemnifidederenturj  t,  vai.Max, 
qui  legates  vioIafTent,  vcl  d  publico  c6-  ^^.6.c.«5. 
filio  id  fadum  efTctj  bellum  legitime  in- 
ferrifokt.  ItaqiFidenatibus  atroxbel- 
lumillatum  a  Romanis,  quod  legatos 
eorum  interfeciflent ,  iuflu  Tolumtnij 
regis  Veientium,  ad  quern  defecerant  '^ :  ^  n^f^  i^i 
&lllyricisob legatos  (ecuripercuffos'**  d/j/o.w,/. 
Sed  &Dauid  intuUt  bellum  regi  Am-  ^"^•^* 
monitari5,propter derifos legatos  fuos'^j  eRej.i.czo 
iniuria  cnim  fada  legatiSjCenfctur  fada 
principi  vel  reipub.cuius  legarione  fun- 
guntur  f.  Sed etfi bello  fubiro  exorto,  fcaccufatio. 
quiapudvtrumque  populum  inueniu-  ^^e^.z^'Jo 
tur,  ex  hoftibus  lerui  emciantur,licet  in 
pace  veneiint  §:  tamen  legatos  liberos  gi,inMo.^ 
tnanere,  Pomponius  refpondit :  idque  »-D''^"'»i"'« 
iuri gentium  conuenire^.  Ethseccerte  hinUvk.D^ 
fumma  ratione  legatis  tributa  funt :  vt  ''«^''"'"'t 
eflentj qui  vitro  citroquCjde  coditioni- 
buspacis,  foederis  J  indutiarum,  tutoa* 

M  gere 


De     IVRH    ET    off*    BELI4 

gere  poffent  :qui  fepe  paruo  labor^jina* 
ximas  controuerflas  tollut.  Itaque  Ko* 
manij  cum  belli  pacisque  iurajtumpo- 
ti/Iimumius  kgatonim  inuiolabiieeflc 
voluerunt:  vfqueadeOjVt  Scipio  Aphri- 
canus,  ciim  onufta  multis ,  &  illuftribus 
viris  Carthaginienfium  nauem^in  fuam 
potcftatemredegiffec,  inuiolatam  eain 
dimiferit:  quia  fe  legates  ad  eum  mifTos 
dicebant:  quauis  manifeftum  eflet,illos 
vitandi  periculi  gratia,falfum  legationis 
nomen  amplexos  fuifTeifed  maluit  Sci- 
pio  Romani  imperatoris  potius  dece- 
ptam  fidem ,  quam  fruftra  imploratam 

L^i  r***  ^"^^^^"  ^-  ^^^  ^^^  Tarquinij,iam  regno 
pulfij  Romalegati  veniffent,  res  ablatas 
repetitum ,  occulteque  cum  nobilibus 
adolefcentibus ,  de  rege  reducendo  tra- 
darenf.redetedajquanquamvificflent 
commidfTe^vrhoftiumloco  habcretur, 

b  i<i,2.  valuit  tamen^vt  ait  Liuius  b,ius  getium. 
Similiter  cum  Volfci  mififfent  aliquos 
exploratores,  fpecielegatorum  in  caftra 
Romanorum,qui  explorarenteorunu- 
merum  ,  &  apparatum  belli :  quamuis 
conuidos  &:  cofeflbs^tamen  Poftumius 
didator,  a  concitata  ad  feriendum  mul- 
titudinejincolumes  feruauit^inani  lega- 
tionis 


Liber  primvs*  S8 

tionisnomini  tantum  tribuensmeiclli- 
cet  daretur  hoftibus  aliquis  honeftus 
belli  praetextus,  firaulaturis  legates  vio- 
latoSjContrams  gentium  a.  quotamen  ar)io».M. 
excmplo  non  putarem  legates  fimilia  *«*«R«*''*»« 
molienresj  omnino  iuretutosefle,  cum 

3  legati  nihil  extra  iegationis  munus*a* 
gerepoffint*».Iureitaqj Galii,ciim Clu-  hiPoMUu.u 
finosinuafiflentjVidiffentqueFabiosIc-  i^''^^^^*»»»^» 
gates  Romanorum  (quiadeos  miffie- 

rant ,  vt  petercnt  ne  Clufinos  fbcios  of- 
fenderent)poftexequutamlegationem, 
arreptis  armis  contra  ius  gentium,  cum 
Clufinisinacieverfintes,  miffisRoma 
legatis  fuis^queftu  iniurias^poftulatum- 
que^  vt  pro  lure  gentium  violatOj  Fabij 
dederenturrcumnoimpetraffent ;  imo 
de  quorum  pcena  agebatur ,  tribunes 
militum  in  (equentem  annum  creates 
audircntrflagrantes  ira^ob  henore  vitro 
habitumviolatoribus  iuris  humani>e- 
lufamque  legatienem  .-omifTis  Clufinis> 
Romam  redta  perrexeru  nt ,  &  Romanis 
aciead  Alliamfufis^vrbemceperunt  & 
deuaftarunt.quf  calamitaSjVt  inquit  Li- 
uius^jRomanisfuperuenitjObvioIatum « '»^.54 
ius  gentium.  Porrofciendumeft,  hoc 

4  iU5  legator  um^qucmadmodum  &  reli- 

M  2         quaiu- 


De   ivre    et    off.   BHll» 

qua iura belli,  hoftibustantiim  conuc* 

nirejHon  ciiam  latronibusjrebellibusja- 

liisque,  qui  hoftium  numcro  non  con» 

d!'!ami'^'  ^^"^"f^r*-  qu2  de  re  alio  loco  diximus 

fta!'Djevcr.  fupra^.  vndc  Cicerocrcprehenditjquod 

b^c'z     6  ^^"^"^^^"but^"^  ^ffct legato  Antonij» 

c  pL%.8.*  cui  portas  vrbis  patere ius non erat ;  & 

cidem  reditu  mad  Antonium  prohiberi 

deberecenfebat.lure  quoque  Theodo- 

fius  imperator^legatum  tyrannicuiufda 

fibi  rebelliSjin  carcerem  coniec:t:&  Ca- 

rolus  V.  imper.legatos  duels  Mediola- 

nenfis  fibi  fubditi5&  bellum  machinatis 

d  refertzo'  carcerecoclufit^^.  fednecciues^necfub- 

iinAtrtfU  did*, qui  uialo  confiliOj& proditorisa-  5 

nimo  apud  hoftes  fijnt ,  quos  hoftiiilo- 
etni.popH'  ^^  haberi  voluit  Paulus*:etiamfi  mu- 
Trwtmn.  ^.  ncre  legationisfungantur,  iuregetium 
^l^clfiM^'  tutierunt.quamuisenim  loco  hoftium 
f  1,  At  beiio  habcantur,  non  tamen  iure,  quo  hoftes 
'jfhop%^.'  vtuntufjvtalibi  oftcndimus^.runtenim 
uanda.  rebelles ,  &  iniufti  hoftes,  neque  fc  vlla 
g  i.vit,p.dM  ratione  ,  principis  fui  iurifdi<5Uoni ,  & 
fac,  I.  mtrca.  poteftati,quae  vbique  locorum  lubduos 
torts,  c.  de  tenet  3  e^iioiere  po/Tunt  K  non  magis, 
^^^!Z^l  quim  Barbarius  Philippus  fcruus^qui 
Ttl'Vi  ^^^  Romae  praetor fa<5luseflct^& a do« 
•/^*r* '  ininOp(juicumperfequcbatur,infcrui- 

uitem 


LlEER     PRIMVS.  8p 

tutem  vindicarctur,  preciofe  redemit: 
vt ex Suida refertBodinus'.qua  rationc  a itb,i.cap,6 
ctiamiurcca?fividentur,  a  Csfarianis^ 
Rangonus  &  Fregofa ,  Caroli  v.  imper. 
filbditi  5  legati  regis  Gallise  ad  Turcam : 
quamuis  iniulTu  Cxfaris  id  fadlum  fit* 

^  Ad  rcbelles^  vero  legates  mitterejmaie- 
/lati  principisnullomodo  couenitjta- 
que  Cicero  reftitit,  quantum  potu  it,  ne 
legati  mitteretur  ad  Antoniunijreipub, 
bellutn  inferentem.non  enim  verbis  ro- 
gandum,(edcogendum  armisrquodno 
cumhofte,  fed  cum  ciuc  reseffet  *>.  Sc  ^^^^^^* 
quide  Deus  ipfe  adeodeteftatuseft  re-  <«^6.  '^'^ 
belles ,  &  fchifmaticos  ,  vt  cum  homo 
DeimiilusefletadHieroboam  ('ad  que 
decern  tribus  Ifracl  relido  rege  fuo  de- 
fecerantjiquieipeccatafuaexprobraret; 
panem  apud  illos  edere ,  &  aq ua  bibere 
vetaretur.  ^^cum  non  cuftodi(ret5&  c6- 
tra  praeceptu  domini  prandilTet^vitione 
diuina,in  reditu  a  leonenecatusfuerit'.  c  R^^.rj.r. 
neque  folum  indignu  eft  maieftati  prin-  ^|"'^''*'7  f • 
cipis,  legatosad  fiibditos  rebel les  mit- 
tere^fedetiam  minimetutum  eft.  non  e- 
nimfperandum  eft.  iura  gentium  fand-a 
foreapudeoSjquiiuradiuina&  huma- 

7  na  contemnunt .  Ceterum  in  legatis  * 

M  3  maxime 


De    IVRE    Bt    OFF.  BELt^ 

maxime  fpe<5^anda  eft  prudetia  &  dignl- 
tas.Carthaginienfesenimcum  Romain 
de  pace  legates  mififlent ,  non  impetra- 
uerunt :  quod  iuuenes,  &  nulliusdigni- 
tatislegatimiffiefTent ,  &  qui  per  astatS 
nonmeminirtefedicerentjeaquse  fupe- 
rioribus  foederibus  ada  efTent :  quade 
caufa  ctia  fufpcdi  habiti5&  punica  frau-- 
deeledi  putabatur:  qui  veterem  pacem 
repeterent,  cuius  ipfi  non  meminiflent. 
tandem  vero ,  cum  iam  maxime  attritis 
rebus  Carthaginienfium  ,  Hannonem 
Magnum  &  Afdrubalem  Hasdumjaliof- 
que  aetate  dignitateque  confpe(5tos  ad 
pacem  petendam  Romamitterent.-tum 
demu  Carthaginiefes  vere,&  exanirao 
de  pace  agere  dixerunt  Romani ,  quare 
a  timui /  30  &  pacem  dedcrunt ».  Scitum  quoque  il- 
ApputMei.  iudCatonis,dele2atisRomanoru  mif- 
fis  ad  componedam  pacem  mter  Nico- 
medem  &  Prufiam :  quorum  vnus  faxo 
quondam  in  caput  percuiTus,  foedas  ci- 
catrices praeferebat :  alius  laborabatpe- 
dibus :  tertiusvfqueadftultitiafimplex 
habebatur;  ita  vt  Cato  inillam  legatio- 
nem  cauillaretur ,  cam  nee  mentem  ha- 
b  Appia.  it  berc5nec  pedes,  nee  caputs  Inlegato 
hdLmhrtA,  qyQQug  nonunquam  prodeft  grauitas, 

&rei- 


Liber   primvj.  pQ 

&  reipub.caufafeueritas:  exemplo  C* 
Popilij:  cui  cum  Antiochusvenietide- 
xtram  porrigeret,tabellasei  Popilius  S. 
C,  (quoiubebatur,  vt  rex  bello,  quo 
Ptolema^umlaceffebatjabftincretjcon- 
tincntes tradidit.  qiiibus  perledis,  ciim 
fecumamicis  conrLdtatuium,quid  fa- 
ciendum fibi  cfTet,  Antiochusdiceret; 
Popilius,  pro  cetera  afperitate  animi, 
virga.quaminmanuhabebat,  circum- 
fcripfit  regem,  ac,  Priufquam  hinc  dccc- 
das  (inquit)  redde  refponfum  fenatui, 
quod  feram,  quo  tam  violcnto  imperio 
obftupefadus  rex ,  cum  parumper  hseli- 
fitafletjfaciam  (inquit)  quodcenfetfe- 
natus  :ac  turn  demum  Popilius  dcxtram 
regi  5  tanquam  focio  atque  amico  por- 
rexita.  Nonnunquam  veroetiammu-  at/W«/.4s 
8  lieribus%  cum  maximofrudu  &  reipu-  V'»'^^'**./»^- 
blicsB  vtilitatCj  legationes  comife  funt.  ''"^''^' 
itaque  regnan  te  Romulo ,  bello  Sabino 
S.C.  faclu  fuit,  quo  Sabinis  mulieribus, 
filios  Roma?  habetibus/acultas  data  eft, 
relidisapud  viros  filiis^Icgationem  ob- 
eundi  apud  Sabinos  :  cuius  legationis 
princeps  fuit  Herfiiia.  quae  pacem  com- 
pofuerunt  inter  Romulum ,  &  Tatium 
Sabinoru  regem.  qua  de  caufaaregibus 

M  4         magni 


De   ivre   et   oft.  bell. 

atbo».H4/,  magni  honoresillisconceffi  ^unt^Prf- 

€m,Ka.itb.z  ^^^^^  ^v^^  Marcius  Coriolanus  jiniquo 

cxilio  multatus,  ad  vindicandam  iniu- 

riam  ,  fufisaccaefis  aliquot  exercitibus 

Romanorum  ^ad  ipfa  moeniavrbisac- 

ce/TifTet ,  &  nequelegatiadeumdeprc- 

candumiffi,  neqifacerdotescuminfulis 

quicquam  proficerent:  Veturia  mater, 

Volumniam  vxoreclus  cum  liberis  fe- 

cu  m  trahens  ^  filiu  m  prccibus  fuis ,  &  la* 

hvaiMax.  crymisexpugnauit,& cxarmauit^. atq; 

LMorZ^A,  ^^^>  vtinquit  liuius%  quamarmisviri 

caf.zz.      defendere  vrbem  non  potuerunt,  mu^ 

cub.i,       lieresprecibusjlacrymisq.defenderunt» 

Populus  quoq;  Romanus  Mutiam,  ma# 

trem  Pompeij^  minis  adegit,  vt  legatio- 

nemadeumfufciperet ;  quainftigante, 

vna  cum  lulia  vxore ,  foedus  inter  Pom- 

peiumjAntoniumj&Odauium  Ca?(a- 

d  \ppianje  ^^^  percufTum  eft*^.  eflque  mcmora- 

beUocwiM.i  bile,  quod  de  Celtislegimus,  quicon* 

fulrationibus  de  bello ,  &  pace  mulieres 

fuasadhibebant,  &  lires  cumfociis  or- 

tas,earum  opedifcutiebanf.ex  eo,qu6d 

quondam ,  ciim  e  graui ,  &  implacabili 

difcordia ,  in  bellum  ciuile  incidident, 

mulieresinter  media  arma  progreflT?  co- 

trouerfias  omnes  miraquadamdexteri- 

tate 


Liber  primvs.  pj 

tatecompofuerant :  &  concordiam  fta* 
biliuerant .  vnde  in  fuo  ctiam  foedere, 
quodcumAnnibalcpcrcufTerunt,  fcri- 
ptum  fuit:fi  Cek«  haberent^quo  nomi- 
ne Carthaginienfesaccuiaientjiudiciu 
fore  Carthaginien^um  ducumac  prae- 
fedorum  in  Hifpania:  /i  vero  Carthagi- 
nienfesCeltisaliquidobijcerent^caufe 
cognitionem  fore  penes  Celtarum  mu- 
lieres  -•   Ceterum  prudenter  M.  Cato  a  pkt,  h 
cenfuitjnonefrepubliceaudiendostres  '■^"**"^« 
oratores  Athenienfium  ,  Carneadem, 
Critholaum,^  Diogenem:  quod  fciret 
eos  tantiim  valere  eloquentia,  vt 
quscunquevellent,  perfua- 

derepofrent,tam;Equa,  ^^^^.^^ 

quam  imqua.''  Momjt.  itf. 

Ctpl.  lib^  22, 

M  5  DE 


DE  IVRE   ET    OFFICI  IS 

BELLICIS,  ET   DISCIPLINA    M.I- 
LITAR  I, 

Liber  secvndvs* 
DE  OFFICIIS  BELLICIS> 

J      'Non  m(i  ex  iufla  can  fa  helium  geredam* 

2  D  omwAndi  cupidttas  mult  a  mala  (ecum 

adfert^ 

3  Adhellum  mn  nifi  rtece^ario  ventidum, 

4  Honnunquam  vi6lona  fins  amittitur^ 

quam  acquiritur, 

5  Secunda  moderat  e ,  aduerfa  former  fe^ 

rtnda* 
$    R  omnni  neque  vt  Bores  infolefcerc^necjuc 

vi6li  deprimi  folent, 
7     Duo  pracepta  Platonis  ad  off  da  bellka 

maxim  e  fpe&ant, 
S     V'trfortis  nihil  pro  fua ,  omnia  pro  com  - 

muni  vt  Hit  ate  faciei , 
$     ^acunqut  rat  tone  patrid  confuledum. 

1 0  LMori  pro  repuhlica  gloriofu?n . 

11  2{jn funtdamnandt ^qmin hello feobj^ 

liunt  morttsfericulo^ 

12  fro 


Db   TVRE    BT   off.   BELt. 

12  Tro  patrU  fduteUcet  fatnm  vclfilium 

JS  In  htllo  non  eli  fufcifkneta  defenfo  e»* 
rum^  cjUA  commode  defends  nonpojfunt* 

14  Non  tern  er  e  defer enda^  qua  hofiium  tm^ 

fetumferre  pojfunt, 

15  'N^n n'miumfduiendum tn  vt^os^ 

Capvt   primvm. 

aA^Sftjg^  Vm  primum  iuftici^B  munus 

officM.u  ^^^^5  fit,  vtinquit  Cicero  85  necui 

^^^^  quis  noceat ,  nifi  laceffitus 

^^^^^  iniuria:  adofliciabellicain 

primis  rpedat\vt  non  nifi  ex  iufta  caufa  i 

bellu  geratur ,  ne  ius  hu  manae  focietatis 

violetur:  &  abfit  omnis  dominandi  cu- 

piditas^qu»  non  folum  cum  iufticia  pu- 

gnat ,  fed  folet  etiam  fecuadferre  multa 

incoraoda^namjVtinquit  Liuiu$,nulla  ^ 

magnaciuitasquiefcerepoteft  r  fi  foris 

hofte  non  habet^domi  inuenit:  vtprae- 

ualida  corpora  ab  externis  caufis  tuta 

videntur ,  fed  fuis  ipla  viribus  oneratur; 

&  vt  legati  Darij  Alexandre  dicebant, 

periculofumeft  praegraue  impcrium:  & 

b  ^^u4   difficile  continere^qux  caperc  non  poP 

c.rr./,/>.4.  ficb^quareD.Auguft^  Quemadmodu 

7>6.3.«ao.    (inquit)in  corporibus  hommum,iatms 


Liber   sicvndvs»  pj 

eftmodicamftatutara  cumfanitate  ha- 
bere, quam  ad  molemaliquamgigan- 
team  pcrpetuis  afflidionibus  perueni- 
re:  nee  dim  pcrueneris  quiefcerc;  fed 
quanto  grauioribus  membris,  tato  ma- 
ioribus  agitari  malis;  fie  imperium  par- 
uum&quietum,  praeftat  magno  &  in- 
quieto.  quodindicafTequoquevidetur 
Calanus  Indus,  in  philofophise  ftudiis 
magni  nominis  :  qui  ad  Alexandrum 
Magnum  veniens ,  bubulam  pellem  ari- 
dam5in  medium  coniecit,cbambuIanP- 
que  eius  extrema  pedibus  premebat : 
pclliscumad  vnam  tantum  partem  cal- 
caretur,  reliquis  inaltum  attollebatur. 
eo  fado  5  media  deinceps  firmus  inflitir, 
atque  ita  peilis  vndique  immota  con- 
quieuit.  taliexemplo  Alexadrum  com- 
monens,  ne  in  longinquis  locis  tempus 
tereret^fed  imperii  medium  tueretur.ita 
enim  in  eius  finibus  quietura  omnia*,  a  h  ritdA" 
idqueetiam  Laccdsmoniorum  exepio  ''^*^* 
fetis  docemur:  qui  ciim  terra  marique  v- 
niuerfae  Graeciae  imperarent ,  tantaque 
'iamdominandicupiditateflagrarent,vc 
Afiamomnemfiioimperio  fubigercaf- 
iFedarent  :tantum  ex  ea  re  inuidi^^atque 
odij  contraxerunt, V t  &  imperium,  &  Ji- 

bertatem 


De     IVRB   ET    OFF.  BELL, 

bertatem  amiferint.  Prudcnteritaque 

1  heopompus ,  Spartanorum  rex ,  cum 

primus  Spartse  regibusEphorosadiun- 

xifler^exprobrantivxorijquodfiliisre- 

gnum  minus^quamaccepifiet,  relidu- 

rusefTet.-rcfpondit,  tantoidmaiusefle 

^Tiut,  ad  relidurum,  quanto  firmius  a^  &  hanc 

friaop^erttd,  quoqucfentctiam  comprobafle  videtur 

ar matus  Annibal ,  cum  ad  Scipioneait: 

Optimum  fuerat ,  earn  patribus  noftris 

mcntemdatamadiisefle,  vtvos  Italiae, 

nos  African  imperio  contetiefTemus:  ita 

aliena  appetiuimus ,  vtde  noftris  dimi- 

b  XMiiuiio  careraus  b.  Cum  itaque  in  omnibus  ne- 

coffttM.u  got"s,vtinquit Cicero ^,tum  prglertim 

inbellOjpriufquaaggrediare^adhibenda 

eft  pra^paratiodiligenSj  &  percipienda 

cogitatione  futura  :  &  aliquando  ant^ 

conftitucndum,  quidaccidere  poffitjin 

vtramquc  partem ,  &  quid  agendum  fity 

ciim  quid  euenerit :  neccommitti^dum 

aliquidjVt  aliquandodicendum  fit,Non 

putaram:quam  Iphicrates  turpiffimara 

ifUd^ina-  effcvoceimperatorisdicebat^.  Etqui- 

^^^*         dem5Vtadfecandum&  vrendumedici*,  j 

fie  nos  ad  bellararo  inuitiq;  veniemus, 

ncc  vnquam,  nifi  neceflario ,  fi  nulla  re- 

perietur  alia  medicina,  exeplo  Augufti : 

qui  ad- 


LiBBR    5ECVNDVS.  p^ 

quiadmodu  bella  omnia  execratuseft, 
&  no  nifi  ex  maxima  caufa  vnquam  hel- 
ium alicui  genti  indixit.  iadantis  enim 
ingenij,  &  leuiflimi  eflfe  dicebat  ^ardorc 
triumphandi,  &:oblaureamcoronamj 
in  difcrimen ,  per incertos  euentus  ccr- 
taminum,fccuritatem  ciuium  praecipi- 
tarc.  Bellum  quoque  non  fufcipiedumj 
viCi  maior  emolumentifpes,quam  dani 
metusoftendatur.  alioquivero^vt Ar- 
chidamus  Eleos  inconfiderate  bellum 
mouenteSjmonuitjbonum  erit  quiefce* 
rea.nam  vt idem Auguftus dicebat, mi-  aP/<v»4 
nimacommpdanon  minimo  (edtantes  ^A^«^ 
difcriminejfimilesfunthamoaureopit 
cantibus,  cuius  abrupti  amiffique  detri- 
mentUanullocapturselucropcnfaiipo- 
teft^.  quarenoneritconfultum  iis,  qui  ^  '^''"»-  «• 
inopesfuntjbelluminferre*  Cuius  rei  "^**^* 
exeplo  efle  poteft  Sefbftris  rex  ^gypti^ 
qui  primum  Scythis  belluintulit,mifris 
prius  legatis^qui  lioftibus  paredi legem 
dicerent.  quibus  Scythae  refponderunt, 
fe  mirari  tam  opulenti  populi  rege,  fto- 
lide  aduerfiis  inopes  occupare  bellum, 
ciim  magis  domi  fuerit  illi  timendura, 
quod  beUi  certamen  anceps,  prsemia  vi- 
^orisB  nulla,  damna  manit'efta  eflent, 


iguur 


De   ivre  et  off.  bell, 

igiturnonexrpecflaturosScythas,  vtad 
fe  veniatifr:  cum  tato  fibi  in  hofte  plura 

concupifcedafintjVltfoqueprodituros 
obuiam  ;  quod  &  fecerunt,  &  regem  in 
a  ittjHn.hb.z  fugam  verterunt^Expctenda  eft  itaque 
magisdeccrnendi  ratio, quam  decerta- 
di  fortirudo  :  &  prius  omnia  expcriri, 
quamarmiscertarefapienredecet.  qua- 
le Sparianoru  mos  iurelaudari  poteft, 
qui  ante  hoftium  congrefTum,  Araori 
facra  faciebant :  &  reges  Lacedsemonij, 
antequam  fignainferrcnt,Mufis  immo- 
labant,  Clementise  &  Amicitias ,  nori 
Marti ;  fatiusducetes  paCtione  hoftium 
animos,  &  pace  incruenta  conciliate, 
quam  praelij  fubirealeam.  fed  vbi  tcpus, 
neceffitasque  poftulat ,  decertandu  ma* 
nu  erit,  &  honeftum  bellum,ex  Demo- 
fthenis  fententia/cm  per  turpi  paci  prae- 
fcrendumerit.prudenterquoqueSpar* 
tana  ciuitas  ,  feucriflimis  Licurgi  legi- 
bus  obtemperans  ,  aliquandiu  ciuium 
fuorum  oculos  a  contemplanda  Afia  re- 
traxit, ne  illecebris  eius  capti,  ad  delica* 
tius  vit^  genus  prolaberentur.quod  eos 
non  fruftra  timuiflfedux  ipforum  Pau- 
fenias  fatisoftendit:  qui  magnis  rebus 
gcftis ,  vt  primum  fc  Afiae  moribus  per- 


LtBER     SBCVNDVS*  pj 

mifit ,  fortitudinem  fuam  effcminato 
eiuscultUjVtaitValer.  Max*.  emolUre  zU.z.ca^A 
nodeirubuiri  Fititaqueplerumque^vt 

4  plus  iftiufmodi  vidoriisamitratur^jqua 
qua?ratur>  vteademAfiateftiseft;  quse 
fadaRomanorum^camopibusfuis,  e- 
tiamvitia  Romamtranftuiic^.  Eftvero  ^  r«/?*'>./.36 
fords  animi,  quale  in  bello  requirimus, 
fccuda  moderate,  ad  uerfafortiter  ferre: 

J  non  perturbari  in  rebus  afperis ,  nee  tu- 
rn ultuantemde  gfadudeijci,  vtdiciturj 
fed  pr^fentis  animi  vticonfiliomecara- 
tionedifcedere,  fed  in  omnifortunaeu- 
dem  animuni  gerere.  &  is  dem Q  vir  ttity 
vtinquitLiuius,  cuius  animunecpro- 
fpera  fortuna  flatu  fuoefferet,  nee  ad- 
uerfainfringet :  qualis  Camillusdefcri- 

j,  bitur ,  cum  ait ;  Nee  mihi  di(ftarura  ani- 

jj  mosfecir,nequcexiliumademit.ex{lat- 
que  in  banc  rem  memorabilia  Roma- 
norumexempIa,vtdubiumfit,anadmi' 
rabilioresin  aduerfis  5  an  vero  in  fccudis 
rebus  Romanifuerint.  de  quibus  fer- 

6  tur*,Neque,fi  vincercntur,animosiIlis 
minui  folerejnequejfi  vincerentXecudis 
rebus  infolefcere*^.  Itaque  Albino  con-  cujiinJn 
fule,exercitu  aPyrrhocxfo  ,  &  clade 
Cannenfi  acccpta,  quse  certe  graui/Tima 

N  fuir. 


De     IYRE    ET    OFt*    BEtt. 

fuit  5  iam  tertiu  vi^is  ab  Annibale:  nulla 
vel  minima  quideabiedianimi  fignae* 
dita:  nulla  metio  pads  Romse  fuii:quin 
potius  magno animo  de  bello  reftaura- 
do  cogitatum,  &  odo  millia  captiuoru, 
quod  per deditionem,&  finepugna^in 
poteftateAnnibalis  venifrent5cum  par- 
uo  poflent  redimi,  non  placuit.  fed  odo 
millia  iuuenum  validiorumexfcruitiis 
empta,  publice  armatafunt.  Hie  miles, 
a  iib.22,  vt  inquit  Liuius  a,  magis  placuit ,  cum 
precio  minorc  redimedi  captiuoscopia 
fierer.  Similiter  Romanispra^lioeque- 
ftri  vidis  a  Perfeo  Macedonia  rege,  cum 
Perfeus  confilio  amicorum/uadetium, 
vtfecundafortunainconditione  hone- 
to  pacis  vteretur  potius^quam  fpe  vana 
euedus,  incafum  irreuocabilefe  daret, 
ad  P.  Licinium  conl.  legates  mififfet: 
quipacem  iifdem  conditionibus  pete- 
rentiquibusPhilippodataeratrfummo- 
tisarbitris,cumconrultarent,vicitRo- 
manaconftanriain  confilio,  inquit  Li- 
fe h$,^2,  uius  ^ :  &  refponderi  placuit,  ita  pacem 
dari,  fide  fumma  rerum  liberum  fenatui 
permittat  rex,de  fe,  deque  vniucrfa  Ma- 
cedoniaftatuedi  ius:  vidi  vidonbuseas 
leges,  quae  vidispraefcribifolcntjftatue- 

tCSf 


LiBBR     SECVNDVS.  p^ 

tes.  itanamquetum  tnoseratjinaduer- 
fisvultumfecundaefortunggerere:tno* 
derari  animos  in  fecundis.  cui  fimile  eft 
fadutn  Marcellij  qui  exercitu  fuo  pridie 
fufojfugatoque,  poftridie  giauiterin- 
crepitis  inilitibus,  in  acie  prodiir;  quod 
cum  nunciatum  efTet  Annibali ,  cum  ea 
nimirum  (inquit)  hofte  res  eft ,  qui  nee 
bonam ,  nee  malam  forrunam  ferre  po- 

teftifeuvicitjferociterinftatvidtisifeu 
viduseft,  inftaurat  cum  vidoribus  cer- 
tamen  Marcellus  vero  magna  vidorfa 
potitusefta.  itaq-  Pyrrhus,fufisaliquofc  aLw^U/ 
Romanorum  €xercitibus,cum  videret, 
corum  qui  fuperefTenc  in  reparando  ex- 
ercitu fedinatione  :  Video  me  (inquit) 
plane  herculis  fydere  creatum,cui  quafi 
ab angue  Lernseo^tot  csefa  hoftiu  capita 
de fanguine  fuo  renafcuntur^.qug  certe  b  i.j^hrKsM 
animi  magnitudo,  &conftantia  Roma-  i^ji-^om,u 
norum  tannim  potuit ,  vt  Pyrrhum/*^'*^' 
quamuisvi<flore,&magniscopiis  audio 
eius  exercitu, priorem  ad  pacem  peten- 

damcopulerir.cuijicetiequiffimascon- 
ditioncs  pacis  petedi^audlore  Ap.CIau- 
dio carco  refpoderi  placuit,  vti  rex  I talia 
excederetitum^ficrefuavideretuijdea' 
roicitia  ac  fociciate  verba  faceret.quoad 

N  2         vero 


De   ivre   et   off.   beli. 
vero  in  armis effet,  populum  Rom.  ad- 
uerfuseum  belligcraturum,  etiafimille 
a  ?iHt,  m    Albinos  pugna  (uperafTct  a.  Et  quidcnij 
^^ho»       quemadmodum  rebus  aduerfis ,  non  fa- 
cile Romanorum  animos  confternari 
folerefuperioribusexeplisoftendimus: 
ficnecprorperisinfolcfcereargumento 
fit,  quod  Scipio  Africanus  Antiocho 
vido,pacem  petenti  refpondit:  Roman!  „ 
(inquit)  eofdeinomnifortunaanimos  ,5 
gelTimus,  germiusque  :  neque  eos  fe-  ,, 
cund^rescxtuleruntincqueaduerfaemi-  3, 
nuerunt.  eiusreijVtaliosomittamjAn-  ,3 
nibalem  veftrum  vobis  darem  teftem,  „ 
nifivosipfosdarepoflem.  poftquaHel-  „ 
lefpontum  traiecimuSjprivifquamcaftra  „ 
rcgia,priurquamaciemvideremus,cum  „ 
communis  MarSj&incertusbellieuen-  y^ 
tuseffer^de  pace  vobis  agcntibus,  quas  ,, 
paribus  fcrebamusconditioneSjealdem  „ 
b imiuU-;  nunc  vidores  vidis ferimus ^.  eftq,pro- 
fe66hapcanimiaequabilitas,&  modera- 
tion non  folum  magno  viro  digna:  (nam 
vt  Varro  fcribit,  fapiens  &  bonum  ferre 
debet  modice  ^  &  malum  fortiter ,  ac  le- 
niter)  fed  (bletetiam  pier uque in  rebus 
gerendis ,  maximi  efle  momenti .  ferme 
erJm  fit,  vt  fccundae  res  negligentiam 

creent. 


99 


Liber   sbcvndvs,  py 

creen  t.  qua  fiducia  L»Marcius  exftinftis 
Scipionibus,'cum  reliquiis  exercituum^ 
milltes  hortatus  ^  bina  caftra  Poenorum 
in  Hifpania.vbi  omnia  negleda  &  foluta^ 
inuenit :  vna  no(5l:e  inuafit,  &  cepit,  ho- 
ftibuscgfisa  Amyntas^verocumpraBlio  ^Uumin 
fuperior,  Mgyptios  Memphixn  ,quam 
obficlebar,compLilifrer,&  fuos  ad  popu- 
ladumagroseduxifTet.-abhoftibuSjeru- 
prionefada,  quodvidtores  palantes& 
vidoriae  fiducia  incaut  OS  viderentjCura 
omnibus  fuis  ad  internecionem  csefiis 
eft  ^.  Prudenter  itaque  Q.  Fabius  Max.  l^^''^^'' 
dicebar ,  fe  magis  profpero  Minucij  col- 
legse,  quamaduer(bcuentu,aliquidti- 
mere  mali:  neceum  feritenda  fefellit, 
nam  fecundis  rebus  elarus  collega ,  te- 
mere  cum  hofteconflixir,  &  fe  cum  e- 
xercitu  in  euides  periculum  coiecit:  fed 
aFabioferuatusfuitc.Sic  quoqueciim  cLwtw/.ja 
Teretius  Varro  conf.homo  temerarius, 
in  prohibendis  praedaroribus  ,  tumul- 
tuarioquodam  pra^Iio  fuperiorfuifTet: 
baud  a^gre  Annibal  id  damnii  paflTus  eft; 
quin  potius  crcdebat,  velut  inefcatam 
temeritatem  ferocisconfulis  >  &  nouo- 
rum  militum^vtcerteaccidit.namftoli- 
daillorum  temeritate^necquicauam  re- 

N  3  lu(5lantc 


De    IVRB     Bt     OFI'.  BBtt. 

luftate  coUcga  L.JEmiVio  Paulo^  clades 
ilia  Canngfis  Romanis  illataeft.&  idem 
Varro,queniadmodum  ante  cladem  fe* 
rox,  itacladcacceptahumilis^nimirum 
nudado  cladem,  Campanorum  animos 
zVmtuizz  a  Romanis  auertita.Eftitaqueviro  for- 
mfinex-  ^'^  fj  maxlme  enitendum,  non  foiiim  vt  n5 

tollaturfecundis;eoq;magis5quodple- 
ruquc  melius  malamjquambonamfor- 
tunam  ferre  polTumus.vnde  Epamincn- 
daSj  LeudricavidoriapotituSp  poftri- 
die  proceiritfqualiduSjSr  humilis^foli- 
tus  alias  vn(5lo  corpore ,  &  vultu  fereno 
viden ;  inquiens/e^quodanimoclatior 
pridie  fuifletj  immoderatumilludgau- 
hviut.  ina.  dium  caftigare^'.&prudeterPhilippus^ 
^"^^'         cum  Athenienfes,quibusfe aliquot ci- 
uitates  Grseci^  iunxerant,magno  pr^lio 
viciiret^iravicitjVtvidtoremncmofenti- 
ret :  & ita inter tacitamlaeticiam,&do- 
loremhoftiumiemperauit,  vtnequea- 
pud  fuos  exuhafTe ,  neq;  a  pud  vidos  in-r 
fultaffe  videretur:cum  tame  ilia  viftoria 
Philippe  vniuerfae  Grxc'ix  imperium 
c  jHjiinM,  dederit  *^ ,  Porro  ad  officia  bcllica ,  vcl 
maximefpe<5tant duo  ilia  praeceptaPla- 
tonis "" :  quae  iis ,  quireipubl.  pr^fiJturi  7 

funt» 


LlEER     SECVNDVS.  pg 

funtjprajfcribunturivnumjVtvtilitatem 
ciuiumfictueantur,  ytquidquidagant, 
ad  cam  refcrant ,  obiiti  commodorutn 
fuorum :  alterum ,  vt  totum  corpus  rei- 
publicfcurent:nedum  partem  aliquam 
tuentur,reliquasdererat.vtenimtutela, 
fie  procuracio  reipubl.  ad vtiiitacem  eo- 
rum,  quicommifrifunt,  nonadeorum 
qijjbuscommina,  gerendaeft*.  Quare  a ^'c^offc, 
8  cauendumeritviroforti^vt  Cicero  ait,  ^^**' 
ne  pro  fua  vtilitate  potius  bella  gerat,  & 
periculis  fefe  ofFerat ,  quam  pro  vtilitate 
communi,  nam  animi  magnitudo,  quae 
cernitur  in  periculis,  Sclaboribus^fi  iu- 
fticia  vacat,  pugnatque  non  Ibium  pro 
falute communi  3  (edprofuis  comodis, 
in  vitio  cft.Siquidem  rede  Stoici^forti- 
tudinem  virtutem  efle  dicunt ,  pugnan- 
tem  pro  «quitate:  nihilquc  honeftum 
c(repoiIe,quodiufticiavacat.  Animus 
itaque  paratus  ad  pcriculum ,  vt  idem 
Cicero  aifjfi  fua  cupiditate^non  vtilitate 
comuni  impellitur in  pericula  :  audaci^E 
potius  nomen  habebit,quam  fortuudi- 
nis.  Vnde  Callicatridas  Lacedaemonio- 
rumduXjmeritoreprehefus:  qui  cla(iJ5», 
qua  priuata?  gloriae  ia(5luram  facerema- 
luit:atqueitem  CleombrotuSj  qui  inui- 

N  4  diam 


De   ivre    et   off.  bell. 
diam  timens,  temere  cum  Epaminonda 
conflixir.  quato  redius  Q^Fabius  Max. 
qui  fuum  imperium  minui  per vanitate 
populi  maluitjquam  fecundafama  male 
rem  gerere.  idem  L*i£milium  Paulum, 
ad  bellum  conira  Annibalem  cum  C, 
Teretio  VarronecoIIega,temerario  ho- 
minejproficircentemmonenSjVtfedcdo 
cum  Annibalc  bellum  gereret,  neque 
temere  cum  hofle  confligeret :  ita  allo- 
cutuseft:  Refiftesaute,inquitjaduerrus  ,> 
famam ,  rumoresque  hominum ,  fi  fatis  » 
firmusfteterisifite,  neque  coliegsevana  » 
gloria,  neque  tua  falia  fama  mouerit .  a  j, 
veritatelaborare,  iusfaepeaiuntjextin-  ,5 
guinuquam.glonamquifprcuit,veram  „ 
habebit.  /iue  timidum  pro  cauto :  tardu  ,> 
pro  confidcrato  :  imbellem  pro  perito  ,> 
belli  voccntiomniaaudentemcontenet  55 
a  lifHidizi  Annibalinihiltemereagetemmetuet^  ,3 
Exftat  quoque  in  banc  fententiam  pr^e- 
clara  LentuJi  principis  viri  oratio,  Ro- 
raanis  ad  furcas  Caudinasinclufis,  &a 
Samnitibuslegationcacceptajnon  alias 
conditiones  pacis efTe,  quam  fi  inermes 
cumfingulisveftimetisfub  iugura  mit- 
terenujr :  in  hsec verba :  Patrcm  meum,  J 
inquitjconfuks,  fepe  audiui  memoran-  „ 

tem. 


LlB£R  SECVNDVS.  pp 

7,  temjfeincapitoliovnumnonfuiffeau- 
„  (5lorefenatui,  redimendasauroaGalHs 
5,  ciuitatis,  quandonecfoflavalloquCjab 
,j  ignauiffimo  ad  opera  ac  muniendu  ho- 
5,  ftCjClaufi  cflent:  &  erumperCjfi  non  fine 
35  periculo magno^tamen  finecei ta perni- 
„  ciepoflcnt.  quod  fi,vt  i His, decurrere  ex 
55  capitolioarmatisin  hoftemlicuit  (quo 
35  fcepe  modo  obfeiTi  in  obfidenteserupe* 
,5  runi}itanobisaequoautiniquo loco di- 
,j  inicanditantummodocum  hoftccopia 
35  eflet:  non  mihi  paterni  animi  indoles  in 
55  coniiuodandodeefTet.  Equidem  morte 
,5  pro  patria  praeclaram  efle  fateor ,  &  me 
3,  vel  dcuouere  pro  populo  Rom.legioni- 
3,  busque ,  vel  in  medios  me  committerc 
3,  hoftes  paratus  fum.fcd  hie  patria  video, 
35  hie  quicquid  Romanar.  legionumeft.* 
3,  quafiprofcipfisadmorte  ruercvolunt: 
3,  quid  habent  quod  morte  fua  fcruent? 
3,  teda  vrbiSjdicat  aliquis, &  moenia,  &  ea 
35  turbaaquavrbsincolitur.  imoherchle 
35  produntureamagisomnia,  deletohoc 
35  exercitunon  feruanrur^  quis  enim  ilia 
,5  tuebitur?imbecillisvideiicet&  inermis 
3>  multitudo?  tarn  hercle,  quam  aGallorii 
,5  impetudefendit.  ana  Veijs  exercitum 
,5  Caoiiilumqueducem  imploiabunt?hic 

N  5  omnis 


De   IVRE    ET   OFF,  EEtL. 

omnis  fpesjopesque  funtiquab  feruado,  Jj 
patriam  feruamusi  dedendoad  necem,  ^, 
patriam  dcferimus ac  prodimus,at foeda  yy 
atque  ignominiofa  dcditio  eft.  fed  ea  „ 
charicas  patriae  eft, vt  cam  ignominiaea,  „ 
quam  oiorce  noftra,  fi  opus /it ,  fcrue- ,, 
mus.  fubeaturergoifta,  quantacunque  » 
eft,  indigniras,  &  pareaturneceftitati,  ,> 
7iJjn'mi9,  quam  ne  dij  quidcm  fuperant^.  Qua-  5,^ 
cunque  igitur  ratione  patriae  &  reipub.*  9 
conmlcre  debemus,&  pro  ea  dcfendea- 
da,nullam  infamiam,nec  ipfam  quoque 
mortem,  fi res ita poftulat,  recufiredc- 
bemus.fed^vt  inquit  Plato:Si  patria  ma- 
darit  verberari  te,fiue  in  vincula  conijci, 
fiue  in  praelium  miferit^ad  vulncra  acci- 
picnda,mortemquefubcundam:  obe- 
diendum  eft  omnino  ,  &  neque  tergl- 
uerfandum,nequefugiendum  eritifed  & 
in  bello,  &  in  iudicio,&  prorfus  vbique, 
ea  quae  refpub.  vel  patria  iufterit,racien- 
da  funt .  quaecunque  enim  a  nobis  ge- 
runtur,non  ad  noftram  vtilitatem  &  c6- 
modum,  fed  ad  patriae  falu  tern  conferre 
v-w^*  "  debemus  ^.  mori  autem  pro  patria*jgIo-  10 
c  /.  Luo  a-  riofiflimum Temper habitumfuit^Jta^j 
Ztm!  ^'  cxclaraat  Cicero  ^\  O  fortunata  mors,  „ 
dpw»p^i/}  quae  naturfdebitajpro  patria  eft  potiffi-  „ 

mum 


Liber  secyndvis.  loo 

miim  reddita.turpiffimum  vero  eft^ciim 
poflis  cum  fumma  virtute  &  honore, 
pro  pairiainterirerraalle  perdedecus& 
ignauiamviuerea.  Qui  vero  pro defen-  ^j^'J^'*''^ 
fioneecclefisemoritur,  caelefte  regnum     '*   "** 
,,  confequiturb.  eoque  fpc^au  quod  Ci-  ^  *•<""« '^ 
cero ait  ^ :  lUi  igitur, quos caeciautis,eiia  cap,omnti,yt^ 


5.  &- 


,,  ad  inferos  poenam  parricidi  j  lucnt :  vos  f,^- 9* 
,,  vero,  qui  extremum  fpintumin gloria  tu,2s.par.z, 
^j  cfFudiftis,  piorutn  eftisfedem  &  locum  c  p/^i^^h. 
conr€cutL&  quidem  Cimbroru  antiqui 
militeSjadeo  gioriofumduxerunt  pro 
repub.moriivt  nonexiftimarcntjuin  in 
bello  morerentur,fe  felices^quafi  ad  fine 
vitx  non  perfeuerates.vnde  inacie  gau- 
dio  exultabant^tanquam  gloriose^fic  fe- 
liciter  vita  cxceflTuri ,  lamentabantur  in 
morboj  quafi  turpiter,  &  miferabiliter 
perituri  «^,  Itaque  non  ftatim  mortalis  ^  vaiMaK, 
II  criminisdamnandiYunt  duces  belli,  vel  ^•*'«^^^ 
milites,qui  vt  vi(floria  potiatur/e  maxi- 
mocommittunt  praelij^f  conflidtuspe- 
riculOjexquocertioreftmorSjquime- 
uafio.namjVt  inquitD.  Auguft.<  Non  eUh.zi.am- 
culpatur  in  bello,  quod  morianturqua-  ^1^7.^'«^! 
doque  morituri,hoc  enim  reprehederc,  otipatur,  23, 
eftmagistimidorum,quam  religioforu.  ^*** 
quauiscnimnuUiliceatfibiipfi  mortem 

confcif- 


De   XVRH    ET    off.  BELt, 

confcifcere;  (quocafii  mortale  crimen 
i  cHoniicet,  contrahitur*)licet  tainen,exiuftacaufaj 
Vt^'^^deamt'  vcluti  propatrig,aut CathoUcaeccclefi^ 
Vo'lIx'!2o  defcnfione,  fe mortis vel maximo peri- 
^*^'       culo  obijcere.  itaque  Eleazarum^virura 

fortiffimum,apeccatodefendic,  &lau- 
baeo^c./.!.  dibuseffcrtAmbrofius^.-quifupererai- 
MMo*      nentcm  ceteris  elephantem ,  lorica  ve- 

ftitum  regia ,  arbitratus  quod  in  eo  rex 
chuchab.i,  cfftt^  interfecit,  &a  cadentebeftiaop- 
d/.t^nimc.  preiTus  eft  ^  Pro  patriae  quoquefalute*,  ^^ 
derehg.  &  fi  qujs  patrem  occidcrit , vcl filium,  nou 
•^f*  /^  foi^^  fipje  fcelere  erit,  fed  etiam  pr^mio 
c  CK<f.  o/.  afficiendus.^.  quod ita verum  puto^fi  res 
fmiveiuti.  omnino ad perniciem  patriae  fpeaabit, 
D. de mfl. a-  neque  filius  monendo^ neque  minitado 
!rc:ltr;.  quicquam  profecerit,vtpatrem  abin- 
diutr.*i*i,oo,  ftitutoauerteret.  patriae  enim  lalutem 
mlVonsL  anteponet  faluti  patris,  ex  frequetiffima 
inaddttton,  Philofophorum  iententia^quQd  ctiani 
feJiZlai  ^"^^  probatur  ^:  quicquid  dicat  Bodi- 
art.-if^ciiint  nus^ :  qui  conttarium  fenfit,  &  temere 
Z'y!Vf^dl  reprehenditiurisinterpretes.  Praedare 
'^.Z.mV  etiam  Fuluium  fcnatoris  filium ,  ad  Ca- 
^d^repM.  tilinam proficifcetemj retraftumexiti- 
h  sM'*^  nere  luffit  parens  necari  K  qui  vcro  pa- 
h  cotH  Caul.  J j.j^  prodit,  criminis  laefae  maieftatis  reus 
adluimi,  eft».  Ccterum^quodadfecundumPla- 

tonis 


LiBBR     SECVNDVf.  lot 

tonis  praffceptum  attinet:  illud  itiaximi 
cauendum5ne5dum  fingulas  partes  tueri 
voJumus,  totum  corpus  reipub,  in  peri- 
culum  trahamus*  Quare  in  bello  no  te- 
13  mer^fufcipienda^eft  defenfiofociarum 
vrbiu,aIiorum4ue  oppidorum^quse  c6- 
modedefendi non  poffunt :  praeflatque 
ilia  deferta  hoftibus  relinquere,  quam 
nccquicquadefendedo,  defumma  reru 
in  difcrime  venire  ^aut  etia  fama?  pericu- 
lumfacereiquseplerunque  latius^  infla- 
tiusq;,qUam  res  eft^percrebrefcerc  fblet, 
&faepe  ad  vniuerfi  belli  euentu,  maximi 
efle  momenti*  itaq; fainam  bellu  gerere 
aiunr,&  parua  moineta,in  rpe5metumqj 
impellere  animos.  Qua  de  caufa  Philip-» 
pusMacedonurex,aRomanispr^Iiovi- 
dtuSjVrbes  focias,  alia^;  oppida^  quae  de- 
fcnderenopoterat^incenditacvaftauit: 
homineSjqui/equipo{rent,exciuir:rerii 
fuaru,quas  polTentjferendarum  /ecu  do- 
minis  ius  fiebat :  cetera  militis  pra?da  e- 
tat.qugquidefacietiPhilippoacerbae- 
tStjfed  e  terra  mox  futura  hofliu^corpo- 
Ta^alteeriperevolebat^inquoSueuo-  a  immi.n* 
rum  mor6  imitatus  videtur^qui  cu  bellu 
ipfis  inferretur^cofilio  habitOjnucios  in 
omnespartesdimittebatjVtideoppidis 

demi- 


De    xvre  et   off.  bell, 
demigrarcntilibcroSjVxores,  (uaq;  om- 
nia in  filuas  dcponerent :  atque  omneSj 
quiarmafcrrepoflent,  in  vnum locum 
^ctfiiheL  conuenirent^.SimilirationeVerfinge- 
^«//./»6.4.    £Qf  ix^  nouis  rebus  ftudens  ^  &  Gallos  ad 
defe(^ioneni  a  Romanis  follicitans ,  Bi- 
turigibus  perfuafit ,  vt  oppida  incendc- 
rcnt^qua?  non  munitione,  &loci  natura 
abomnielTentpeTiculotuta:  nefuiscf- 
fentad  detre(5landam  militiam  recepta- 
cula :  neque  Romanis  propofita  ad  co- 
piam  commeatus^  prxdamquetollen- 
bK..j^.de  dam''.  Cauendumtamenomninoerit, 
heiiQGaUt.y  ncquid  horum  crudcliter ,  autauariiia? 
caufafiat.  namcum  Annibal,qu6dneq; 
omnes  Italia.' populos ,  qui  fe  iili  con- 
iunxerant,  tenere  praefidiis,  nifi  vellet  in 
multas  paruasque  partes  carpereexerci- 
turn  5  quod  minime  turn  expediebat ^ 
pofTet :  neque,dedudis  pra?fidiis,  fpei  li- 
bcram^vel  obnoxiam  rimoris  fociorum 
relinquere fidem.-  preceps  in  auaritiam, 
&  crudelitatem  ad  fpolianda,  quae  tueri 
nequibat  5  inclinaflet :  quamf'oedumid 
kUb,zt,     confiliumeiTet ,  inquit  LiuiusS  exiius 
docuit.  nonenira  indigna  patientium 
modoabalienabanturanimi,  Ccd  cete- 
rorumetiam  :  quippe  adplures  exera- 

plum^ 


LiBBR    SECVNDVS.  102 

plum>quamcalamitas  pertinebat.  C6- 
fultius  vero  Romani  >  qui  accepta  Can-» 
nenfi  cladc^  &  circumfpedis  omnibus 
imperii  fuiviribus,l6ginquisfociisprx- 
fidium  implorantibus,  non  quidem  mi- 
ferunt,  quod  vires  non  fuppeterent ,  fed 
cofulere  fibi  feipfos  iufTeruntinihil  cru- 
dele  in  illos  exercentes  ^.  Solertcr  vero  «  ^ftiwUi 
M.Porcius  Cato  conf.in  Hifpania bellu 
gerensjciim  legati  ab  Ilergetum  regulo 
Biligafteadeumvenirent,qucrentesca- 
ftella  fuaoppugnari,nec  fpem  vllam  cffc 
refiftendi ,  nifi  praefidio  Romanus  miles 
elTet,  &conrulemancepscuraagitaret: 
noIJedcfererefocios/nolleminuereex- 
ercirum :  quod  aut  moram  (ibi  ad  dimi- 
candum,  aut  in  dimicando  periculum 
afferre  pofTet ,  &  ftatuiffetnon  minuere 
cxercitum^ne interim  hoftes  quid  in fer- 
renrignominiae-.rociisfpemproreofte- 
dendamcenfuicifaepevanaprovcrisma- 
ximein  bclio  valuifle:  &  credentemfe 
aliquidauxilij  habere,  perindeatqjha- 
beret.-ipfafiducia^&fperandOj&auden- 
dofcjuatum.  Itaquelegatisrefponditj 
quanquam vereretur^ne  iuas  vires^aliis 
cascommodando  ,minueret :  tamen  il- 

lof  um,  teporis,  &periculi^  magis  quam 

fui 


De     IVRE   ET    OFF.  BtLL, 

fill,  rationem  habere:  &  denunciari  ttii- 
litu  parti  tcrtise  ex  omnibus  cohortibus 
iubec,  vtcibum,  quern  in  nauesimpo- 
nant,maturecoquatj  nauesque  in  diem 
tertium  expediri  prsecepit*  legati  non 
ante  profedi,  quamimpofitosinnaues 
milites  viderunt,id  pro  hauddubioiam 
nuriciantes,non  fuos  modo/ed  etia  ho- 
ftes  5  fama  Roman i  auxilij  aduentantis 
impleuerunt.conful  vero^vbi  faiis  quod 
in  fpecicm  fuit,  oftentatil  effet,  reuocari 
ex  nauibus  milites  iuffit.qua  ratione  ib^ 
ciis/peauxilij^ad  obfidionem  ferendam 
animum  dedit,hoftemque  ab  obfidione 
deterruit:  &  ipfe  integris  viribusad  ho- 
ftem  profe(5tus,prgclara  vi6loria  potitus 
bii<»wi/.34  efta^  Porroquemadmodunon  eftfufci^ 

piendatemeredefenfio'^eorUjquae  tueri  14 
non  potes :  fie  nee  facile  deferendafuntj 
qua?  hoftium  impctum  excipere&  fran- 

fiac  pofTunt.in  quo  Antiochus  turpiter 
apfusfuit,  qui  prglio  nauali  a  Rotnanis 
vidus,  quia  poflefTione  maris  pulfuSjIo- 
ginqua  tueri  diffidebatfepofrerprsefidiu 
ab  Lyfimachia,  ne  opprimeretur  ibi  a 
RomaniSjdeduciprauo,  vt  res  ipfa  po- 
ftea  docuitjCofilio  iuflit.non  enim  tueri 
folura  Lyfimachia  a  prime  impetu  R  o* 

manorum 


LiBfiR    SECVNDVS.  lOJ 

manoru  m  facile  erat,  fed  obfidionem  e- 
tiam  per  totara  hiemem  tolcrare,&  ob- 
fidentes  quoquc  ad  vltimam  inopia  ad- 
ducere5extrahetidotempusa.  Inter ce-  aiiww/.jr 
tera  denicjue  officia  bellica  rcfert  Cice-  ^p^'^Mth 
15  ro**,ne(3euiatur*rupramoduinvi(5los.  /o'ff.cMbj, 
cum  nihil  laudabilius  fir^nihil  magno  & 
prsclaro  viro  dignius  placabilitatc,  & 
dementia,  & 

Parcere  iemHu^  (^  Meffarefuperkos. 
Parcendum  itaque  multitudini5&  ij  qui 
in  impcratorum  fidem  cofugiunt  (qua- 
uis  murum  aries  percufTerit  j  vtinquit 
Cicero)  recipiendi,  &  aud^ores  tantum 
turbarupuniendi-nam^vcinquitaudtor 
^  adHeren*^.viri  fortiseft,quidcvidoria  *:tii>,^, 
J,  contendunt,  cos  hoftespurare^qui  vidi 
jj  (unt^eos homines iudicare: vt  poffit bel- 
^y  lumfortitudominuereipacem  humani- 
53  tasaugcre.  Deeuertcndisautem,  diri- 
piendisque  vrbibus  valdc  illud  confide- 
tandum  monet  Cicero,ne  quid  temerc, 
nequidcrudeliterfiat.  ItaqueM.Mar- 
ceilusmaximam  cofccutus  eft  laudem: 
qui  antequam  Syracafas  vrbem  opiile" 
tiffimam^prgda^pro  concionemilitibus  ^  rtfirt  d, 
cdiceretjfleuit,ediaoquecauit,nequis^T'/"'- 
corpus  liberum  violaret  <>*&  Scipio^qui  cr^^.e, 

O  capta 


De    IYRB    ET    off.    BBtl* 

capta  Carthagine ,  quserepletaerat  fta* 
tuis,  donariisque  Gr^canicis,  ex  Sicilia 
aduedis5edixit,vte  fingulis  vrbibus  ve- 
nirentjquidinorcerent/uaqueauferret:^ 
&  nihil  quicquam  fuorum  quemquam 
paflus  eftjVel  liberum,  vel  feruu  de  prae- 
da  accipere ,  nee  emere  quidem,  aliis  di- 

a  PKw<j-  rcptioni  vacantibus*.  C.Caefarquoquc 

^^^*  dicere  folet,  nihil  fibi  gratius  efle,  quam 
multitudini  parcereiisqueTrebonio  le- 
gato, Maffiliam  oppugnanti,per  litteras 
magnopere  mandauit,  ne  per  vim  oppi- 
dum  expugnari  pateretur :  ne  grauius 
permoti  milites ,  &  defedionisodio,& 
cotemptione  fui,  &  diutino  laborejOm- 
nespuberesinterficerent.-quodfefadlu- 

b  c*Ai-(fc  jQj  minitabantur^.  Eftitaqueclemetia, 
non  lolum  magno  viro  digna,  ledlolet 
etiam  plerumq  ue  efle  fruduofi ,  6c  glo- 
riofa .  quofpedat  illud  Philippi  patris 
Alexand.Magni,  qui  fuadetibus  quibuf- 
dam^viacerbeinAthenienfesftaiuerct: 
abfurde  eosfentire  dixit^qui  tot^tantaq; 
gloriaecaufaagentem^actolerantem^iu- 

^  u!*^  ** *"  Berent  gloriae  theatruoi  cuertere^Spar* 

•         tani  quoquCjCum  Athenienfesaddedi- 

tionemcompuliflent  5  &  quidem  cenfe- 

rent,infcftiffimam  vrberai  cum  ipfo  no^ 

mine 


Liber  secvndvs.  104 

mine  abolendam :  negarunt  fe  permiffu- 
ro5j  vteduobus  Graeciasoculis,  vnuse- 
rueretur''*&  Macedonum  regesacicde- 1^1^*^;^''^, 
bcUare  folitos  fcribit  Liuius^  jvrbibus  bitb'.n. 
parcere^quantum  pofTent:  quo  opulen- 
tius  imperium  habcrct.nam  de  quorum 
pofle{fionedimicetur,tolIente  nihil  fibi 
prater  bellum  relinquerCjquod  confiiiu 
cflePItaque  tertium  Romuli  inftitutum 
fuifle  fcribit  Diony fius  Halicarnafl^us',  ^/^"'' ^"^* 
ne  captas  belle  vrbes  funditus  euerre- 
rent:  fed belloruiusefle fcribit  Liaius^^,  ^^*^* 
vt  vidi  vi(5toribus  cum  bona  pace  domi- 
nentur,&  imperent.Non  alienum  vide- 
tur,  prudetemadmonitionem  Belifarij, 
qua  Totilamadiruenda  Roma  auertit, 
hie  fubijcere .  cum  enim  Totila  vrbem 
Vi(5tor  ingrelTus ,  earn  omnino  folo  ae- 
quareconftituiflet:  monuiteum  Bclifa- 
rius  per  literas ,  ne  quid  temere  faceret^ 
nam,  inquit ,  alteru  eduobus  necefTario 
eueniet:  aut  vidus  in  hoc  bello  fuccum- 
besjautannuentefortunafuperabis.  fi 
vidor  euafcris ,  Romamc^ue  deleueris, 
T16  alienam,  fed  tuam  perdtdens;  /in  fer* 
iiaueris/egiam  certe  omnium  pulcher- 
Jrimamvatque  ditiffimam  feruaueris :  fia 
vcro  a  nobis  deuiftus  fueris ,  feruata vr- 

O  ^         be,at- 


De    IVRB    ET    OFf.    BStl, 

be^atque  incolumi^gratiasunmortafcsa 
vidoreexfped^are  dcbcs;  fed  ea  diruta, 
nulla  humanitate  contra  teagctur .  6c 
hisliterismotus  Totila  a  diruendavrbe 
are/frtPeft^ideftitit^SimilidilcmmatejprincipisA- 
^atj^'  wufini  cfFeratum  animum  cmoUiuerut 
pbnM.6.  epe  nonnulli  praeftantes  viri  huius  Acadc- 
^rocopic,  mia?  Louanienfis :  cum  enim  in  expedi^ 
none  ilia  nefanda  contra  patriam^  anno 
lalutis  €13^  ID.  Lxxii^ciuitatcmLoua- 
nienfem  defticutam  prsHdio ,  cum  vali- 
dirtimoexcrcitu  oppugnarer,  &  videret 
viri  prudentiffimi ,  fe  vim  hoftium  ferrc 
non  pofle :  quamuis  turpe  effetpacifci 
cum  nefariOj  &  iniufto  hofte,  ne  tamen 
videret  diuina,  humanaque  omnia  vie* 
lari:  templa  profanari:academiam  logfe 
prfftantiCfimamdeuaftariafceleftiflimis 
hoftibus:  maluerunt  neceffitaticedetcs, 
hxc  omnia  oblatocerto  pecuniae  precio 
Tcdimcre,quam  ciudelitatem  hoftisex- 
periri .  cumque  ille  non  contentus  rc- 
demptionisprecio,e6  impudentia?vc- 
nifret^vtetiamiufiurandum,  quodcitra 
crimen  Ixfx  maieftatis  jlli  praeflarinon 
poterat.a  ciuibus  Louanienfibusexige* 
ret :  iidem  illi  viri,  qui  mori  mduiflenti 
qu^mtatofcelcrefeadAringeie  hacra*- 

tione 


Liber  sbcvndvj.  105 

tione  hoftis  impudentiam  reprefTerutj 
dicentes :  Aut  in  hoc  praelio,  quod  tibi 
rcftatcum  regioexcrcitu ,  cui  Dux  Al- 
banus  praseratjV^nceSi  aut  vinceris :  fi  vi- 
ccris ,  nihil  certe  negotij  tibi  erit  nobif- 
cumiqurvelirauSjnolimus^in  tua  pote- 
ftatecrimus.  fin  vero  vidus  fueris  3  (vt 
dubia eft  fortuna belli)  non  eftcurvclis 
nosindignationemincurrere,  &  Regis, 
&  Ducis  Albani ,  atque  ita  Regis  maie- 
ftate  ill3efa,&  padlionc  neceflaria,  nequc 
turpi^maximaprudentiareipubLconfti- 
luerunt.  Eft  tamen  ita  probanda  mafiie- 
tudo,  atque  clemetia,  vt  adhibeatur  rei- 
pub.  caufa  feueritas,  praefertim  fi  fie  om- 
nino  reipubl,  conueniat .  qua  decauia 
Romani  Numantiara  &  Carthaginem 
funditus  fuftulcrunt  :  quamuis  Scipio 
Naficapontifexmax.  nolebat  a?mulam 
imperij  Romani  Carthaginem  dirui ,  & 
decernenti  vt  dirueretur,  contradicebat 
Catoni ,  timens  infirmis  animis  hoftem 
fecuritatemj&jtaquampupillisciuibus 
idoneum  tutorem,  neceftarium  videns 
cffetimorem ;  neceumfentetiafefelUt. 
cxeoenim  tempore  coepit  Romana  ci  ^deckut.vo 
uitasotio  &luxu  diffluere*  qua  de  re  A;^/,?ie^ 
pulchreD.Auguft*.&  Samuel  quoque  ben.p>^c 

O  3  fatis 


De    IVRH     Bt    OFF.  BBLL, 

fatis  oftendit  populo,  Deu  excitafle  ho- 

ftes  contra  Ifraelitas ,  vt  eos  in  officio 

a  Kegum  I.  continereta.  folent  enim  homines,cura 

cap.iz.ttiu-  ad  externa bcllafuperfunt  vires 5iisabu- 

duhc.z.i,&  ti^ inter femetipfos  certando :  quaebella 

longeexitiofiflimafunt.PrgcIareitaque 

Spartani5qui,ciim  rex  ipforum  pollice- 

retur,  fedelerurum  vrbem,  quse  illis  ne- 

gotium  exhibuerat,  non  permiferunt, 

b  vhu  ina-  inquicntestNolidelerecotem  virtutis\ 

P'2^'         Porro  tempore  belli,  fi  fie  reipubl.expe- 

diat,  non  foliim  hofiium  ,redetiam  ct* 

uiumsedes^ad  moeniacoftitutaejCxqui- 

\hd^!.^n-  bus  incendiu,velinfidiaj  timeri  pofTunt, 

*at.  L^dtf.  profterniacdiruipofre,etiamnullofO'- 

%\^ubuc°^  Uitoprecio,  legibusftatutumcft»*' 

DE IMPERATORE  VEL DVCE 

EXERCITVS» 

J     TQhd  YAYim  ferfe&o  imperatcrc^  • 
2      Imferatoris  nomtn  quihus  communis  • 
S     Prajlat  habere  bonum  duccm ,  ^uam  bo- 
ms mlites. 

4  ^UA  At  Ate  eligendi  duces» 

5  L  eges  annates  R  omanorum. 

($     ^uatuor  in  imferatore  requiru 

7     VirtutesimferAtoru. 

S     Imferator  non  toner  k  cum  hofie  cifligeu 


LiBEa    SECVNDVS.  lO^ 

g  Trsjldt  ingmto  fuperare  quam  gladio, 

1 0  Cauiu4  mferatorfrAfcreftdH6  audaci, 

1 1  Hojlt^  refrumentaria  prohihendtts. 
iz  Ab'tnceftn  non  facile  difcedendum, 

tS   Conjlatia  &  pducta  imperatorts  in  hetto, 
14  CMditum  animiartu  confiilium  variii 

modu  confirmandi, 
t  $  Exercttm  tncommoda.  ttgenda . 
1 6  Optimus  imperator  qui  maximi  cegnitas 

habetreshofiium, 
J  7  Non  temere  trans fugu  credendum, 
I  $  ImperAtw  ad  omnia  afperafe  ducemffA- 

beau 
ip  Jmperatorcaute  verfari  debet  mferictdts* 
20   Confilium  Antigoni. 
2r  2lon fdum kUandi virtus^ fed ettam d- 

Us  virt/ttesqudrende  in  imperatore. 
ti  Jmferatm  liber um  arbitrium  permit* 

tendum, 
2s  Carthagtnienfes  afperi  in  duces  belli. 


.APVT    SECVNDVM, 


SI  bellum  geredum  eft ,  in  primis  cer- 
te videndum ,  quern  exercitui  prxfi- 
ciamuSjtaniienim  efleexercitum>quati 
impcratorem  vere  proditumeftrnihil^; 
rarius  inueniri  polTe  perfedo  impcra- 
K  tore'^*quod  aome  olim  commune  erat 

O  4  iis,qui 


De    IVRE    ET    off.  3EtL, 

tis,  qui  exercitui  *  ad  certum  tepus  prae«  ^ 
eflcnt:  quamuis  poftea  Csefarjqucm  alij 
fecutifunt ,  fummum  principaturaade* 
ptus  ,  perpetuum  imperaioris  nomen 
»  AppUH.in  fumpferit^.  Itaque  Philippus  Macedo 
^Mrw  Row.  ^j^iy^ifarifeaiebatjquodAtheniefcsfin- 
iinn.ib'ir  gulisannisnouosimperaroreseligerct: 
cum  ipfein  omni  vita,  non  nifivnum 
ducembonum  Permenionainuenifler. 
&  idemdicebatjpra^ftatiorem  efleexer- 
citum*ceruoruimperanteleone,  quam  S 
Iconumduccceruo.atqueitaC.  Caefar, 
cum  irct  in  Hifpaniam  cotra  Petreium, 
dicebatfenonmagnieumfacere,  qu64 
iret  adexercitumfincduce.&CFabri- 
cius,  cum  audiret  Romanes  a  Pyrrho 
vidos:non(inquit)Epirotaf  Romanes, 
b  vht,  /«4.  fed  Pyrrhus  vicit  K   Et  certe  excmplo 
p.ph.         Marcij  Coriolani  fadsapparet  ^ducibus 
fuperioremj  quam  exerciturem  Roma- 
c  hSa*       ^^^  fuilTe,  inquit  Liuius  c.y  olfcienim, 
fcmper  antea  vidi,  a  Romanis;  Coriola- 
no  duce,viaoresexftitere.Hinc  Epicra* 
tes  de  re  militari  di(rcrens,ait  cxercitum 
efre,quafi  quodda  animal  hominiperfi- 
mile.cuius  caput  fit  imperator:acies  in- 
ftru(^j  pci^us^ac thorax :  pedites,  ma* 
nus ;  cquitesautcm  J  pedes :  &  ficutin 

corpore 


Liber  sbcvndvs.  107 

corporc  conturbato,  commotoque  ca- 
pitc,  membra  rcliqua  nullum  omcium 
prgfiarepoflunt:  fie  perturbato  impera- 
tore,exercitusomnisiluduet,periclite- 
tur,acpcreatneceffeeft.  Et,mortuo  A- 
lexandro,  cxercitumeiusvagantem  >  & 
in  feipfum  impingentem,LeoAhenes  fi- 
mileni  dixit  Ciclopieffe:  quiamifToo» 
culo,  vfquequaque  manusintendebat, 
nullumadcertumfcopum  dire(5tus;  ica 
fublatoduce ,  magnitudinem  exercitus 
incertis  motibus  agitari :  atqueadeo  fi- 
cut  animadeferente,  cadauera  non  Tub- 
fiftuntjUon  coha?renti(eddiiIipantur,  & 
didbluuntur :  ica  exercitum  Alcxandri, 
CO  mortuo  palpitare,  concuti ,  atque  jc- 
ftuare^  Etquidem,quodiffidliusbelIu  ^^haMfor. 
inftat,  eo  maioricuraelaborandum  cft^  Z'^a^JI^'^ 
vt  fuperiorem ;  fin  minus,  parem  impe-  «/mw©,*. 
ratorem  hoftium  duciqua^ramus.  nam 
quilibetnautarum^veftorumque^vt  Q, 
Fabiusdicebac,  tranquillo  mariguber- 
nare  potcft :  vbifa?uaortatcmpeftasef^, 
ac  turbato  mari  rapitur  veto  nauis ,  rum 
viro  &  gubernatore  opus  eft*».  Quarc  hummiz^ 
4  Plato  ante  trigcfimum  a?tatis  annum*, 
ncminem  militia  pra^ficiendumftatuit: 
ctiamfilpedtatasvirtutiseflTct,  &aliqua 

O  5         inili* 


Db  IVRE   ET   off,  BEIt. 

militari  gloria  illuftris.Hanc  setatelegi* 
uma  beilicis  muneribusarbitrati  quo- 
quefunt  Athenienfes:  tatnetfihuic  legi 
aliquandoderogatu  fit:  &  prxcipueAl- 
cibiadis  gratia  3  qui  adeo  gratus fuir  pa« 
pulo  in  adolefcetia,  vt  omniuni  ciUiUm 
oculos^quoties  in  publicum  prodircr, 
infeconuerteret:nemoquceiparAthc- 
uis  ccnferetur*  is  ante  setatem  bello  Sy- 
racufano  pra^fedusfuit ;  cui  tamen  duo 
longe  maiores  natu  coUega?  daci  funr, 
Nicias&Lyfimachus,vttutiusreipubl, 
confuleret.  Romaniveroetiafuas leges 
annales^habuere,  quibusgrandiorsetas  5 
(quod  adolefcentiae  temeritatem  vere- 
rentur)  ad  confulatum ,  aliosquc  magi- 
ftratus  conftituta  fuit .  veteres  tamen  il- 
los  admodum  antiques  leges  annales 
s p% 5,  non habuifledicit Cicero^quas multis 
poft annis attulit  ambitio ,  vt  gradus  cf- 
fet  petitionis  inter  acquales5quo  fa(5ium 
cft,vt  idem  Cicero  ait,vt  fgpe  magna  in- 
doles virtutiSjpriufquareipub.  prodefle 
potuiflet^exftinda  fit.  At  antiqui  illi,ab 
cxcelleti  cximiaque  virtute  progreffum 
aetatiseKfpe^iari  nondebereexiftiman- 
tes5nuna  a^tatiSjnec  generis  quoque^auc 
conditionis  cuiufquam  ratione  nabita: 

fed 


Liber  secvndvs,    ^  io8 

fed  Virtu tis  cuiufque  veri  jeftimatores: 
vt  quifquemaxime  virtute  excel]uit,ita 
quemquead  honores  proucxerunt :  vt 
conftatexDionyflO^  Etquidem^vtait  J^^|*^**^ 
jj  Cicero b,Rulli,DeciJ5Coruini.inultiq;  h'^Lu^.^, 
j^  alij :  recentiorcautcmemoriafuperior 
jj  AphricanuSj  T.FlaminiuSjadmodum  a- 
jj  dolefcenteSjConfulesfadi^ratasres  gef- 
5^/crunt,vtpopuliRomaniimperiumau- 
^j  xcrint,nomenornauerint.  Alexander 
^,  ver  6  Magnus,  cum  ab  ineunte  seta  te  res 
jj  maximas  gerere  coepiffet,  nonnetcrtio 
jj  &  trigefimo  anno  mortem  obiit?quas 
3j  eft  astas  Romanis  legibus  decern  annis 
„  minor,quam  confularis.ex  quo5Vt  idem 
aitjiudicari  poteft^virtutis  e(fe,  qua  a?ta- 
tis  curfiim  ceJeriorem .  Valerius  porro 
Coruinus,  vigefimo  tertioa^ta tis  anno 
conful  creatus,  dicebatconfulatum  efle 
praemiumvirtutisjnonfanguinis.  &L. 
Quintius  Cincinnatus,  pauper admo* 
dum,  quattuor  tantum  iugerumagrum 
poffidensjeundemque  fuis  manibus co- 
lens,  abaratro  ad  didtaturam  capefTenda 
Roma  accerfitus  eft :  qui  vnica  fpespo- 
puliRom.fuit.quodoper^  precium  efle 
audiredicitLiuiuss  iis,  qui  omnia  prx  c  w.j, 
diuiiiishumanafpernunt:  neq;  honori 

magno 


De  IVRE  EY  OFF.  BELL. 

magno  locum^neque  virtuti  putat  efle, 
nifi  vbi  effuse  affluant  opes.  Attilium 
quoque,  quiadcumaccerfenduma  fe- 
natu  miili.erant ,  ad  imperium  populi 
Romanifufcipiendura^feminafpargen- 
teraviderunt ;  fedilla^ruftico  opcreat- 
trita?  manus,  falutem  publicamilabili- 
uerunt,  &  ingentes  hoftium  copias  pef^ 
a  vaU.Max,  (um  dcderut*.  Porro  in  fummo  impera- 
i,  .4.  «/.4.  torc^quattuorhasresefTeoporterejexi-  6 
b  pro  lege  flimat  Cicero^  ;fcien tia  rei  militaris^vir- 
tutenijaudloriratetnj&felicitatcm :  vir* 
tutesautem  iraperatoris^prsecipuashas  7 
efle  :laboremin  negodisjfortitudinem 
in  periculiSjinduftriam  in  agendo,  cele- 
ritatem  inconficiendo,confiliuin  pro- 
uidendo.nihil  tamen  quicquam  magna 
laude  dignumj  fine  vfu,&  exercitationc 
confequetur.  nam  quemadraodum  in 
ceteris  artibus,  fie  quoque  in  arte  impe  - 
ratoria  triafpcdantur;  natura,do^rina, 
&  vfus»  natura  ingenio^dodrina  fcien- 
tia,  vfusfrudludiiudicanduseft.  Cete» 
rum  cum  nufquam  minus,  quam  in  bel- 
le euentus  relpondeant:ideo^uemaxi< 
mx  cuique  fortune  minimi  crcdcndura 
fit,  vt  Annibai  Scipioni  dicebat ;  omni- 
DO  cauedum  erit  imperatori|  ne  temer^ 

cum 


Liber   secvndvs*  lo^ 

8  cumhoftcconfligat*5&aleambellirub- 
eat,  fed  cauia  potius  cum  rattone^quam 
profperaexcafu  fcquatur :  &  cum  ratio 
ducatjiionfortunajquaefallaxcftj&par» 
uis  momentis  magnas  rerumcommu- 
tationescfficin  Itaq;  Cxfarem  legimus, 
€xtf  emo  vitae  tempore  cundatlorem  ad 
dimicadum  fadum:  quo  fepiusviciflet, 
hoc  minus  expericdos  cafus  exiftimas: 
nequefetantum  acquifiturumvidoriaj 
quantum  auferre  calamitaspoflet^  Et  ^^ff^M^- 
quideficutfclicitasrerumgcftarum,  vt  *'*^'^''^*''* 
inquit  Ca?lar,  exercitus  beneuoletiam: 
Gc  res  aduerfse,  odia  conciliant .  quarc 
confultius,  tutius,  &  gloriofiusquoque 
p  erit  imperatori ,  vbicunq;  poterit,  inge- 
nio  &  ratione  hoftefuperarCjCX  Periclis 
(ententia,  quamgladio«  vtenimmulto 
maiora  funt  opera  animi ,  quam  corpo- 
ris, vtait  Cicero;  Gcex  res,  quas  profe- 
quimuringeniojgratioresfunt,  quaitl 
ilia?  quas  vinbus.^eria /ignificaflevide- 
tur  Laccdf  monij.-apud  quosdux^q,  for- 
titcrdimicafrer,&cructoMarte,magna- 
que  hoftium  clade  viciflet^troptei  loco 
gallQ.-quiverodeditionej&padOiindu- 
ftriafuajnecnimiscruetavidloriapoti- 
tuSjbelUmala  vitafletjboue  immolabat. 

Dion 


De    IVRE   EY    off.  BELt# 

Dion  quoqjinlibrisfuiSj  qui  de  regno 
infcribuntur  ,  dicit  longe  maiora  gcri 
paucorum  confilio ,  quam  multitudine, 
aut  viribus»quod  etia  Homerus  indicate 
cum  Agamemnonem  inducitaflerentej 
fe  longe  facilius  pofle  rem  Troianam  c- 
uertere^fi  decern  Neflores^aut  Vliffcsin 
cofilio  haberer,quam  fi  totidem  Aiaces, 
&  Achilles  fortiter  dimicantes.quo  /pe- 
^nt  ilia  verba  Vliffis  ad  Aiaccm ,  apud 
a  Hftamer^,  Ouidium  :a  {cundh 

'*'  ^ufppe  manu  fortes ,  mcfunt  iihi  Martefe» 

Con f Hits  cejfere  mtis  tibi  dexter  a  hello 
V til  is :  ingeniii  eli  f  eget  moder  amine  noslrt^. 
Tu  vires  fine  metegerts^mihicurafuturi  efii 
Tupttgnarefotes',  fugnandi  temfora  mecum 
Eligit  Atrtdes\  tutantumcorforcfrodes^ 
I^os  ammo:quanto^  rati  if  ut  temferat^anteit 
Rtmigu  offciu :  quanto  eH  dux  milite  matori 
Tatumegotifupero:  nee  noincorporenoBro 
Te6lorafunt  potior  A  manu\  ingor  onu  in  iHts* 
Et  cetera  ^  quae  carmme  profequitur  O- 
uidius :  vbi  dicit  armaAchillisj  dequi- 
bus  cum  Aiace  contedebat  Vliffes^uae-» 
<!Jucdigniori  erant  ptopofitijln  praemiil 
VliffitributafuiiTc.  nonitaquctantuixi 
in  viribus  corporis,  &  lacertisfortitudi* 
nis  gloria  eft:fcd  magisiii  virtutcanimi\ 

vtin- 


LlBfiR     SICVNDVS.  no 

vtinquitAmbrofius%Vndcquoquegi^a<fcotf:i.i, 
gantcs ,  dc  quibus  in  facris  littcris,  qua- 
uis  viribus  &  corpore  praeftarent :  quo- 
niam  non  habuerunt  fapientiam,  perie- 
runt propter fiiam  infipientiam  .contra  bB^micibcd 
vero  de  vjro  {apiente  fcriptum  eft:  Sur- 
55  rexit  filius  fen  (atus,  &  propter  ilium  de- 
„  iecit  omnem  potentiam  inimicorum*^4  ctcde/x^f 

10  Caucus  ergo  imperator ,  &  prudens  ^  ex 
Euripidis  fen  tentia,  audaci  &  temerario 
prafferendus  eft,  confilio  enim  (apienti, 
vt  idem  dicebat, magna  militum  manus 
vinci  poteft.  fic  Xerxes,  qui  tot  hominu 
miilia  contra  Grascos  duxerac  >  vnius 
Thcmiftoclis  induftria  fuperatus  fuit* 
QuarcAriftidesdfcebatj  non  armis  lb- 
lum  contra  hoftcs^fedconfilio  in  priniis 
vtcnduefle.  nam  cum  confilio,  &  indu- 
ftria fuperiores  euadere  pofTumuSjquid 
opus  eft  pericula  ftircipere?Hinc  rei  mi- 
litaris  periti ,  in  eo  pra?cipuamimpera- 

11  torislaudemconftituunt^j  fiearatione 
bellugcrat,  qua  ipfe,  &  exercitus,quam 
commodiffime  re  frumentaria,  aqua,  li- 
gno  3  pabulo  vtatur;  hoftis  vero  iis  om- 
nibus prohibeatur:  &  inopia^fi fieri  po- 
teft, addeditionem  compellatur :  &  vc 
tnaxime  k  tuto  dimicare  poftc  CKidi" 

meta 


De    IVRE   EY    OFF.  BEtl» 

niet>taraetutiusarbitretur^ob(effisviisJ 
comeatuinterclufojfinevulnerevido- 
ria  potiri.  qUse  ratio  lulio  Csefari,  fum- 
mo  imperatori  maxime  probabatur: 
cui  erat  propofitunij  vt  non  nifi  coa^us 
praflium  committeret  cum  Afranio ,  & 
Peireio,Pompeianarum  partium,  nam 
in  cam  fpem  venerat,fe  fine  pugna,  &  fi- 
ne vulnerefiiorum,  remcoficerepoflc: 
quod  re  frumentaria  aduerfariosinter^ 
clufifTet  :cur  etia  fccundo  prglio  aliquos 
ex  fuisamitteret ,  Tecum  penfitans :  cur 
vulncrari  pateretur  optime  meritosde 
femilites:  curdenique  fortunam  peri- 
clitareturipraereriimcum  non  miniis  et 
fctimperatorisconfiliofuperare^quam 
giadio.  &  ladem  omnium  rerum  inopia 
coados  aduerfarios ,  ad  deditionem  c6- 
a c^ithei  pulit\8f  hac  ratione facile  fuiflct Pom- 
rmUM.u  peio,  Caffarem  ad  Pharlalum  egeftatc 
omnium  rerum  opprimere^  vt  propo- 
fueratmifiafuis  Dirachina  vidtoria  Cla- 
ris ,  (eapropofitodimoueripaffustuiA 
b  A/»^4i».iie  fet  i>.  Fabius  autcm  Max.  ex  hoc  genere 
lidMrnijA^z  belli  gerendi,  fummamlaudem  meruit, 
ctia  iplius  hoflis  Annibalis  teftimonio, 
qui  dicebat ,  fe  magis  anon  pugnantc 
Fabio;  quam  a  pugnante  Marceilo  ti- 

merci 


LOER     SECVNDVS.  Ht 

mercJ»:  neceutnlententiafefellit.  nam 
Fabius  fuis  artibus  eo  iam  Annibaleiri 
fedendo  redegerat ,  vt  rion  folum  nihil 
ex  raptis  in  diem  comeatibus  fuperaret, 
fed  ne  vnde  raperct  qiiidem ,  quicquam 
rcliqui  eflet ,  omni  vndiquefruraento, 
pofteaquam  ager  parum  tutus  erat,  in 
vrbesmunitas  conuedo,  vt  vix  decern 
dierum,  quod  com pertu  poftea  eft,  fru- 
mentumfupcrefTet,  Hifpanoruobino- 
piara  tranfitio  pai-ata  Fuerit^fi  maturi  tas 
tcmporum  expedatafuiffet :  quamTe- 
renrius  VarroconCfua  temeritate  im- 
pediuit;  cuiusaduentu  Annibaljin  hifce 
difficultatibus  conftitutus,  quauis  parte 
dimidia  audas  hoftiii  copias  cernebar, 
mire  gaudebar,fperans,  id  quod  accidir, 
fortunam  prxpofteroingenio  &  teme- 
ritaticonfulismateriamdaturam:  cuius 
culpa  ingens  illaclades  CannenfisRo- 
manisillatafuit^.  hocquoqueconfilio  aLwwi.ii 
C.  Sulpitio  didatori  aduerfus  Gallos, 
neutiquam  placebat ,  quando  nulla  co- 
geret  res/ortunasfe  comitterejaduerfus 
hoftem^quem  tempus  deteriore  in  dies, 
&  locus  alienus  faceret,  finepraeparato 
commeatu,  fine  firmo  munimento  mo- 
rante :  ^  hoc  iis  animis  corporibusque» 

P  quorum 


De    IVRE    Et    OFF.    BELt, 

quorum  omnis  in  impetu  vis  effet;  par* 
aiVmrnLy,  uacademlanguefcere  moraa.  Alexader 
vero  cum  LeucadJam  obfideret,  pafTus 
eft  ex  finitimis  locis  omnes  eo  confugc- 
rejVtcitiusalimenta^qiisehabebatjCon- 
fumcrentur;  quibus  cofumptis^facilera 
vidoriam  confecutus  eft.  &  Antigonus 
vaftatis  Athenienfium  agris ,  fementis 
tempore dcceffit ,  &  quod  reliquum  ha* 
bebantfrumenti,  iniationesfparlb,  re- 
uerfus  nouo  vere  adultam  fegetem  pro- 
triuit>&  ad  famem  redadtos  AthenieieSj 
in  fiiam  volutatem  pertraxitVndeprae- 
cepti  Cabyfis  meminifte  debemus ,  quo 
Cyrumfiliummonuit,nunquamex/pe* 
dandam  efle  egeftatemj&  in  reru  copia^ 
maximedeinopiacogitandum.  fepius 
cnim  vidcmus  exercitum  confumi  pe- 
nuriajquampugna:  S^^vtaitVegetius, 
ferro  fceuior  eft  fames.  ltaq;5Vtdiximus, 
hifce  artibus  prarcipue  fuperandi  func 
hoftcs,  ncquetcmerein  acie  verfandiij 
nifi  vbi  tempus  neccHitasquepoftuIat: 
cxemplo  Scipionis,qui  in  Numantinos 
mifTus,  cumvidiffct  coniun(^acumin- 
fania  hoftium  tcmeritatem  ^  dicebat  fe 
tempore  redimere  hoftium  temeritate, 
6^  quod  loco  lapientio?  cft^aliena operiri 

ftttki* 


Liber   sbcvhdvs.  ttz 

ftultitiam.  bonumenim  imperatorenij 
itidem  vt  medicum ,  ad  malum  curandu 
vltimodemumloco  ferru  adhibcre  de- 
bere:  nihilominus  tamenfuo  tempore 
adortusNumantinosfudita.  HisafTcrl-  ^^J^^*'  ^'^' 
hi  pofTe  videtur  confilium  Sertorij ,  qui 
profcripdone  Syllana  dux  Lufitanoru 
fieri  coadlus  >  cumeos  oratione  fledere 
nonpoflet,  ne cum  vniuerfa  Romano- 
rum  acieconfligerent:  duos  in  cofpe(5ta 
eorum  conftituitequos  .♦  alrefum  vali- 
di(Timum,alterum  infirmiffimum  :ac  de- 
inde  validi  cauda  ab  imbecillo  fcne  pau- 
latimcarpiiinfirmiaiuueneeximiarum 
virium  vniuerfam  conuelliiufTit:  fubij- 
ciens ,  equi  caudse  confimilem  elTe  R  o- 
manorum  exercitu,cuius  partes  aliquis 
aggredics  opprimcre  poiTit  j  vniuerlum 
conatus  profternere ,  celerius  tradiderit 
vidoriam,  quam  occupauerit.  quo  cxe- 
plo  Sertorius  barbaros,  quos  ratione 
fledere  non  poterat ,  in  fuam  fentetiam 
pertraxit^.  Porroquemadmodumnon  bvaisiax 
temerc  fortuna  tentadaeft,  &  ardua  fuf-  ''^-^*  "^'^ 
12  cipiendaificab  inceptis"^  non  facile  dit 
cedendum  eft^exemplo  Marcelli-cum  e- 
nim  multa,  fuccedentes  temere  moeni- 
bus  J  in  oppugnatione  Cafilini,  Roma- 

P  2  nimi- 


De  ivre  et  off»  bfll. 
ni  milires  acciperet  vulnera^neque  /atfs 
coeptis  fuccederet:  &  Fabius  omittenda 
rem  paruam,  ac  iuxta  magnis  difficilem, 
&abrcedendumindecenferctj quod  res 
inaioresinftarent;Marcellus,multa  ma- 
gnis ducibusficut  non  aggrcdienda,  ita 
fcmel  aggrefTa  non  dimittenda  cfle  di-» 
cendo,  quia  magna  famse  momenta,  in 
vtramque  partem  fierent ;,  tenuit  ne  in- 
^tmmU4.  ceptoabiretura.  Quarelaudandiquoqj 
Cxfms  milites  ,  quicitoin  obfidione 
AuaricijOmnium  rerum  difficultate  affi- 
cerentur,&  Csefarobinopiamfcdimif- 
furum  oppugnatione  diceret;  vniuerfi 
ab  eo,ne  infeda  re  difcederet,petebant.* 
hoc  feignominif  loco  laturoSjii  incepta 
hQ&f.ieU.  oppu§nationemrelinquercntjdicedot>« 
S'tUM.7,  famaiiqu idem  bella  flare  meritofummi 
ducesexiltimauere,  & euitijqui recede- 
bar,fugerecredi.  Vndccum  inreliquis 
jebus ,  turn  priefertim  in bello coftantia 
*  atque  fiducia  imperatoris  plurimum  13 
praeftant5&  l^pead  vniuerfi  belli  euentu 
maximifuntmomenti»  cuius reifpecio- 
fa  exempla  nobis  praebent  Romanij&  in 
primis,  quod  Cannenfi  clade,  exhauftis 
imperij  viribus,  fuppleroentu^xercitus 
in  Hifpaniammittercaufij  fccerunt  ne 

hofti- 


Liber   sbcvndvj.  115 

hoftilium locus caftroru,  turn  tnaxim^ 
Capenam  portam  armis  Annibale  pul- 
fante^minoris  vcniret,quam  fi  Pceni  ilia 
nonobtinuifTent.  Itafegerere,  inquit 
Val.  Max  3,  quid  aliud  eft,quain  faeuien-  a  w.j^c/. 
tern  forrunam  in  adiutoriu  fui  pudore 
vid^amconucrtere?  Quo  rpe<aar,  quod 
C^fardiccbar.fi  non  omnia  fecunda  ce- 
derenr/ortunam  eife  induftria  fubleua- 
dam.  ParifiduciaScipio  Aphricanus, 
Ipeculatores  AnnibaliSjin  caftris  fuis  de- 
prehenfos,  necfupplicioafFedt,  tiecdc 
confiliis&  vifibus  Poenorum  percuda- 
tusefl:  fedtradiroseostribunismilitu, 
iufTosq;  omiflb  metu  vifere  omnia,  per 
caftrajquo  vcliet,  duci iuflic :  percun(Sta- 
tusque  fatin  percommode  omnia  ex- 
ploraffent,datis  qui  profequerentur  re- 
troad  Annibaledimifit.  quo  tarn  pleno 
fiduciae  fpiritu  Scipio  prius  animos  ho- 
ftium,  vt  inquit  Val,  Maxim  ^.  quam  ar-  b  //i>3.<.7« 
macontudiirnam  Annibal  maxime  ho- 
ftiSjfiducia  perculfus ,  protinus  nudum 
ad  Sdpionem  mifit ,  vc  colloquendi  fe- 
cum  poteftatem  faceret ,  aequiorem  im- 
petrari  pofle  pacg  ntusfi  integer,quam 
fi  vidus  peteret  c.  Porro  fummi  duces  <=  ^-""'«^.30 
fadle  percipienteSj  quantum  haberet  in 

P  3  feboni 


De     IVRE     ET    off.  BEtl, 

fe  boni  conftantia ,  atque  fiducia,  fblent 
ante  confli<^um  magno  (ludio  illud  a- 
gcre*,  quomaximeconfidentefibired-  ^ 
derent  excrcitum ,  &  militum  animos 
confirmarent ,  quod  variis  modis  facie- 
bant.  Valerius Coruinusdidator,cum 
Samnitibus  bellum  gerens ,  priufquara 
Cgnum  pugnf  proponeret,  leuibus  cer- 
taminibus,tcntandihoftiscau&,aliquot 
dies  moratus  eft ,  ne  (cilicet  nouum  bcU 

a  ikim  1.7,  lym  fqos^nouusque  hoftis  terreret  *•  Q^. 
FabiusconfuljdecertaturuscumHetru- 
fcis ,  quo  animus  militum  multitudinq 
territus  reftitueretur,  Samnitium  bella, 
qu^  magna  felicitate  confecerant^extol- 
lebat,eleuabat  Hetrufcos,  nee  hofte  ho^ 
fii^nec  multitudinem  multitudinicom- 
parandameffeaiebatiprsetereateluraa- 
liudoccultumfcituros  in  tempore,  in- 
tereataceri  opuseiTe  :  quibus  ambagi- 
bus  prodi  fimulabat  hoftes^^  fuos  mirii 

himmi9.  inmodum  confirmabat**.  inquocertc 
folertia  Fabij  meriro  laudanda,  &  ab  im- 
peratonbus  imitanda  eft .  communi  e- 

c  iebeiciHU,  "^^  fi^  v"^^  "^^" '"^  5 ^^  CiEfar  dicebat % 

''^.2.      *  vtinuifislatitantibus,  atqueincognitis 

rebus  magis  confidamus,  vehementiuC 

que  exterrcamur.  &,  vtinquit  Liuius, 

fa?pe 


Liber   secwdvj.  J14 

fepevana  pro  veris  maxim  e  in  bellova- 
lucrunt  •  Vetercs  quoq;  ad  confirmaa- 
dos  militum  animos ,  caufam  religionis 
peridoneam  cenfebant.quo  fpedlat  om- 
nia aufpicia&oracu  la  ^  qua?  fi  forte  ad^ 
uerfi  quid  figni  facere  viderentufjfblcnt 
nonnunquam  imperatores ,  folerti  qua- 
daminterpretatione,inbonumvertere, 
vtmilitibus  timorcm  eximerenr,  cuius 
I'd  exftant  innumera  exempla.    Et  qui- 
dem,  quemadmodum  multaadconfir- 
mandos  militum  animos  facienda  funt» 
(ic  quoque  magno  ftudio^illa  qua?  metu 
15  inferre  pofTent^^aut  militil  animos  qua- 
cunqueratione  alienare,  fupprimenda 
funt.  nam,vt  Casfir  dicebat,vti  corporis 
vulnera,  ita  exercitus  incommoda  tege- 
da  funt:  ne  ea  nudando5militibus  timor 
addatur,  &hoftibusaudaciacrefcat.  in 
quo,iureTcrentiusVarro  repreheden- 
dus  videtur.nam  cum  accepta  clade  Ca- 
nenfi^Campanilegatosadeum  Venufia. 
mififlent,  quo  cum  paucis,  ac  fcmiarmi- 
busveneratiitaauxitrcrumfuarumfui^ 
quecontemptum,nimisdetegendocIa- 
dem,nudadoquejVt  qui  prius  xgre  ferre 
fe^aduerfialiquidaccidiffeRomanisnu- 
ciafTent^pollicitiqueefTentj  omnia  quae 

P  4  adbel- 


15e    IVRB     Et    OFPt  BHLt. 

ddbellum  opus  eflent:  reqerfis  donmm 
]pgatis(quicxcontepmconrulis>&cius 
oratione^qusedefpcratione  rem  omnia 
continebar,  quafideletuviderctur  no- 
rncnRomanoruni,rcferebant)  omncs 
ad  defe(5lioneni  fpedarent:confifi  fe  to-» 
tius  Italiaeinipenopotiripofre,atq;ira 

zUuiwUz  foeduscum  Annibalefeccrunta^ Simili-» 
ter  PhilippusMacedonumreXjimpru-» 
denti  confilio ,  aliquid  ad  charitate  fuot 
ium3&  vtpromptiusproeopericuluni 
adirent,rarusprofe(Surumfe5fieqMitu, 
quiceciderantinleuiquodaprfliocum 
Romanis ,  fepeliedorum  curani  habuiJP 
fet:  afferrieosincaftraiuffit,  vtconfpir 
ceretur  ab  omnibus  funcris  honos.  nam 
quod  promptiores  adfubeundam  om-' 
nem  dimicationem  putabat  faduru ,  id 
metum  pigritiamqucincuflit.  quienim 
haftis,ragittisque,  fif  rara  lanceis  vulne- 

\i  UKiu  T^^  ^2<^^  vidiflent ,  inquit  Liuius  b,cum 
Grascis,  Illyricisque  pugnare  afTueti; 
poftquamgladio  Hifpanicnfidetrucata 
corpora^brachiis  abfcinis,aut  tota  cerui- 
cedefcdajdiuifaacorporecapitajpaten^ 
tiaque  vifcera,  &  foeditatem  aliam  vul-» 
ner um  videriltraduerfus  qua:  telajquoi^ 
4ue  virospugnadum  efler^pauidi  vulgg 

ccrnc- 


Liber  shcvndvs.  115 

cernebant.  ltaqueHomani,ciimP.Ru-, 
tilij  Lupiconf.  bellofodalica^fi,  cada-* 
uere,  &  aliorum  nonpaucorum  nobU 
lium,in  vrbcm  relato,  viderct  populutn 
cofpedlaculocommoucri  &  tcrreri :  S. 
C.dccreuerunt,  vtexindemortuorum 
in  hello  corpora^ibi  humarenturjvbicu- 
que  cecidifTcntrneob  eorum  confpedu 
reliqui  fegniorcs  ad  militiam  jSerent* 
quoddecretummoxcognitu,&hoftes 
imitatifunta,  Ceterum  Chabrias  Athe-  f  f^pp^f^^^ 
nienuum  dux,  optimum  huncimpera- 
torem  efle  dicebat ,  qui  maxime  co- 
t6  gnitas  haberet  res  ^  hoftium  ^  :  quarum  b  vi„t.  wo,- 
certeignorationc  multosfugatosexcr-  /»A 
citus,  &defummarerumnon  femcl  in 
periculumventumfuillelegimus^  Iraq; 
Caffius  a  Cacfarianis  in  fuo  cornu  vi- 
dusj&caftriscxutus,  credensBrutum  - 
quoquc  fuperatUjqui  in  fuo  cornu  vice- 
rat,quafi  defperatis  rebus^fibi  ipfi  morce 
conlciuit.  Similicrrore>cum  inter  Ro- 
inanos&  Volfcos  magno  prcelio  certa- 
rctur,  &  nox  incertos  diremifTet ;  tantus 
abimprudentia  euentus  vtraquecaftra 
tenuit  timor,vt  reli(5lis  iauciis,&  magna 
parteimpedimetorum,  ambo  pro  vidis 
cxercitus  fe  in  montes  proximos  recipe-- 

P  5         rcnr. 


De   IVRE   ET   OFF,  BELL. 

a  Mmii.^  rent  a.  &  Curio  legatus  Csefans ,  bello 
ciuili,  temere  crcdens  perf ugis,  qui  1  u^ 
bam  regem  (quiPompeio  cumniagnis 
copiisauxiliovenerat)  reuocaiumnni- 
timo  bello ,  &  Suburram  eius  praefedtii^ 
cum  mediocribus  copiis  miffum  afferc- 
rent ;  praelium  temerecommifit^&vna 
cum  exercitu  a  copiis  regis  circumuen- 
bcefMbeh  tus5adinternecionem  ca^fus  eft^,  Vndc 
^»**^*^*  cum  vitio  naturae,  vt  ait  Ca^far,  qua?  vo^ 
lumus3&  crcdimus  Ubeter5&  quae  fcnti- 
inus  ipfi,  reliquosfcntire  fperamus,non 
temerc  transfugis^Sc  exploratoribus*fi-  ^7 
dcm  habere  debemus,  in  quo  Galloru 
ci.hti!«iai  morcmidera  Ca?far^rcprehendit :  qui 
«w  ^«^  quibufcunque  rumoribus^Sc  auditioni- 
bus  permoti,  de  fummis  fa?pe  rebus  co- 
filiaincunt,  quorum  eoseveftigio  pae- 
nitcre  necefle  eft :  cum  incertis  rumori- 
bus  (eruiant,  &  plerique  ad  eorum  vo* 
luntatem  fidta  refpondeant^  Quare  ex- 
pedite vt  illi  5  qui  cum  imperio  lunt,  vbi 
duriora  qugdam  occurrunt,  fpeculatum 
ipfi  prodcant :  exemploMarcelli,quiad 
collegamdicebat;  Quin  imus  ipfi  cutn 
equitibus  paucis  exploratum :  fubie^ta 
enim  res  oculiSjCertiusdabiiconfiiium^ 
Omnium  autem  maxime  proderitim- 

pcrator. 


Liber.  sECVNDVSi  n5 

x8  perator%  fiad  omnia quxafpcra  atquc 
ardua  funt,  fe  ducem  prxbeat.  fi  quide- 
nim  iniungere  inferiori  veils,  id  prius 
in  te,ac  tuos  fi  ipte  iuris  ftatueris/acilius 
o;nnes  obediences  habeas.  Imirariitaqi 
debet  quilibet  bonus  imperator/ortem 
&  ftrennuum  ducem,populo  Ifraelitico 
diuinitusexcitatum  &  datum,  Gedeo- 
ncm^fuositaalloquente:  Quod  me  vi- 
deritis  facere,id  vos  quoque  facite,a  ca- 
pita enim5Vt  inquit  Seneca,bona  va  Ictu* 
do tranfit in reliqua membra,  funtquc 
in  banc  rem  praeclara  Valerij  Coruini 
J,  verba inquientis :  Cum  gloria  belli,  ac 
35  virtutefuaquemquefretos5ire  inaciem 
3,  dcbcre  5  turn  etiam  intueri , cuius  dudu 
3,  aufpicioq;  ineunda  pugna  fit:vtrum qui 
„  audienduSjduntaxat  magnificus  adhor- 
3,  tatorfitjVerbistatiimferox^operum  mi' 
35  litariu  expers  :an  qui  &  ipfe  tela  tradare, 
3,  procedcre  ante  figna,  verfari  in  media 
35  molepugnas  fciat.  fada  mea ,  non  dida, 
3,  vos  milites  fequivolo,  ncc  difciplinam 
33  modo  3  fed  exeplum  etiam  a  me  petcrc, 
33  qui  hacdextra  n:\ihitresc6ruiatuS5  fum- 
33  mamquelaudepeperi  *.Sicccrte  CCa?-  a  VuiiMir* 
fir  inordinata  aciem  fepe  rcfHtuitjObfi- 
ftens  fugienubuS;,rciincnsque  finguios, 

&  con- 


De    IVRE    El*   OFF,   BELL. 

&  con  tortis  faucibus  conucrtens  in  ho- 
as«rfw,w  ftcma.  Itaqueancipitiilloprasliojquo 
c^A-  cum  iurtiore  Pompeio  in  Hifpaniacon- 
flixit,  fuis  prse  pauore  rrcpide  pugnanti- 
bus,  cum  res  eflet  inmaximodifcrimi- 
ne,  &  niiiilexhortationibusproficeret; 
arreptocuiufdam  clypeo,  increpitisque 
militibus,  procurritinhoftem,  dicens: 
Nunc  &mihi finis  vitsB  eritj&  vobis  mi«  3^ 
litia?.  quo  fado  pudori  cedente  metu^a- 
ciem  reftiruit,  ducentis  telis  in  clypeo 
b  Api>uiH.de  acceptis  ^.  In  quo  tamen  maxime  indu- 
heU,cmiu,  ftriamimpcratoris*requiro,  vtfuaqui'  ^9 
dem  alacritate  militil  animosadquod- 
uis  periculum  (ubeundu  paratiores  red- 
dat:  nontcmere tamen  periculofeleex- 
ponat :  pra^ferrim  ad  quern  fumma  re- 
rum  Tpedat:  nifi  maxima  neceflitate  id 
exigence,  &cum  detotius belli euentu 
3gitur.multasenimvrbeseuerfas,plures 
fufos  fugatosque  exercitus,  imperato- 
rum  temeraria  morte  legimus .  Itaquc 
morsP^ScipionisinHifpania^dumlefe 
nimium  hoftium  telis  offert ,  vt  hoftes 
baud  dubieprovidloribus,  &Romani 
c  VrnmUi^  pro  vidis  eflcnt^effecit ^  &  vulnus  Cn. 
Scipionisad  Mundam  vincetibus  egre- 
gie  Roraanis,  feddefaiuteimperatoris 

folli* 


LiBER     SECVNDVS*  UJ 

follicitis  pauorem  iniecit5&  baud  dubi^ 
&pra?cIaraevidoriaeimpedimeto  fuita^  ^thrimia^ 
Sic  quoque cum  Annibal  inSagutiop* 
pugnationejdummurum  incautiusfu- 
bit,vulneratuscadcretj  tantacircacum 
fugaatquetrepidatiofuir,  vt  nonmul- 
tiimabe/Iet,  quin  opera  ac  vines  defe- 
rerentur*'.  Sic  cum  Epaminonda,dum  biw«jUi 
nonducis  tantum,  verum  etiamforiit 
fimi  miliris  officio  fungitur ,  vires  quo- 
quereipubl.Thebanae  ceciderunt,  nam 
vtinquitluftinuscj/icuti  telo  fiprimam  cm.6, 
aciem  perfrcgerisjreliquo  ferro  vim  no- 
cendi  fuftuleris ;  fie  illo  velut  mucronc 
teliablato  duce  Thebanorum ,  reipubl. 
vircshebetat^funtrvtnonramilJuami- 
fifle,  quam  cum  illo  interiifle  omncs  vi- 
res Thcbanoru  viderentur.  Nonitaque 
nimiufidanr  faliaci  fortunas  principes, 
ncquectiamclypeo  louis  :  Tub  quo  eos 
ver/ari  dixit  Homerus :  kd  in  periculis 
fufcipiendiSjVt  inquit  Cicero  d,  con  fue-  d  officjA,u 
tudoimitandamedicorum^  quiJeuitcr 
jegrotantes  leuitercurant,  grauioribus 
autc  morbis  periculofas  curationesad- 
hiberecoguntur.Hucfpedareviderur, 
quodiEmiiiusPaulusdiccbat,  cuvido 
Perlcoprogratulationeviiaorifcouiuia 

celc- 


De     IVRH   ET    OFF.  BELL, 

celebrarct ;  eiufdem  fci lice tefle  pen tia?^ 
exercitum  hoftibus  valde  terribilem ,  & 
amicis  conuiuium  valde  iucundum  red- 
a  vu.  ina  dere^  Et  Scipio  African.cumeum  qui- 
^'^^'  dam  parum  pugnaeem  dicerent;  Impe- 
ratorem  me  mater ,  non  bellatorem  pe- 
perit^refpondit:  vt  oftenderet^vincendi 
rationem  in  vniiis  potius  fcientia&  in- 
genio,quam  in  multorum  viribus  &  ar- 
tnis  cflTe  *  non  enim  cxdcm  militares5& 
imperatoria^  artes  funt*  Prseterea impc- 
rator,vel  potius  fummusprinceps'^^me-  20 
minirte  debet  cofilij  Antigoni :  quifseua 
tempeftate  iadtatus,  ciim  in  eadem  naue 
fecumfuosomneshabuiflet:  praecepifle 
liberis  dicitur,  vt  &  ipfi  meminifrenrj& 
ita  pofteris  proderentme  quis  cum  tota 
gente  fimul  in  rebus  dubiis  periclitari 
auderet.  cuius  praecepti  memor  Philip- 
pus,  Romanisbellumillaturus^duos/i^ 
mul  filios  in  aleam  eius^qui  proponere- 
turcafuSjComittcrenoIuit  :itaquenia- 
ioremfccumduxit;  minoremadcufto- 
^liaimiio  diam  regni  remifit  in  Macedonia b;pru- 
dentes  patresfamilias  imitatus,qui  f  oliti 
funt  ,non  omnem  vnum  in  locum  pecU-» 
niam  reponere,  ne  fichafmate^ineediOj 
aut  bello  forie  periret,  vniucrfa  ctiatn 

interi- 


LiBER    SECVNDVS.  u8 

interiret  hominis  fubftatia,  quo  fpe^t 
iadarum  inter  agricolasadagium,  cuius 
admonet  Celfusa;Pecuniannepeculio  ^inificU- 
fragilemcffe.  quern  locum  pulchrecx-  ST^tM.^* 
plicat  Corrafius  ^.  Porro  no  foliim  bel-  ^  McrUa», 
21  landivirtus^vtinquitCicero%infuni-  «;.T^'^'*'** 
mo  &  perfcdo  imperatore  quasreda  eft,  c  ^»  ''<?« 
fedmultaffuntarteseximighuiusadmi-  "^"  * 
niftrae,  comitesquevirtutis.  Inprimis 
autemrequiriturineo,  quialiis  impe- 
rarevuItjVtfibij&cupiditatibusfuisim- 
pcrare  poirit5&  imperium^quod  in  alios 
exercere  vult,  omnium  grauiffimc  &  fe- 
ueriflime  in  feipfum  exerceat .  neque  e- 
nim  poteft  exercitum  continere  is  im- 
perator^qui feipfum  non  continet:  neq; 
feuerus  cde  in  iudicando ,  qui  alios  in  fe 
fcueros  effe  iudices  non  vult .  refrenet 
ergo  libidines  5  fpernatvoluptates,  ira- 
cundiam  teneat,  coerceatauaritiam ,  & 
ceteras  animi  labcs  repellar.cui  quidcm 
ita  affe^o  >  vt  inquit  Cicerot^,  qu*e  vim  d »» Pam- 
habere  maximam  dicitur ,  pra^fertim  in  ''*"'' 
bello/ortunaipfaceditiqufjficutfapies 

Eoeta dixit,  fuiscuiqucfungitur  mori- 
us;  quemadmodum  deM.Porcio  Ca- 
tonc  traditur,  viro  omnibus virtutibus 
praedito ,  tantam  in  eo  vim  animi  inge- 

niique 


Db     IVRS  ET    OFF.  BEIL. 

nii^uc  fuiffc:  vt  qoocunque  loco  natus 
cfler>  fortunatn  fibi  ipfe  fadurus  viderc- 
tuFj  tarn  in  rebus  bellicis ,  qu^mciuili- 
at«wl.39  bus^&nontemerecreditum  fuit,feli» 
ciorem  futurumAIexadram  Magnum^ 
fi  vicifTctfuperbianijatque  ira^1,malain- 
ui(5la5aliaqueanimivitia:^edqucmPer- 
fa^um  arma  non  fregerunt,  vitia  vicc- 
l,Qjffci.car  runt^  Agefilaus  verofummusdux,  di- 
t«Mtih,64    cebat  5  malle  fe  vincere  malas  cupidita- 
tes,  quam  maximam  hoftium  vrbemca* 
pere.  melius enimcffejfuam  ipfiuscon- 
feruarelibertatem,  quam  aliis  eamadi* 
cVha,ma-  merec^  &  Scipio  ex  capta  Carthaginc 
^^*'        non  maiorem  gloriam  meruit  ^  quam 
quod  captiua  adeo  eximia  forma  inter 
ccteras,  vtquacunqueincederet,  con- 
uerteret  in  fe  omnium  ocuIos,inuiolata 
&  intadam  fponfo  Allucio  rcftituerir^ 
iVuksUc  precio  redemptionis  illiindot^dato**. 
&  idem  Scipio,c6ciliata  fibi  clemcntix, 
&  continentias  fama  plus  in  Hifpania 
profecit,  quam  inuidtis  Romanorii  ar- 
mis.  Itaque  cum  poctae  monitra  ab  Her- 
culedomita,&  lyrannos  occifbs  fingOr, 
indicant  bonum  imperatorem  ^  cuius 
exemplum nobis  Herculem  proponOt, 
corruptosanimiaffe^usicdpnmcxcde- 

berc# 


LiBHR     SECVNDVS.  Up 

22  bere.  Ceterumimperioalicuidelato% 
confultum  erit,  liberum  illide  fumma 
rerum  ftatuendi  arbitrium  permittere, 
cxemplofenatuSjpopuliqueRom.  qui 
omnium  rcrumarbitrium^quod ad  hel- 
ium attinet,  impcratori  permittebat.  & 
vtrufcdendo^andimicandoremgerere, 
hocvelillud  oppidu  oppugnare  vifum 
cfTetjipfiUs  iudicio  relinquebant,  nequc 
quicquam  fibi  ref^ruabat ,  quam  au(5lo- 
ritatem  noUi  belli  indicedi ,  aut  foederis 
ianciendi  cum  hofte:  quse  fummi  impe- 
rii efle  alio  loco  oftendimusMtaque  Q.  a  7,H.uc.6, 
Fabiusconf.  inHetrufcosmifTus,  vtfo- 
ciisSurrinis^quos  Hetrufci  obfidebant, 
opem  ferret ,  Hetrufcis  prselio  fufis ,  fu- 
gatisque ,  inconfuho  fenatu ,  per  filuam 
CiminiamhoftesperfecutuSjinHetru- 
riam bellum  tranftulit ^&  Cn.  Manlius  ^  ^^^^^-9* 
conf  Antiochodeuido,  Gallogra?cis, 
quod  AntiochumauxiliisiuuifTentjfine 
fenatus  au<5toritate,  &  iniulTu  populi, 
bellum  intulit ;  &  nee  quicquam  crimi- 
nantibuscumlegatis,  qui  cum  eo  fue- 
rantjtriumphasinvrbcminueduseft*^.  cLw»i$/.3s 
Similiter  Caefar ,  cui  Gallia  prouincia 
obtigerat ,  Germanis  Gallia  cxpulfis 
Rhenum  ttafiuit^vt  cum  Sicambns  bel- 

Q^        lumge- 


De   ivre   et   off.  beli» 

lutn  gereret,  quod  jllos,qui  fibi  Gallia?- 

que  bellum  intulerat  ^  &:  in  fines  Sicam- 

brorumfereccperanfjdcderenollcnt;^ 

in  Britanniam  quoque  exercitum  tran- 

ftulifjquod  omnibus  fere  galiicis  bclIiSj 

hoflibus  Roraanoiu  inde  lubminiftrata 

auxilia  intelligebat :  haecqUe  omnia  ex 

^Csfarde  fuotantum  arbitrio  fecit ^  Cn.autem 

hia,^ai,iib.^  Pompeio  bellum  aduerfus  pirataslegc 

Cabinia  in  triennium  ita  mandatu  fuit, 

vtrotomari,  quod  eft  intra  columnas 

Herculis,&  in  maritimisprouinciisjvfq; 

adquadringentefimumamari  ftadium, 

poteftatcm  haberet  imperandi  regibus, 

prxfidibuSjCiuitatibuSjVt  fe  omnibus  ad 

eius  belli  adminiftrationem  neceffariis 

hPiuiun  iuuatet^.&  QJ^abioMax.didatoriper- 

tge^nX^'  mifflim  fuit,vt  omnia  faceret^vt e  re  pu- 

j«tf».  tn  Ui,  blicaduceret.  &  T^Quintioconf.liberu 

^M-        airbitnumpacis,  ac  belli  cum  Philippo 

c Ltumlii  p^rn^i^um  fuit*^.in  quo  meriio pruden- 

tiam  (cnatus  populique  Rom.  laudes. 

nam  qui  ex  alieno  meiu  ,  voJuntateque 

pendet ,  nihil  magnum  pra^ftare  poteft. 

Difficile  quoque fuifietfenatui  5  ea  quae 

ocuJisfubiedanon  funt/uoiudicioad- 

miniftrare :  &  vbi  caftralocanda  effent, 

fcire  :  quae  loca  prsefidiis  occupanda : 

quando 


Liber   secvndvs.  120 

quando  cum  hofteconfligendum.-qua- 
do  quiefcendu  effet^prf  fcribere :  &  e  ter- 
ra^quod  aiutjgubernareipraefertim  cum 
pundo  teporis,  vtinquitLiuius,  cuius 
praJteruolatopportunitaSj  fi  cundarus 
paululu  fueris5nequicqua  mox  amifTam 
queraris.  Porroquomaiorianimo,  & 
omnibus  curis  libero  ^ad  fiimmarerum 
imperatores  confulere  poflent^  ne  metu 
fupplicij  a  rcgcfendadeterrerenturife- 
natus^populusq;  Romanus/e  forte  ma- 
le gefta,  fortunatantum  belli  incufans, 
nunquamcrudelius  quicquain  eosfta- 
tuit-.necvnquamatrociorineoSjquite' 
mcritate,atq->infcitia,exercitusami(i{set, 
fuitjquavtpecuniaeosmultaret.capite 
anquifitum  ob  rem  bello  male  gefta ,  de 
imperatoreferenunquafuit :  ipfamca-' 
lamitatcfatispoenasefleexiftimantes,^ 
laude  fruftrari  ♦  cuius  rei  cxcpio  funt  M* 
SergiuSj&  P.  Virginias  tribuni  militum 
cofularipoteftatcbello  contra  Veieres* 
na cum  forte  hoftesea  regione^quaM* 
Sergius  prceerat,  caftra  ador  ti  eflenr:  nee 
feia  Romaniab  hoftibustueripoflenr^ 
&  fola  fpes  efTet ,  fi  a  maioribus  caftris 
fubueniretur  ,  quibus  Virginius  prsre- 
ratpriuatim  Sergio  inuifus  &  infcftus: 

0^2  noluit 


De     IVRE    ET    off.    BEtt. 

noluit  Virginius  collegae  auxilium  fub- 
mittere,nifipeteret:&Sergius,ncc]uam 
opem  viderctur  ab  inimico  petiifle5vin- 
ciabhofte,  quamvincere  per  due  ma- 
luit:ita  vt  huius  pertinaciam  arrogantia 
alterius  aequaret  :quo  fadu  e(l5Vt  milites 
diu  in  medio  csefi  j  podremo  defertis 
munitionibus  pcrpauci  in  maiora  ca- 
ftra,  pars  maxima  arq J  ipfe  Sergius  Ro- 
mam  pertenderetivbiada  vtriufqicaufa 
infenatUj&apudpopuIumdiedidtajta- 
tum  denis  miliibus  a^ris  grauis  rei  dam- 

a  tmimL^*  Had  funt  ^  Similiter  M*Poftumius  tri-* 
bunus  militum  cofulari  poteftate^quod 
ad  Veios  eius  opera  male  pugnatu  effetj 
decem  quoque  miliibus  grauis  a^ris :  & 
C.  Sempronius  conf.  ob  ignominiam 
Volfcici  belli ,  quindecim  miliibus  seris 

himmU*  damnati  funt*».  folum  inuenio  deCn* 
Fuluio  pr^torejobexercitum  in  Apulia 
amifTum  (cum  omnibus  probrisonera^ 
retur,  &  iurari  multidicerenifuga?  pa- 
UorJsqueinitium  a  pra^rore  ortum,  ab 
eo  delcnos  tniliiesjciim  baud  vanum  ti- 
moremducis  crederent,  terga  dedifTe) 
capite  anqu)fitum  fuilTeiqui  priufquam 
dies  comitiorum  adeflct,exulatum  Tar- 

QUmtnUii  quiniosabiiiS  Muhijveroannisante, 


Liber    secvndvj.  121 

Sp^Seruilius,  vt  confulatu  abiit^reus  ca- 
pitis fuir,a  tnb.pleb.die  dida,qu6d  He- 
trufcos  in  caftra  fugientes  audacms  qua 
prudentius  pcrfecutus ,  robur  iuuentu- 
tis  arnifiiTet.fed  cum  id  indignifTime  fer- 
renc  patricij,  rem  nonferendam  didi- 
tantes,  cosqui/eprorepubiicaimpigre 
hoftibusobijciant  ,fifortuna  minus  fa- 
uear,  ignaui^accufiriabiis  quinunqua 
inaciefteterint:  tarumpotueruntapud 
populum ,  vt  omnium  calcuJis  reus  ab- 
folueretur:  oftendetes  nonefTeerepub. 
damnari  duces  ob  infortunium  a,  Atqui  nDianUai. 
in  C.  Tcrentium  Varroncmconfulem,  ""'^^'^^^-"^ 
CUIUS  temcritate ,  inconfulto  collega  L. 
iEmilio  Paulo clades  ilia  Cannefis  Ro- 
manis  illata  eft ,  ex  qua  relidto  exercitu, 
&  collega  fortitcr  mortuo  profugir ,  no 
fblum  non  eft  animaducrfum  ob  rem 
malegeftam^fedetiamextantacladerc- 
deuntiobuiam  icum  frequenter  eft,  & 
gratia^ada^jquodderepubl.  nondefpe- 
ra(ret:cui,  fiCarthaginienfiumdu(5bor 
fuidet  5  nihil  recufandum  fupplidj  fo- 
23  ret^.  Fuere  enim  *  Carthagmienfes  in  biiV/»iUa> 
militi^  negoriis  ram  afperi,vt  imperato- 
res,quiprauoc6/ilio5qaamuisprofpero 
cuenturemgefTiffent,  in  crucem  tolle- 

(^  3         rent; 


De    ivre    et    off.  bell, 
rent :  quod  bene  gefTerant,  deorum  im- 
mortalium  adiutorio,quod  male  admi- 
a  vaieMax.  fcrant^ipforumculpaeimputantes^lta- 
ub.2, cap.y.  que  Mago  infignis  Carthaginienfium 
twm  itb.3s  innperator,  qui  primus  omnium  impe- 
rium  Poenorum  ordinata difciplina  mi- 
litariconftituir ,  viresque  ciuiratis  non 
mmusbellandiartequamvirtutefirma- 
b  iujiin.i.i9  uitt>5  obrem  malegeftam  contra  Syra- 
cufanos,  mctu  fupplicij  feipfum  interfe- 
cit :  quo  non  contenti  Carthaginienfes, 
cviut.invi.  morrui  corpus  in  crucem  fuftulerunt*^. 
ttTmoieonrf  Sciendum  autem  banc  laxamj&  largam 
de  fumma  rerum  libere  confulendi  po- 
tef^atem,imperatori  tributam,  in  magi- 
ftroequirum,  tribuno  ,  vel alio  qui im- 
peratore  inferior  eft^admodumrcftri^a 
d  jMoffic.  fuifTe:  vtfuolocodicemus^^.&quidem, 
M.3.         quan tumuis libera  permittatur  duci  re^ 
c  in  I  credi  j.jjj^  omnium ,  ex  arbitrio  fuo  admini- 
Dm^nZT/  ftratio:  nihilominus,  (lquidfraudulen- 
f /. »«  perfo  t^r  fecerir,  de  eo  tenebitur.  nam  plene 
TaZlrX'de  quidcm^vt  inquic  Scaeuola/ed  quatenus 
regtur,ihic  res cx  bouafidcagenda  eft ,  mandatum 
ro!ff«n%:  cenfetur^  &  quod^n  arbitrium  alius 
ifimie^e.D.  confertur/cmperadboni vmarbitriuiu 

detuJ:t\  referendum  eft*^ 

pro  focio^  S  E 


LitER     SECVNDVS.  722 

SEQVVNTVR    P  R  O  p  O- 

S  I  T  I  O  N  E  S    Qjr  AE  D  A  M    BEL- 
UGA,   ETCAVTIONES    IMPERATO- 

ri«jVeterumexemplis  flabilitae. 

Vnum  non  plures  exercitui  praefici  debere, 
cum  poteftateljbera,eundemcp  ctinuum, 
nee  eum  quern  priusofFenderis,  ignomi- 
niaiie  afFeceris. 


I 


Tlurlum  tmperium  hello  inutile^, 
2     ^^ando  di&ator  creari  [olitm  apud  IRo  - 
)     Dilator  is  poteBod.  {nt^of, 

4  Non  m(t  confe6io  bellofuccejfor  mpsrA» 

tori  m'ttttndus, 

5  Momrchkopiimdireipukftatm » 

6  Perkulofum  turn  qttem  offenderis  fum» 

Md  rerumprsficerc^, 

Capvt  tertivm. 

QVattuor  tribuni  militum  confulari 
^poteftaie  Romaecreari,  quorum 
tresdeleduhabitoprofedi  funt  Veios, 
documentofuere,inquitLiuius%quam  a /»4,4, 
I  plurium  imperium  *  belio  inutile  efTet: 
tendendo  ad  fua  quifque  confilia ,  ciim 
aliudalij  videretur,apcrueruntad  occa- 
(ioncm  locii  hoftirincerra  namqiaciejfi- 
gnualiisdari  ,  rcceptui  aliis  cani iubeti- 
buSjinuafere  opportune  Veietes,&:infu- 
gaegere.Cofimilitcr  L;^milius  Paul', 

0^4         acTe^ 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
ac  Terentius  Varro  aduerfus  Annibale: 
ncc  ira  pridem  Germanorum  principcs 
aduerfus  Carolum  v.magno  fuo  damno 
expert]  fun 1 3  nihil  a  pluribusrcdeim- 
perari  pofle.  Itaque  Grseci  &  Romani*,  2 
cum  graue  helium,  autfeditiociuilis  re- 
publican! perturbaret:  ad  vnius  didato- 
hsaut  Archi^autHarmoftaeimperium, 
velut  ad  facram  anchoram  confugiebar. 
vndc  Romanisa  VeicntibusvidisiMoe- 

9  lih.i*  Aa  ciuitatejinquitLiuius^vinciinfuetaj 
addidtatorem  creandum  recurfum  eft, 
&alibi,TumuItuanteRoma?plebe5Cuni 
res  ad  maximam  feditionem  /pedarer, 

b  ub,6,  trepidi  patreSjinquit  Liuius  J>,ad  duo  vl- 
tima  auxilia,  fummum  imperiura,  fum- 
mumque  ad  ciuem  decurrunt^didarore 
dici  placet:  dicitur  M.  Furius  Camillus» 
Item  Flaminio  cum  maxima  parte  exer- 
citus  ad  Trafymenum  CcefojCum  magna 
trepidatioRomaeeflet,  adremcdiumia 

c  itt.3.2.  diudefiderarum5inquitLiuius*^3necad- 
hibitum  adidatorcm  dicendum  ciuitas 
confugir.&vtidenirefert^5CumPra?ne- 
ftini  difcordia  Romanorum  freti  ,  ra- 
primagminefado ,  pcruaftatisagris  ad 
portam  Collinam  fignainferrent,Ro- 
mani  afcditioneadbellumverfi,  dida- 

torem 


d  lib.i6. 


Liber  secvndvs»  115 

toremT.Quintium  Cincinnatumcrea- 
uere:  quod  vbiauditum  eft  (tantuseius 
magiftratus  terror  erat)  fimul  holies  a 
moenibus  rece(rere,&  iuniores  Romani 
ad edidu  fine  detredatione  conuencre, 
Itaque  nontemcrecredirum  eft,  quod 
Liuiusfenfit^Gallosvrbem  Romanon  a  c^.j, 
capture.  fuifTe^fi^queadmodumaduer- 
fus  Fidenatem ac  Veientem  hoftem ,  a- 
liosquefinitimos  populos,vltinia  expc- 
ricnsauxiliajinultistepeftatibusciuitas 
fecerat:did:atoremdixi(ret,contrainufi- 
tatum,  &  inauditu  hoftem,  ah  Oceano, 
terrarumquc  vltimis  oris  bellum  cien- 
3  tern .  Didator  vero  ^optima  lege  crea- 
tuSjflimmum  impcriumbellijpacis,  poe- 
narum  ac  praemioru  fineprouocatione 
habebat :  vt  liber  impedi mentis  omni- 
bus melius  ad  fummam  rcrum  cofulere 
pofTet^.  QuarationeT.Quintio,&  A-  ^^of^-i^f» 
grippa  Furio  cofulib.  in  ^quos  &  Vol-  DlaccAi^*,^^ 
(cos profe(!^is,  cumduocofulcsinexer- 
citu  Romano  paripoteftateefrcnt,quod 
(aluberrimum  in  adminiftratione  reru 
magnaru  eft,inquit  Liuius^jfumma  im-  c  a^.j. 
perij,  concedente  Agrippa,  penes  colle- 
gam  erat,  Similiter  Ariftides ,  fummus 
yir^  &  Athenicnfium  imperator  belle 

Q^  5  Mara- 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell, 
Marothonfo,  cum  plures  imperatores 
more  Athehienfium  creati  elfenr ,  pari 
poceftate,  Milciadi  collegse^vt  folus  im- 
pcraretjConcefHtjatquereliquiscolle- 
giSjVtidemfacerent^aiKflortuit,  idquc 
confilium  conftat  fublatis  contennQni- 
bus,  gloriofiflimam  de  Medis  vidoriam 
a  viutMA'  Arhenienlibus  peperifTe*.     Quam  au- 
''^"'^        tem  expcdiat ,  duci  exercitus  liberam 
derumma  rerum  cofulendipoteftarem 
perm  i  ttere,  fu  periore  ca  pi  te  oftedim  us . 
Porro  cum  minime  conueniat,  inter- 
rumpi  tenorem^rerum,inquibuspera-  4 
gendiscontinuatioipfaefficaciffimaeft; 
non  nifi  confedobellofuccciTorem  im- 
peratori  mitti  expedit.  nam  inter  tra* 
ditionem  imperij  ,  nouiiatemque  fuc- 
cefToris :  qui  nofcendis  prius ,  quaraa- 
gendis rebus imbuendus fit:  fsepe  bene 
gerendae  rei  occafiones  intercidunt. 
Quare  FabiusMax.  monuit  populum, 
Vt  magno  iudicio  confiiles  crearent,qui 
portent efle  pares  Annibali 2  Nam,  in-  ,, 
quit,  cum ,  qui  eft  fummus  in  ciuirate  ,, 
dux,  eundemelegerimus,  tumrepente  ,, 
ledus  in  annum ,  aduerfus  veterem  &  „ 
perpetuum  imperarore  comparabitur,  „ 
nullis  neque  temporis,neque  iurisin-  „ 

clufum 


Liber  secvndys.  124 

„  clufum  anguftiis  ,  quo  minus  Ita  om- 
5,  niagerat,  adminiftretque  ,  vt  tcmpo- 
3,  ra  poftulabunt  belli :  nobis  in  appara- 
5,  tu  ipfo  5  ac  rantum  inchoantibus  res  an- 
,3  nus  circumagitur  ^.  Vnde  etiam  Li-  aLw.w/.2f 
uius^^jCum  Romanos  duces  cum  Ale-  hub.o^ 
xandro  comparat ,  co  mirabiliorcs  il- 
los  quam  Alexandrum ,  aut  quemquam 
alium  regem  facitj  quod  denes  vicenof- 
que  dies  quidam  didaturam  jnemo  plus 
quam  annum  confulatumgcflit:  ab  tri- 
bune pleb^  deledlus  impediti  funt :  pofl 
tcmpus  ad  bella  ierunt :  ante  tempus 
comitiorum  caufa  reuocati  funt:  in  ipfo 
conaturerumcircumegitfeannus:col- 
lega?  nunc  temeritas ,  nunc  prauitas  im- 
pedimentoautdamno  fuit :  male  rebus 
geflis  5  rebus  alterius  fuccefTum  eft :  ty- 
ronem ,  aut  male  imbutum  difciplina  e- 
xercitum  acceperunt  .  At  hcrcle  re- 
ges  (inquit)  non  liberi  foliim  impedi- 
metis  omnibus,  feddomini  rerum  tem- 
porumque  ,  trahunt  confiliis  cunda, 
non  fequuntur.prserereafupraha^c  om- 
nia incommoda  ,  quam  aiborem  quii 
Gonferuit ,  ab  ea  legere  alium  fi  u<flum 
indignum  videtur.  vc  Qu.  FabiusMax. 
dicebatjpecens  Hetruriam,exrraordine 

prouin- 


De  ivbe  by  off.  bell, 
prouinciam  fibi  dari ;  qui  apcruiflct  Ci- 
miniam  filuam,  viamque  per  deuios  fal- 
^Ummlio  tus  Romano bellofcci(Tet%  Ethisqui- 
demarguinenriS)&  excmplis^mulium 
iuaatur  fententia  eorum  ,  qui  monar- 
chiam*&  regiam  poteftarem  vniuerfe  5 
narur^  congrueniem^optimum  reipub. 
flatumconftiruerunt.  Quareetiam  Si- 
bylla carminibus  fuis  auguraca  dicitur 
reipub.  R  o manse  falutem  in  regno  pofi- 
tam  eirt:3&  ciues  aliter  fcrqari  non  pofle, 
quam  fi  regcm  habercnt.  Nam  vt  Tibe- 
rius dicebat,  fieri  non  poteft^vt  rcfpubl. 
bene  conftituta ,  quod  vnum  tantiim  eft 
corpus,  plura capitahabeat,  Ceterum, 
periculofifTimum  quoque  erit  *,  eum  6 
queofFcnderiSjVclignominiaaffcccris, 
(umm^  rerum  pr^ficere.cuius  reiexem* 
plQe(repotc(lM.Liuius:quicuex  con- 
iulatapopuli  iudicio  damnarus,  igno- 
miniam  xgre  ferbns,  in  rus  migraflfet,  & 
odtauo  poll  damnationem  annojn  vrbe 
redudus,iterumconrulfa(5tuse(ret:  me- 
moriae proditum  eit,  plenum  adhuc  ira 
in  ciues  M.  Liuium,  adbellumprofici- 
fcentem  contra  Annibalem,  moneti  Q. 
Fabio ,  ne  priufquam  genus  hominuni 
cognofccret,  temeremanum  cofereret, 

refpoH'* 


LlBBR     SECVNDVS»  jjj 

rcfpondifle^  vbiprimumhoftiuaginen 

con/pexiflet ,  pugnaturum  :  cumquc 

qua?refetur,  quaecaufafeftinandi  effet: 

Autcxhofteegregiatti  gloriam,  inquir, 

autexciuibus  vi<5tis  gaudium  meritum 

cene^ctfinon  honeftum  capiama.Simi-  ztmitu\tj 

liter  HarpaguSjCum  AftyagesMedoium 

rexilliinfeftus  -in  virioncm  feruari  nc- 

poris  Cyrijfiliumeius  interfecinct.epu- 

landumque  patri  tradidiflet;  ad  tcmpus 

diffitnulatodolore^  odium  regis  in  vin- 

didf  occafionemdiftulit:  &  pofleacum 

Cyrus  Aftyagi  bellu  inferret ,  &  Aftya- 

gesfummam  belli  Harpago  comififfet: 

exeroitum  acceptunij  ftatim  Cyroper 

dedi  tione  tradidi  r^Sc  regis  crudelitatem 

perfidia  defcdionis  vltus  fuit.^  t  ishmKx 

Vtrum  letiitate  &  beneuolenria :  an  ver6  (e- 
ueritate&  feuitiaplus  proficiet  imperator. 

/     Thulium  ammalmaior  carte  tra^fadumj 

ijuam  homo» 
2     Sctpio  humamtate^  Anmhdcruhelttate^ 

farem  in  rebm  bcUicis  glorkm  confi- 

cuti  funt, 
J     {Manlius  feueritate  ^  Valerius  temgrn- 

tate  mdites  in  officio  continuerunt. 
i'    Canindum  m  mmia  knit  as  pariat  con^ 

UmptHin^ 


Db     IVRB    ET    off.  BEIL. 

Umpum^  neque  mmiafeuitia  odium^ 
$     Jn  fftncipe  requiritur  hemuoUmia. 

6  7^/f  foteB  amor  cum  timore  mi f cert, 

7  Jmperator  apud  fuos  milites  flm  fro- 

fciet  comitate^  quam  morum  affC' 

ritatc^i 
S     Homo  benejicio  &  bemuokntiaimitari 

cupit. 
g     ObfequiomiUgamur  imperia, 
1 0  Beneuolentia  ctiam  apud  hojles  multum 

poteB. 

Cap^  qvartvm* 

NOn  foliitn  belladi  virtutem  in  fum- 
mOjac  perfedo  imperatore  quaere- 
dam  efle  alibi  diximus :  fed  multas  alias 
efle  artes  eximias  ,  huius  adminiftras  ^ 
comitesque  virtutis .  &  quidem  ^  cum 
nullum  (it  animarjVf  ktifn  Seneca^ma- 1 
lore  arte  tra<5tandum,quam  homorqug- 
ri  folet  3  vtriim  in  imperatore  rcquira- 
tur  magis  afperitas  &  fseuitia ;  an  vero 
humanitas,  &  beneuolentia .  qua  de  re 
in  vtramque  partem  innumera  pofTent 
adduci  exemplar  &  inprimis  fefe  offc- 
runt  Annibal,  &  Scipio*,  furamiduceSj  3 
Gui  diuerfiffimis  ingeniis ,  longe diuer- 
nore  raodo ,  ac  ratio ne ,  parem  ex  rebus 

belU- 


LiSBR     SECVNDVS,  J26 

bellicis  gloriam  reportauere.  hie  enim 
in  Hifpaniam  miifus  ^  innatafibi  huma- 
nitate,  &  bcneuolentia ,  non  folum  mi- 
litum  aninfos  fibi  deuinxit :  fed  eiiam 
conciliata  ckmentia?  fama  ^  totam  Hi- 
fpaniam  Romanae  ditionis  fecit:  ille  co- 
tra,  magna  violentia ,  cr  udelitate ,  &  ra- 
pina  Iraliamdeuaftauit,  &  omnespo- 
puli  Italise  J  omnia  fere  oppidaadcum 
defeccre  litavtjqucmadmodum  Hifpa- 
nia,  beneuolentia  Scipionisjficlialiaj 
timore  Annibalis  fubadia  fuerit.  Simi- 
le exemplum  habemus  in  ManlioTor- 
3  quai0  5&  VaIerio*Coruino,  qui  pari 
virtute  &  gloria  vixere  Romas :  difpa- 
ri  lamen  ingeniOj&rationeproceden- 
di.  Manliusenim  ferox  natura,  maxi- 
ma feuerus  in  difciplina  militari  fuit : 
Valerius  veto  omni  genere  humanita- 
tis ,  &  beneuolenti^e  milites  profecutus 
eft .  vfquc  adeo ,  vt  ad  milites  in  officio 
continendos  ,  ille  filium  vidorem,  & 
fpeciofa  fpolia  referentem  ,  quod  eius 
iniuflu  pugnafleicuhofte^virgiscaefum 
fecuri  percu(rcrit:hic  vero  neminem  vel 
offenderit  quide.  attamen  pro  tarn  diffi- 
xnilirationeagendi^nondiffimil^frudQ 

&  gloriam  rctulere.nullaenim  vnquam 

iiedicio 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell, 
ieditio  inter  vtriufque  ducis  milites  or- 
tafuit ;  nuquam  vlluspugnamdetreffla- 
uicaut  dido  minus  obediens fuit;  &  v- 
terque  maximas  resgcffit.Manliusitaq; 
fuafeucritate  &  imperio(isedi6tis5dirci- 
plinam  militarem  mirumin  modu  fta- 
biliuit:  Valerius  vero^tatum  in  militari 
difciplinaferuanSj  innata  (ibi  humani- 
tate&lenitatemilitumanimosflexirj& 
obedientiflimos  habuit;&  fi  quos  forte 
legum ,  &di(ciplina*  contemptorespu-* 
niebat ,  non  hoc  ini peratoris  feueritati, 
fed  conftitutioni  legu  afTcribebant.non 
cnim  vbi  imperio ,  vbi  lege  agi  poterar, 
volebat.  &  hsecexcmplapropofitaquse- 
ftioncm  fatis  dubiam  relinquunt.Porro 
illud  certe^magno  iudiciOjVtramuis  via  4 
fequamur5cauendutn :  nenimialenitas 
pariatcontemptum ;  quod  Scipionie- 
uenit :  inter  cuius  milites  maxima  Ccdi' 
tio  mota  eft  in  Hifpania:  nequenimia 
feuitia  odium  exciter:  quod  Annibali 
accidit :  qui  crudeliter  dc  auare  fpoliado 
ea,  quae  tueri  nequibat,  vt vafta  hofti  re- 
linqueret,  omniumanimosafeabalie- 
nauit,nequcindignapatientiummod6, 
fed  ceterorum  etiam  :  quippeadplures 
•s««     exemplum,vt  inquit  Liuius  %  quam  ca- 

lamitas 


Liber   secvndvs*  uy 

kmitas  perdnebat,  Ceterum  qui  de  in- 
J  ftitutione  principis  ♦  fcripferC)  potius 
Valeriuni)  &  Scipionem  imitadospro, 
ponuntj&humaniptemjbeneuolentiaj 
&  fimiles  virtutcs  in  principe  requirut: 
vtdeCyrofcripficXenophon.  maluse- 

6  nimcuiios'^^vtinqiiit  Cicero  a  ^diutur-  zoffcM.2, 
nitaris  metus^  contraquebeneuolentia 

,)  fideliseft, veladperpetuitatem,  &Prae-. 

,5  textatusapudMacrobiu  ^,  Qui  colitur.  b  sat^r.ub.i 

,3  inquit^etiamamatur;  nonpoteftamor  ''^* 
cum  timore  mifceri.vnde  putas  arroga- 
tiifimum  illud  manafle  prouerbiujquod 
iadatur :  Totide  nobis  hoftes  cfTc, quot 

5  feruos^non  habemusilloshoftesifedfa- 
cimusjcum  illis  ruperbifTimi,  contume- 
liofiffimijCrudelillimi  fumus,  Itaq,- prse- 

„  clare  Ennius. 
^em  metuunt^  oderunt-^ 
^uem  qnifque  odtt^  perijfe  expetit . 
Etmultoru  odiis  nullas  opes  pofTeob* 
fiftere,  interitu  C.  Csfans  oftendit  Ci- 
cero*=.  atquehancfentcntiam,  etiamin  coffcU^, 

7  Impcratore''  confirmat  exemplum  Ap- 
pijClaudij,&T.Quintijconfr.  Appius 
cnim  in  Volfcos  mifTus,  vexando  faruo 
impcrio  cxercitum ,  hoc  fua  acerbitate 
cffecitjVtmilites  omnia  fegniterjociose, 

R  ncgli- 


De    IVRE    ET    OFF.    BEtl. 

negligenter ,  contumaciter  agerent :  & 
eosnecpudor,  necmetuscoerceret^o- 
dio  confulis  exacerbatis  omniu  animis: 
vlqueadeo  vtRomanus  exercitus  ina- 
ciemprodudtus^nonfolum  vincereno- 
luerit,  fedvinci  voIuerit>  8c  turpi  fuga 
perieritcaftra*  Quintius  vero  in  Vol- 
(cosmifTus  J  naturalenior,  comitate  & 
bcneficiis  animos  militum  fibi  conci- 
lians ,  pra^da  omni  militi  data ,  &  laudes 
addens ,  quibus  baud  minus  quam  pras* 
mio  gaudent  militum  animi ,  rebus  e« 
^ikiMiih.i  gregie  gcftis,  in  vrbem  rediita.  item 
lo^n,  H«/.  (^a?fo  Pabius  conf.  in  Veientes  miffiis^ 
*^*  cum  prajter  ccteras  imperatorias  artes^ 
quas  parando5gerendoque  bello  edidc'- 
rat  plurimas,  ita  inftruxiflct  acie,vt  folo 
cquitatu  emifTo ,  exercitum  hoftiu  fun- 
dcretjinfequi  fufos^pede^  odio  confulis, 
propter  morumafperitatem  3  noluit5& 
iniuflfu  figna  retuJit:  nee  huic  tarn  pcfli- 
b  hh^2,  l^^ii  exempio,  inquit  Liuius^jremedia  „ 
vlla  ab  imperatore  quaefita  funt ;  adeo  5^ 
excelletibusingeniiscitiusdefueritars,  „ 
quaciuemregant^quam  quahoftemfu-  „ 
perent.  Similiter  L.  Papyrius didator^ 
ob  fa^uitiamjqua  M.  Fabium  magiftrum 
equitum  (quod  eius  iniuilu  quauis  pro- 


Liber   secvndvs.  128 

Ipere  pugnauerat  cum  hofte)conftantet 
adfiippliciumpopofceratj  nequemiU^ 
tibus  gratus  fuit,neque  hoftibus  terribU 
lisjquam  tamen  maximam  imperatoris 
laudemeflecefetAgefilaus.  itaquecum 
hoftesadcaflra  Papyri  j  accefli(rent;tan- 
tum  momenti  in  vno  viro  Papy  do  erat, 
inquit  Liuius%  vt  fi  duels confilia  fauor  ^  iii,,t, 
fubfecutus  militum  foret5debelIari  eo 
die  cum  SamnitibuspotuifTc  pro  haud 
dubio  proditum  fit :  ita  inftruxerat acie 
loco  ac  fubfidiis ,  ita  omni  arte  beJlica 
firmaucrat;  fedceflatumamilite,  acde 
induftria,  vtobtre(5taretutlaudibus  du^ 
CIS,  impedita  vidoriafuit.  verumfenfit 
peritus  dux ,  quse  res  vidorise  obftaret: 
temperandumingenium  fuum  efTc,  & 
feueritatem  mifcendam  comitati:atque 
ita  maxima  dexteritate,  fauciorum  prae- 
cipuecuramfufcipies,  tantum  profecit, 
vt  mededis  corporibus,  animi  prius  mi- 
iitum  imperatori  conciliarentur :  &  re- 
fedo  exercitu  ,  cum  hofte  congreflus^ 
haud  dubia  fpe  fua  militumque,  fudit 
fugauitque  Samnites.  Eft  Itaquecomi- 
8  tatecondienda*grauiras,nam  vtiapien- 
teraXenophontefcriptum  eft:  cum  tri- 
busprjcipue  rebus  ad  obtemper andum 

R  2  addu-' 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
adducantur  alia  animalia^cibis  abiedio- 
^a  3  delinimentis  erc(5tiora  ^  verbcribus 
contumacia:homo5quod  eft  animal  ge- 
nerofiffimumj  neque  minis,  nequc  fup* 
pliciiscogivultj  fed  beneficio&bene- 
uoletia  inuitari  cupit.  Cum  enim  bruta 
(e  vi  trahi  finanr,  riomo  non  nifi  rationc 
feduci  patitur.Nihilominus  tamefcien-  9 
dum  eftjregumjducumqueclemetiam, 
vt  Alexander  Magnus  dicebat,  non  in 
ipforum  modo^fedetiaminilloru,  qui 
parent,  ingeniisfitamefle :  obfequio  e- 
nim  mitigantur  imperia.  vbi  vero  reuc- 
rentia  excelTit  anirais ,  &  fumma  imis 
confundimusjvi  opus  eft,  vtvim  repel- 

acLCar«./.s  lamus'.  Ccterumbcneuolentia^&hu-  ic 
manitas,  no  foliim  apud  milites  &  dues 
prodeft,  fed  etiamapudhoftesnofemel 
plus  potuit,  quam  inuidaRomanorum 
arma,vtexemploScipionisiamofterum 
cft.&  facit  quoque  exemplum  Camilli, 
cum  Falifcosobfideretjquialioquidiu- 
^urnusvidebaturfuturus labor,  nififua 
beneficcntia,  tradens  proditoremfilio- 
ru  m  regis,  ipfos  ad  deditionem  pellexit 

bLw»flij/,.j.  /eti>.Fabricij  quoque liberalitaSjCumin- 
/idiantem  vitae  Pyrrhi  medicum,  ipfi  in- 
dicaret ,  regis  animum  fregit  &  vicit* 


Liber  secvndvs.  rsp 

Humanitas  itaque ,  vt  inquit  Valerius 
Maximus^vincitiram^proftcrnitodiu,  a  hb,s,c4.^ 
hoftilemque  fanguinc  hoftilibus  lacry-. 
mis  permifcet^ 

Temporum  rationeni  prxcipue  in 
bello  habendam. 

/     i^liter  tn  heflo^aliter  in  pace  agendum. 
i     In  face  confuettidini^n  belto  vtilitati  pa  • 

rendufn, 
J     SententiaFahijMax,  de  Alt  Into  iranf- 

4  Manelltis  L,  Branttum  benepcwfwt  con- 

ciliare^  qukm  foena  cohibere  mduit, 

5  Sciplo  2^fica  ^friuato  c(tnfilio  conuocatii 

bonis  y  Gracchum  of  pre  fit, 

4  Odimius  Cdfarfuafponte  bellum  intulit 

Antonio. 
7     Silent  leges  inter  arma, 

5  Neceptas  ex  iUicito  facit  licit  um. 

p     Non  dtcitur  fen  contra  legem ,  quodvr^ 

gente  necefitate  ft. 
JO   Exoccafombus  belli  ratio  commutanda, 
1 1   Vabins  natura  cun^ator  non  tudicio. 


Q 


Cap.   9VINTVM, 

Vi  deofficiis  (cripfere,in  omnibus 
a(Sionibus  maximam  teporumra- 
R  3  tionem 


De  ivrb  et  off.  bell. 
tjoncm habendam  ccnfuerunt, prxfer- 
tim  in  iis,  qua?  in  cafu  confiflunt.  vnde, 
Vt  Q^.  F^rbius  Max.  Q;  Fabio  Max.  filio 
coniuli  djccbat,  alitcr  in  medio ardorc 
belli  *^alitcr  in  pacetranquillaarbitran-  i 
dum,  &  agenda  eft-  in  pace  cnim  liberc, 
proutxquitas  &  iuftitiadid:at5Conrule- 
duni  cft5&  Icgibus  infiftcndum:in  bello 
autcm,&  turbulentis  temporibus,  ordi-? 
nariishifceremediis^irritanturf^pema- 
gis,  &  accenduntur  bella  &  leditiones, 
quamfedantur*  Yndefitplerunque^vt 
leges  qusein  pace  latx  fun t(nifi forte  ea? 
qua!  perpetual  vtilitatiscaufa  in  aeternu 
lat^fini)  bellumabroget;  quacinbcllo 
a /.vi»,f'«;,^  paxa.  vtinnauisadminiftrationealiain 
Cdecadu.  fccunda^vt  inquit Liuius,alia  in aducrfa 
tern  peftatevfui  fun t.  Itaq;  maioresno- 
b  pro  lege  ftri  inquit  Cicero  ^^  Temper  in  pace  con- 
^*"'^'  fneiudini*, in  bello vtilitati  paruerunt;  2 
lemper  ad  nouos  cafus  temporum  no^ 
uorum  cofiliorum  rationesaccommo- 
cniii^.iu  darut.&alibi^:Necefre  eftjinquit^in  ta^ 
tacpncurfatione  periurbationum  acre- 
rum,  temporibuspotiusparere,  quam 
moribus.  Quarationc  (>.Fabius  Max^" 
pater^  Claffium  Altiniu  Arpinatem  (qui 
clam  node  in  caftra  Romana  venerat, 

promit- 


Liber    secvndvj.  yjo 

promittensfifibipr^mioforetjfeArpos 
proditurum  effe)  noluit  pro  transfuga 
verberari  necarique >  quod  aliis  videba- 
tur ,  quia  pod  Cannenlem  cladem,  tan- 
quam  cum  fortuna  fide  ftare  oporteret, 
ad  Annibalem  defecifTet ,  traxifletque 
ad  defedionem  Arpos ;  &  turn  poftea* 
quara  res  Romana ,  contra  fpem  votaq; 
cius ,  veluti  rcfurgcrct,  noua  refcri  pro-i 
ditionem.  documcntumenim  ftatuio- 
portere  cenfebat  Fabius ,  fi  quis  refipif* 
Ccret^&antiquara  focietate  refpiceret, 
nam  fiabireaRomanis  liceretjrediread 
eosnonb'cerer,  cuidubiumeflet,  quiu 
breui  defertaabfociis  Romana  res ,  fce- 
deribus  Punicis  omnia  in  Italia  iunda 
vifura  eflet.  non  tamen  fidei  quicquam 
Altinio  habendum  cefebat^  fed  mediam 
coniecutuscofilij  viam ,  nequeeumpro 
hofte^neque pro fbciohabedum*. Item  nUmtiKz^ 
ij.  cum  in  maximo  difcrimine  Nola  effet*. 
quam  non  tarn  fiducia  fui  pr^fidijjquam 
volurate  principum  Marcellus  habebat, 
plebead  defedlionem  fpe(5tate,  qu3e  plu- 
rimu  timebatur,  &  ante  omnes  L.Bran- 
tius  iuuenis  acer  ^  quern  confenfus  atte- 
tataedefec^lionisjac  metus  a  pr3etore  Ro- 
inanOiniincadproditionempatriajjnfic 
R  4  adtranf- 


De   ivre   et   off.  bell, 
adtransfugiendumftimulabati&Mar- 
celluseumaut  poena  cohibcndunijaut 
beneficio  conciliandum  viderct :  fibiaf- 
fumpri(re,quamhon:iademifle,fortem 
ac(lrenuummaluitfocium,accitumque 
ad  fe.ira  comitate  riia,additis  etiam  praf- 
miis/erocisiuiienisanimumemolliuit, 
vt  nemo  inde  fociorum^rem  Romanam 
fortius  ac  fidclius  iuuerit.  De  ceteris 
vero  Nolanis  proditionis  rcis  Marcel- 
lus3Annibaledcmumpraeliovi(5lo,clau- 
aL/».w/,23  fis  portis  quseftionem  habuita,  Ethuc 
quoque  fpedarevidetur,  quoddeSci- 
pione  Naficaproditumefl:'^.  nam  cum  5 
Tib.  Gracchus  ,  in  tribunatu  profufis 
largitionibus ,  fauore  populi  occupato, 
rempub.  opprelTam  teneret,  palamque 
diditaretjinteremptofenatUjOmniapcr 
plcbemagi  debere,^  confentientibus 
cundiSjVtcofularmisrempub.tueretur, 
Mucins  Scaeuola  conful  negaret  fe  vi 
quicquam  efle  adurum :  tum  Scipio  Na- 
fica:  Quoniam5inquit5conrul5dum  iuris 
ordine  requitur5idagit,vtcum  omnibus 
Icgibus  Romanum  imperium  corruat: 
egomet  priuatus  voluntati  veftrae  me 
ducem  offcro :  &  fublata  dextraprocla- 
mauit:  Quirerapub/aluameflevolunr, 

mefe- 


Liber  secvndvs.  iji 

mc  fequantur :  eaquc  voce,  cun(5htione 
bonorum  ciuium  difcufla ,  Gracchutn 
cum  ftelerata  fadione,  quasmerebatur 
poenas  foluere  coegit^.  Hinc  quoque  ^^'*^  w^*, 
^  Cicero  ^  laudat  Odauiu  ^  Csefarem,qui  \pl]aTi* 
nonexfpedatofenatusdecreto,  bellum  ^e^"««^/»6.i 
contra  Antonium  fuafpotefufccperat.       "^^'^* 
Decernendienimtempus^vtilleaitjno- 
dum  veneratibelli  autem  gerendi  tepus, 

fiprgtermi/ifret,videbatrepub.oppre(ra 
nihil pofledecerni.  Silentergo nonun- 

7  quam  leges^in ter  arma,  nee  fe  exfpediari 
finunt :  cumeiquiexfpedare  velir,  ante 
poena  luendafit^quam  iuftarepetenda^  «  Ck^po^ 
Eoquefpeaat, quod  de  C.Mario  prodi-  ^'^"'• 
turn  eft, qui  cum  duas  cohortcs  Camer- 
tium^quod  mira  virtutevim  Cimbroru 
in  aciefuftinuiffcnt ,  aduerfusconditio- 
neni  foederis,  ciuitate  donafTet :  excufa- 
uitfadumdicendojnterarmorumftre- 
pitum^verba  fciuris  ciuilis  exaudire  no 
potuifle.  eratenimidtempus,quoma- 
gis  defenderc ,  quam  audire  Jegcs  opor- 
tebat^^-Etcerteneceffitasfajpefacitlici.  a  v^/m-*». 

8  tum%quodaIioquiefretillicitum  Mta-  f;^,/:,, 
queclade  Cannenfi  afflidis  Romanoru  d/cofc^M. 
viribus,e6resdeduaaeft,vtMJurtij  di- +;*;;^'(^^^ 
ftatoris opera,  fpolia  hoflium  affixa  te-  fiuliji/Jn. 

R  5  phs, 


De  Ivre  et  off,  bell, 
pliSjdeorum  numini  confecrata,  inftru» 
mentamilitiae  futura,  conuelleientur: 
ac  prsetextatipueriarma  inducrent  ;ad- 
di(^orum  etiam ,  & capi tali  crimine da- 
natorum ,  atque  feruorum  aliquot  mil- 
lia  (qum  ad  id  tern  pus  capite  cenfos  ha- 
bere milites  faftidierant)  confcriberen* 
aiiM.w.23  tura.  Quae  fi  per  feafpicianrufjVtinquic 
bhb,y.cap.6  VaLMaximus  V^iquid  ruborishabent: 
fi  autem  adiundt is  neceflitatis  viribus, 
ponderentur ,  feuiiia?  temporisconue- 
nientia  remedia  videbuntur.  nam  vt  ide 
ait :  Cedendum  fortunapeft,  vbi  nifi  tu- 
tiora  eligantur  confilia/pcciofa  fequen- 
ti  concidcndum  eft.  Sicquoque  C.Ma- 
riOj&Cn.  Carbone confL  bellociuili 
cum  Sylla  diffidentibus :  quo  tempore 
non  reipubl.  vidoria  quaerebatur,  fed 
pra^miu  vidorisereseratpublicaiSC,'*^ 
aureaarq;argenteatemploruornameia, 
qu^  Numa  Popilius  folenibus  deorufa^ 
cris  dicauerat,ne  militibus  ftipendia  de- 
cffentjConflatafunt^tantafuit  in  fumma 
egeftate  honoris  publici  ratio,  non  aute 
patru  confcriptorum  voluntas,vt  inquit 
c w.7.tep.<5  Valerius  Max^^.fed  tua  teterrima  necefli- 
tas,  trucuknca  manus  illi  confulto  ftylii 
impreflit.Neqi  etiam  didcur  fieri  contra 

legem, 


Liber  sbcvndvs.  15a 

9  legem^quodvrgenteneceiTitate  fit,  & 
fuadete  vtilitate  publica.Supremo  enim 
iure,  quod  luppiter  fanxit5Vi  inquit  Ci- 
cero »jOmnia  quae  reipub.falutariafunt,  a  pw%,s. 
legitima&iuftahabentur.  ItaqjScipio 
Africanus,  cum  ad  necefTarium  reipub^ 
vfum^pecunia  ex  ^rario  jpmi  opus  effet.- 
idq;  quseftores ,  quia  lex  obftare  videre- 
tur^aperire  non  auderetjprotinus  claues 
popofcitjpatefadoqiserario  lege  vtilita'- 
ticederecoegit^.&Lacedgmonijjnecet  ^^'»'-  ^^^** 
fitati  leges  pofthabere  coadi ,  dixifle  fe-    *'*  "^*^* 
rutur:  Dormiat  leges  hodie^  Hincno-  if^^''^ 
nulliexiftimat,  fi  fubitu&improuifum    '^*°"^* 
bellu  timeturjvel  alias  ex  maxima  necet. 
fitatc,  teneriecclefiaadcontributione.d  d  Ah.Panor, 
Ceteru  etiam  9  ad  ipfam  belli  admi-  X'l^'wrl^' 
niftrationeattinetjvel  maxirae  impera- 
torijVel  duci  exercitus,  tepori  feruiendu 
10  eft*^& ex  occafionibusjbelli  ratio  comu- 
tanda  eft  ^  &  nuc  impetu  quodam  &  ala- 
critateanimifcrocitertcporisbeneficio 
Vtedo:  nunccundando  &  fededo,  caute 
res  geri  debet,  quod  quia  difficile  eft^rc- 
pugnante  natura,  cum  non  omnia  cide, 
vt  inquit  LiuiuSjdij  dederint,magna  cu- 
ra&dilig5tia,  vt  ingenium  tempori  ac- 
comodemus,cnitendum:nequelempcr 

exem- 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
exemploFabij  bellumtrahamus;  neque 
exemplo  Marcelli ,  Scipionis ,  &  alioru, 
ftudio  pugnadi  facile  pra^lium  commit- 
tamus .  Nam  Fabius'^naturacundator,  n 
non  iudicio,temporis  beneficio  tantam 
in  rebus  bdlicis  gloria  meruit :  qui  im- 
petum  hoftis  Annibalisbeliicofi ,  &  ali- 
quot vidoriis  ferocis,  cum  praelio  facile 
vincinonpofTet,  afflidis  Romanorum 
vinbuSjfededo  fregit.fcd  idem  naturam 
(ecutus,  non  tempus  etiam  reftauratis 
Romanorum  viribus,  in  eadem  fentetia 
pcrftitir ,  &  Scipioni  Africam  prouin- 
ciam  (ibidecernipetenti,  cotradicebat: 
cum  camcn  ca  fola  ratio  effct  trahendi  ex 
Italia  Annibalem ,  vt  cuentus  docuit :  & 
Scipioficotempore,quoFabiusin  An- 
nibalcra  miifus  fuiflet ,  verifimiliter  ni- 
mioftudiopugna2,exemplo  Flaminij3& 
aliorum,  qui  Fabium  pra^cefftrant,  rem 
Romanamampliusafflixiflet.  adeodif- 
ficilc  eft  ingcnium  &  naturam  mutare. 
Qua  ratione  Monarchiseprxferrcfolet 
liberam  rempub.in  quainueniasdiuer- 
fiffima  ingenia  temporibus  apta.  Cete- 
rumquam  plurium  imperiumbclloin- 
if'^yrd  c,3.  Utile  (itjaiio  loco  obiter  oftendimus,^ 

Conten- 


2 

s 


LlBER    SECVNDVS.  JJJ 

Contentiofas  &  lentas  de  rebus  bellicis  dcli- 
berationesadmodum  noxias  efle  j  prsef^r- 
tim  vbi  fadto ,  magis  qu^m  confulto  opus 
eft. 

Sdluberrimuw  in  confultatiomltis  ,  vt 

omms  vnum  femiant. 
Tardd  &  leudeliherai'tones  ferniciopt^ 
Jnrebm  afperi^  fortipma  confiltAtutip- 

(ima  funt, 
4     Tr^icUrum  Sciponls  f acinus. 

Cap^  sextvm. 

/^^VM  in  omnibus  dcIiberationibus& 
^--'conrultationibuSjtum  prajfertim  in 
J  bellicis/aJuberrimumeftVt  vnum  om- 
ncsfentiantjnequedifTentionc&pcrti- 
nacia(qua?  plerumquerem  in  fummum 
difcrimendeducerefolent)  bonaconfi- 
Jia  corrumpantur.  Quod  Appollonides 
principum  vnus ,  Syracufanis ,  mortuo 
Hieronymo  Syracufarum  tyranno^ma- 
Jcimaque  inter  COS  ortadiflcn/ionejaliis 
Carthaginicnfium  ,  aliis  Romanorum 
amicitiam  expetentibus  ,  in  tanta  per- 
turbationcrerum.cumnonprocula/c- 
diiione  res  efTct,  oratione  faiurari ,  vt  in 
tali  tempore  difertc  oflendiffe  videtur, 
5,  inquiens.-Nccrpemralutis,necpernicie 
,,  propiorevnquam  ciuitatum  vlii  i\x\^^: 

fi  enim 


De    IVRB   BT    OFF.  BELL. 

fi  cnim  vnoanimoomncs,  velad  Ro-^, 
nianos,  veladCarthaginienfcsinclina- ,, 
rent  J  nullius  ciuitatis  ftatum  fortuna-  „ 
tiorem  gratioremque  fore :  ft  alios  alio  „ 
trahat  res ,  non  inter  Poenos  Romanof-  „ 
<Jue  helium  atrocius  fore  5  quam  inter  3, 
ipfosSyracufanosrcum intra eofdcmu-  „ 
ros,pars  vnaqugq;  fuos  exercitus,fua  ar-  ,, 
majfuoshabitura  fit  duces.  Itaqjvtvnu  „ 
omnesfentiat^fiimmavi  agendum  efle:  ,, 
vtra  focietas  fit  vtilior,  longe  minoris  a-  3, 

a  Lw«/;,24.  j^o  rem  momenti  confultationc  efic ».  ,, 
Porro  quemadmodum  contentiofe  ha?, 
fie  &  tardae  &  lentae  *deliberationcs  per-  2 
niciofiffima?  efle  folent^pr^fertim  in  hel- 
lo, vbi  non  femel  confilium,  alioqui  per 
fe  tutum  5  &  faluhre ,  mora  temerarium 
&infoeIix  factum  fuifle  legimus.  cuius 
rei  documento  fuere  Lanuuinijqui  cum 
deliberando  tempus  terunt ,  Latinis  vi- 
dlis  demum  auxilium  ferre  coeperunr. 
itaque  cum  iam  portis  prima  figna  & 
pars  agminisefletegreiTa :  &  nuncio al- 
latode  clade  Latinorum,  couerfisfignis 
retro  in  vrbem  redirent^praetorem  co- 
rum  Miloniumdixiffeferunt,  propau-  „ 
lulavia^magnam  mercedeRomaniseflc  jj 

htmM.t,  foluendatn^.pocueratautemLanuuinlj  ^^ 

vel 


LiBBR     SECVNDVS.        ^       I34 

Velquicfc^ndoRomanorum  amidtiam 
conferuarc,  vel  fuo  tempore  auxiliufe- 
rendo  Latinis ,  coniun(^is  viribus  fupe- 
riores  effe.  Et  hue facere  videiur >  quod 
Latinis  ad  defcdionem  a  Romanisfpe- 
dantibus,  &  decern  principibus  corum 
RomameuocatiSjCofultantibusquidad 
ca,quf  Tecum  adum  in  credercntjrefpo- 
den pfaceret:  Anm'usprsecoreorumdi- 
,j  cebait:Quanquaipreego(inquit)retuli^ 
jj  quid refponderiplaceret: tame  magisad 
jj  fummam  rcrum  noftraru  pertinerc  ar- 
j5  bitrorjquid  agendum  nobis>quam  quid 
5,  loquendumfit:facileeffeexplicatisco- 
.j  filiisjaccommodare  rebus  verba*.  Nul-  ^thMtS, 
lus  itaque  cundtationi  locus  eft,  vt  in- 
quit  Tacitus,  in eo  confilio ,  quod non 
poteft  laudari^nifi  pera6lum.&in  rebus 

3  afperis,  fictenuibus^^vtinquit  Liuius, 
fortifrimaquseqjConfiliatutilTiraafunt: 
quia  fi  in  occanonis  momenio  ,  cuius 
pr^  tcruolat  opportuniras^cudatus  pau- 
lulumfueris,  nequicqua  moxomiflam 
queraris .  Vndc  C.  Csefar,  audacia  & 
magna  facinora  facienda  ,  non  delibe- 
randa  efle  dicebat .  cftquc  in  banc  remi 

4  prseclarum  P.  Cornelij  Scipionis*faci- 
ms»  nam  cum  poU  Canneniem  cladem, 

ij  qui 


De     IVRB   ET    OtV,  BELL, 

i;qui  CannufiumperfugerantjadAp* 
Claudium  Pulchrum,  &  P.  Cornelium 
Scipioncmtribunosmilitum^fumtnara 
imperii  detuli(rent5&  iisconfultantibus 
derummarerum5P.Philusc6rularisviri 
filius,  nequicquam  eos  confultare  nun- 
ciaret,  perditam  fpem  fouere,defpcrata 
effe  rempub.  nobiles  iuucnes  quofdam, 
quorum  princepseflet  L.  CaeciliusMe- 
tellus,  mare  ac  naues  fpedare,  vtdeferta 
Italia  ad  regum  aliquem  confugerent: 
cumque  tam  malo  nuncio  omnes  flu- 
perent,  &  qui  aderant  concilium  con- 
uocandum  cenferent ,  ncgabat  confilij 
rem  effe  Scipio  iuuenis  fatalis  illius  bel- 
li: audendumatque  agendum,noncon- 
fultandum ,  in  tanto  malo  effe :  irent  Te- 
cum armati,  qui  rempub.faluam  vellet: 
nufquam  verius^quam  vbieacogitaren- 
turahoftiumcaftraeffe.pergitdeindeire 
fequenbus  paucisin  hofpitiumMetelli, 
&  cum  concilium  ibi  iuuenum ,  de  qui- 
bus  allatum  erat^inueniffc^ftrido  fuper 
capita confultantiumgladio  :  Exmeia-  3, 
nimifententiajinquit,  iuro,vtegorem-  ,, 
pub.  nondeferam,  nequealium  ciuem  „ 
Romanum  delerere  patiar :  fi  fcies  fallo, ,, 
turn  meluppiieropt.max.domum,far.  „ 

miliaro^ 


Liber   secvndvs.  135 

miliani,  remque  meam,  peflimo  leto  at 
j5  fkias.In  h^c  verba  C.C?cili  iurcsexpo- 
„  ftulo,  ceteriquequiadeftis  :qui  noniu- 
5,  rauerit ,  in  hunc  gladium  ftridtum  efle 
fciat.  haud  fecus  pauidi,  quam  fi  vidore 
Annibalem  cernerent,  iurant  omnes, 
cuflodiedosque  femetipfos  contra  An- 
nibalem Scipioni  tradunt^* Quod  certe  a  UuMat 
facinus  maiorem  Scipioni  gloria  pepe- 
rir,quam  omnes  poftea  a(5ti  ab  eo  tnum- 
phi,  Nonitaquecundatione  opus  eft, 
vt  inquit  Tacitus ,  vbi  pernicioffor  eft 
quies ,  quam  temcritas .  quod  omnium 
maximeindifcordiisciuilibus  &  rebel- 
lionibus locum  habet :  inquibus^vtide 
Tacitusait ,  nihil feftinacione tutius ,  & 
itiagis  fado  qudm  cofulto  opus  eft*  Om- 
neenim  malum  nafcens^vt  inquit  Cice- 
ro i>,agens  de  bello  Antonio  quampri--  b  Mpp4s* 
miiminferendo,  facile  opprimitur,  in- 
ueteratumfitplerumquerobuftius.atq; 
ita  Csefar,  Gallis  belli  confiliarcnouan- 
tibus,coniurationesque  facietibus,  ma- 
gnisitineribus,  repente  omnibus  locis 
occurrit ,  nee  dabat  vlii  ciuitati  fpacium 
dealienaporius,  quamdedomefticala- 
Iwtecogficandi .-  quaceleritate,  &;fideles 
animos  retiiicbat,&dubitanccs  terror^, 

S         adcon^ 


De    IVRE    ET    OFF.    BEtt» 

adconditioncspacisadducebat,  &  ma- 
xima facilitate  Gallorum  conatus  com- 
a  ci/.r  de  pcfcult  a.  Quarc  vt  cft  in  prouerbiojte- 
btigaiM.i.  pusnofTedebemiis:  nevtin  infelicibus 
coniiliiseuenirefo  let,  optima  videatur, 
vtinquit  Tacitus,quorum  tempus  cffu- 
git^&inutilicundationeagenditepora 
confumantur. 

Diim  res  adhuc  funt  integr^e,  ne  minimum 
quidemregi,  velreipiibl.de  maieftate  fua 
concedendum  efle:  6c  errare  eos  qui  arro- 
gantia  hollium,  modeftia  6c  patientia  vinci 
pofTe  exiltimant- 

1  R  egtim  njakfias  vbi  citfit  labi^facile  pra" 

c'lf'itatnr, 

2  Ho  sit  non  facile  ^uU  concede  fidum. 

3  Prdsiat  hello  vi^ium  cedere  regno^  quint 

finecertamw^^, 

4  VatientU  dr  modejiia  hoBes  jiunt  ferO' 

ctorcs. 

5  CM  alts  ohuiam  eundum  in  temfore^  ♦ 
<r     ApologHs  de  cam. 

7     Malis  conatihus  hoHium  nuncjUAm  beltt 

metti  concedendum» 
2     Afologtu  de  lupo^fafioribm  &  can'tbtis* 

Cap.   septimvm* 
Ihil  quicqua  verius  profed6,quam 
quod  Scipio  Africanus  Antiocho 

dicebar^ 


n: 


Liber   secvmdts.  i^S 

dicebat,  monens  neconditionespacis, 
quas  dabat  ^  refpucrcr :  regum  fcilicet 
X  maieftatem*difficiliusab  fummo  fafti- 
gio ad  medium  trahi,  quam  a  mediisad 
ima  pr2Ecipitari\  Quaredum  resadhuc  a  ikXij 
funt  integr^jtum  rcges  vel  refpubl.  fccii 
repuraredebenr,  quicquidde  maieftate 

2  fua  ceflerint  *,  cum co  fimul  de  fumma 
rerumpericlitandumefre;  quod  lis  qui- 
bus  ceflerint,  animumad  pUira  confe- 
quenda  accendant;  acfuis  ad  eadefen- 
dendaadimanr,&  omnibus  contemptui 
cfle  incipianr.  Praeftat  itaque pro  fortu- 

3  na  *3 dignitateque,  vt  viro  forti  dignum 
c/l,  quodcunque  belli  cafus  tulerit^qua- 
diu  aliqua fpes  in  armis  eft ,  pati ,  quam 
fingula  concedendojfine  belIo,tora  poP 
feffione:  cxcidere,  &  id  de  quo  corendi- 
turbello^jOmnibus  nequicquam  letatiSj 
amitterepotiuseftjquammetubellico- 
cedere»  itacnimbelIo&pacequa?ritur, 
vtinquit  Liuius^5  vt  inter  omnes  con-  b/ii.j4, 
ueniar^nec  quicquam  rurpius  efTe^quam 
finecerraminece(ri(reregno,necpr^cla- 

rius  quicquam  ,  quam  prodignitateac 
maieftate  omnem  fortunam  expertum 
efle.  eoque  magis,  quod  ita  natura  com- 
paratumfic>  vt  quorum  arrogantia  pa- 

S  2  tiencia 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell» 
tientia''&  modcftia  vincercarbitramurj  a 
ferociores  nobis  plerunque  reddamus; 
quod  pulchre  oftenditur  cxempio  Lati- 
norum.  nam  cum  Latini  vnacum  Cam- 
panisbellum  Samnitibus  inferrent ,  & 
Samnitiumlegati  Roma  mifTi  in Tenatu 
quefti  efTent,  eadem  fe  foederatospati, 
quashoftcselTentpaffi,  &precibusmfi- 
mis  peteret,  vt  Latinos^Campanosque, 
quiiubditione  populi  Romani  efTenr, 
pro  imperio  arcerent  Samniti  agro ,  fin 
imperiumabnuerenr^armiscoerccrenr, 
&  aduerfus  haec  anceps  rcfponfumdatii 
efTet.-quiafatcri  pigebat5in  poteftatefua 
Latinos  iam  non  cfTcj  timerentque  ne 
arguendo  abalienarent :  Campanorum 
vero  aliam  conditionem  efle,  qui  non 
foedere/ed  per  dedirionem  in  fidem  ve- 
niflcnt :  itaqueCampanoSjfeuvellent, 
feu  nollet,  quieturos:  in  fcedere  Latino 
nihil  efle,  quo  bellarecum  quibusvel- 
Icnt ,  prohiberentur .  Refponfum  hoc, 
A  iih.i.  inquic  Liuius%  ficut  dubios  Samnitcs, 
quidnam  fadurum  populum  Romanu 
cenferent,  dimifit :  itaCawpanosuietu 
abalicnauit:  Latinos,  veluti  nihil  iam 
conceden  tibus  Romanis  5  ferociores  fe- 
ci t.  i  taque  per  /pecie  adueriu$  Samnites 


Liber    secvndvj.  ^yj 

belli  parandi  >  crebra  concilia  indlcetes, 
omnibus cofultationibus  inter  fe  prin- 
cipcs  Roraanum  coquebant  bellum :  ad 
quod  Annius  praetor  hac  oratione  eos 
35  accendit:Siquando5inquit,vnc|uacon- 
w  fociandi  imperij ,  vfurpandse  Jibertatis 
35  rempus optaftis:  en  hoc  tempusadeft,  & 
33  virtuteve[tr^j&  Dcumbenignitatevo- 
3?  bisdatum.tentaftispatientiamrnegado 
33  miJitem,  quisdubitatexarfifTeeoSjCum 
3>  plus  ducentorum  annorum  morem  fol- 
jjueremus?  pertulerunt  lamenhuncdo- 
53  lorem:  bellumnoftro  nomine  cum  Pe- 
33  lignis  geiTimus^qui  ne  noilrorum  quide 
33  finium  per  nos  tuendorum  ius  antea  da- 
33 bant, nihilintercefferunt.  Sidicinosia 
33  iidem  acceptor,  Carapanos  ab  fe  ad  nos 
53  defciflc,  excrcitus  nos  parare  aduerfus 
33  Samnites/oederatos  fuosaudiuerut^nec 
33  moueruntfeab  vrbe.  vndeha?cillistata 
33  modeftia^nifi a confcientia  virium  fuaru 
33  &  noftrarum  ?  AtqueitaRomanis  turn 
anceps  cum  Latinis  bellum  fuit^  quod 
nimiapatietia  Romanorum ,  qua  fe  bel- 
lum euitaturosfperabat,  infeftiffimunx 
fiiit ;  cum  aiioqui,  fi  primis  conatibus 
Latinorum  obftitiffenti  paruo  negotio 
eosin  officio  contincre  potuiffent.  non 

S  3  itaque 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell, 
itaque  Romani  modeftia  fuaeuirauerOt 
bcllum,  feddiftuleruntmagno  Latino* 
rum  coinmodo ,  in  tempus  ^quo hoftcs 
omnibus  rebus  pararioresadbellumcf 
/ent.  Prsecipicndaigiturfuntcogitatio- 
ncfuturaj&aliquandoanteconftituen- 
dum,  quid  accidere  poiTitinvtramque 
partcm,&  quid  agendum  fitjatqueante- 
quam  eueniat*,obuiam  eundum^neque  - 
exfpedadum  donee  obruaris,  &  malum 
in  dies  crercat,&  incurabile  fiatjquod  in 
morbis  etiam  prgcipiunt  medici,  Itaque 
Regulusquidamin  Gallia,  Commano 
Segorcgiorum  regi dixit,  &affirmauit 
Maffi  Jiam  (quam  Senanus^cui  Comma- 
nus  fuccerterat,  Gra?cisc6dendamcon^ 
ccfTerat)  aliquando  exitio  finiiimis  po- 
pulis  futuram,  opprimendam  ergo  in 
ipfoortu^nemoxvalidioripfumobrue- 
ret,ruafit:fubnedcnshancfabuIam;Ca- 
nem aliquando"^ partu  grauidam,  locum  5 
a  paftore  precario  petiifle ,  in  quo  pare- 
ret:  quo  obrento,  iterato  petiifle,  vt  fibi 
educare  eodem  loco  catulos  liccret :  ad 
poftremum  adultiscatulis,  fulram  do- 
medico  praefidio,  proprietatem  loci  fibi 
vendicaile.  nonaliter  Maffilien/es.  in- 
cjuienSjqui  nunc  inquilini  videantur, ' 

quan- 


Liber   secvndvj,  xjS 

quandoque dominos  regionu  futures \  a  i«/?»»./.4j 
Si  itaque  bellum  timetur ,  praeftat  im  pa- 
ratos  hoftesinuadere5quam  belli  inprf - 
fcntiaruineuitandicaufajlogeinfeftius 
bellum  in  fiiturumexcipere.  neq;  enim 
^  malis  conatibus*'  hoflium  vnquam  belli 
metu  conceded um  efl:.  nam  hac  ratione 
non  tarn  euitatur  bell u ,  quamcum  ma- 
jcimo  incommode differtur.&  fepeetia 
te  bellum  oftendedo ,  potius  pacem  ha- 
biturumconfidas,  quamhoftiumarro- 
gantiaBjarmispofitis,  concedendo.  quo 
nontamfedaturferociahoftium,  quam 
irritarur  &  alitur.  Quo  fpe<aat  quod  Ci- 
ceroait^,  fuadens  fenatui,  ne  pacem  fa-  b  pfe%,7, 
Cerent  cum  Antonio:  Cauete  perdeos 
immortaleSjP.C.nefpepraefentispacis, 
perpetuam  pacem  amittatis.  Prudcntcr 
itaque  Romani ,  Philippo,  atque  Antio- 
cho  occulte  bellum  molientibus 3  primi 
vitro  bellum  intulcrunt,  &in  Gr^ciam 
bellum  transferrc,  quam  in  Italia  cxci- 
pere  maluerunt .  eoq^fpe^ftat,  quod  Ve- 
getiusait:  Qui  pace  dcfideratjpraeparet 
bellum  :  &  quod  Manlius  Capitolinus 
dicebat:Oftendite  modo  bellum,pacem 
habebitis:  videatvosparatosadvimjius 
ipfi  remittent,  Salutarisenim  feueritas, 

S  4  vtin- 


De     IVRE     Ef     OFF.  BELL. 

Vt  inquit  Cicero ,  vincit  inane  fpeciem 
clemetise.QuodficlementesefTevolue- 
nmus,nunquamdeeruntbellaciuilia.& 
nepiftMh.io  vtidem  alio  loco  ait^rHoftibusnonali* 
ter  pax  dari  debet  (de  bello  ciuili  agcns) 
quam  fi  armis  pofitiseam  petat:finaute 
pugnantes  earn  poftulent ,  vi(5loria pax, 
nonpadionepariendaeft.  Quofpedat 
quodMimus  ait :  Ignofcerehumanum, 
vbi  pudet,  cui  ignofcitur:  alioqui  vero 
veterem  ferendo  iniuriam  inuitas  noua* 
&  hue  etiam  referri  pofTe  videtur  apolo- 
gus  ille  a  Demofthene  prolatus .  nam 
cum  Alexander  Macedo ,  Tub  praetextu 
quodam  libertatis,magnam  Gr^ci^  par- 
tem inuafiffet,  &Athenas  obfideret,  ex- 
eufaretque  fe  no  ea  faccre,  vt  libertatem 
eis  eriperet,  vrbemueinferuitutemre- 
digeret:  led  quod  decern  eorum  ciues  in- 
fenfos  haberet,quieum  continue  male- 
di^'is incelTeret:  proinde  fi pauci illide- 
deretur ,  fore  vt  ab  obfidione  decederet, 
populumque  a  bello  &fame  liberaret: 
pofcebat  vero  in  primis  Demofthenem, 
&  nouem  itidem  alios  ciues  praeftantiCi 
fimos :  cumqiancepsefTetfenatus,  mul- 
tique  acclamarent  multitudini  potius, 
quam  paucis  effeconfulendum :  formi- 

darent' 


Liber  secvijdvs»  ijp 

darcntque  pauci  illi ,  qui  ad  fupplicium 

pofccbantur,vixque  fari  auderent^qu  6d 

eorum  interitu  reliqui  omnes  pacem  ac 

libertatemfperarent :  ventum  fuiffet  in 

fententiavtdederentur,nifiDcmofthe- 

nes  huiufmodi  fabella  regis  dolQ  &  in- 

85,  fidiasapcruifler.  Lupus aliquando^jin'- 

35  quit  5  pafloribus,  quorum  diligentiam 

55  deciperecupiebatjperfuafitj  vt  fecum  in 

M  amicitiam  conuenirent ,  eaconditione, 

3)  vt  canes  qui  fibi  infenfierant,  &caulas 

«  inimicitiarum  praebebant,  obfides  tra- 

})  dercntur.audiuntpaftoreSjCanesqueob 

55  fidem  feruanda?  pads  traduntur,  qui  o- 

9,  uiumdiligentiffimicuftodes  erant.tunc 

55  Lupusadempta  formidine,omnepecus 

M  prolacietate  &  libidine  lacerat,ac  deuo- 

55  rat5&  paftoresipfoslaniat.  Sicetiam  in- 

praefentiarum ,  inquit ,  viri  Athenienfes 

Alexander  facit:  qui  omnes  iilos,  qui  in 

eius  conatus  concionantur^quique  eius 

infidiaspanduntjdepofcit,  quofacilius 

vrbem  cuftodibus  fpoliata  iriuadere  ac 

diripere  poffit.^  «  p'»'*'"'.  '» 

vitaDmofi, 
An  pr2Eftetbellum  domi  excipere,  an  ver6  in 
hoftilem  agrum  inferre. 

/     Sapmis  fententia, 

2     S^IabijiJMAX.  fententU. 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
$     Athenknfibtii  fdkiorA  bsllafuere  domt 

4  Tabid  A  de  Antreo, 

5  Muhtimanimi  additpatrU  affe^ins. 

6  \^guhocies  cum  domt  obfidtommferrc 

mnpoffet,  tame  AfricA  helium  iniuUt^ 

7  ConfiUum  Anntbdis. 
S     SententtA  Agidis, 

p     Confdium  Hieronts  Syr acu far  urn  regHs^ 
19  Aliter farts, diter  domi  bella  tra^arL 
J I  I4dior  mtles  eictra  fatriatn^ 
12  ¥ abij exemf  turn  vide ^ 

Ca?^  octavvm, 

FVii  hxc  qu3eftio  varie  admodum  a- 
gitataarummisducibusjmultisin  V- 
tramque  partem  addudis  argumentis  8c 
exemplis  :  vt  vtra  fententiafequendafir, 
non  facile  dixerisifuitque  in  (enatuRo- 
tnanorum  olim  magna  hac  derecoten- 
tio ,  inter  Q.  Fabium  Max.  &  P.  Scipio- 
nem ,  qui  Africam  prouinciamfibide- 
cernipetebat :  non  alirerafTerensfTnem 
belli  cum  Annibalefore^jquamfiexer-  i 
citus  in  Africam  deportaretu v^Sc  eo  bcl- 
lura  ex  Italia  auerteretur:  referens  quale 
efletjvltro  metum  inferrehofti,  &  ab  fe 
remoto  periculo,  alium  in  difcrimen  ad- 

ducere.^ 


Liber  secvndvs.  140 

ducere :  idqiCxemplo  ipfius  Annibalis: 
^multumintereflejalienos  popular! fi- 
nes janproprios  vriexcindique  videas* 
plusenimanimiefleinferetipericulum, 
quampropulfanti;  turn  etiam  ad  digni- 
tatem populi  Romania  famamquc  apud 
regesgentesqueexternaspertinere,non 
addefendendam  modo  Italiam ,.  fed  ad 
inferenda  etiam  Afric^earma  videri  Ro- 
manisanimum  effe:  caftraqueKomana 
potiusefle^fi  Carthaginis  portisimmi* 
nerent,  quara  Roman!  iterum  vallum 
hoftium  exmoenibus  fuisviderent :  A- 
frica  efTet  reliqui  belli  fedes,  illic  terror 
fugaque,  populatio  agrorum ,  defedio 
fociorum, cetera  belli  clades.  Contra  ca 
Fabius*  Annibalem  redo  itinere  Italia 
prius  expellendum ,  quam  per  circuitus 
in  Africam  trahendum  cenfebat :  idquc 
natura  prius  cffe^  tua  cum  defenderis,  a- 
liena  ire  oppugnatum ,  &  pacem  prius 
in  Italia  optandam,  quam  bellum  in  A- 
frica;  &vt  ipfis  prius  decederet  timor, 
quam  aliis  inferrctur ;  vbi  no  portus  vi- 
lusclaffi  Romance apertus ,  non  ciuitas 
focia ,  non  rex  amicus ,  non  confiftendi 
vfquamlocus,nonprocedendi:quacun- 
quecircurafpcxcris,  hoftiiia  omnia  atqj 

infefta: 


De  Ivre  et  off.  bell, 
infefta:  aliter  quoque  Carthaginienfes 
moenia  patria?,  templa  DeuiTijaras  &  fo- 
cos  dcfenfuros^quara  Hifpaniam  defcn- 
derant  :vbi  Annibal  eflet,ibi  caput  atque 
arcem  illius  belli  efle  :  quern  in  Africam 
tradum  propinqua  Carthago ,  &  xota 
focia  Africa  potentiorero  armis  virisque 
a  Lw./nzS.  faceret^.  Etpro  Fabio  quoque  facitexe- 
plum  Athenienfioin^jqui  quoad  domi  5 
bella.geflerunt ,  vLdores  femper  exftite- 
runt :  fed  magna  claiTe  in  Siciliam  trant 
iriifra,vnanaualipugnaflorenteiiireni* 
pub.  fuam  in  perpetuumafflixerunt.  fa- 
cie quoque  quod  deAnt^o^Lybi^  re-  4 
gefertur.-quiabHercule^gyptiOjdum 
in  fedibus  fuis  bellum  gelTit,  fuperari  n5 
potuit:  fraude  vero  HerculiSjCxtra  fines 
fuos  tradlus,  caefus  fuit,  &  vitam  cum 
regno  amifit*  quod  fecit  locum  fabula?, 
quae  fingit  Antseum  Neptuni  e  Terra  R- 
lium  fuiffe  ,  robore  &  fortitudine  ne- 
inini  cedentem  :  cuius  membra  quories 
laborc  defe6ta  edenr,  tadu  Terra?  matris 
fuae  recreabantur :  quem  Hercules  cum 
eo  pugnans,  medium  complexus^quod 
aliter  fuperari  non  pollet ,  €  terra fubla- 
bLMr4  ie  ^^^  >  aftridum  pec^ori  expirare  coe- 
&e/.flw/.i^.+  git^  Thomyris  quoque  Scytarum  re- 

gina^ 


LlBER     SECVMDV5*  J^t 

ginajiiequaquam  Cyri  aduentu  tcrrita, 
maluit  aduentum  cius  operiri ,  quam 
obuiara  ire ,  feliciorem  fibi  pugnam  in- 
tra regni  fiii  tcrminos  futuram  rata  ^  vbi 
Cyrum  in  anguftias  pertra(5ium  ex  in- 
fidiis  cum  ducentis  millibus  Perfarum 
trucidauit  a .     Item  Laccd^emoniis  a  -  *  it/Jw.^.»» 
lia  bella  aducrfusfinitimos  gcrentibus^ 
cum  Thebani  Epaminonda  duce,  oc- 
cupandae  vrbis  eorum  fpem  cepiflent, 
tacitiq;  Laccdsemona  proficifcerentur : 
nonampl.iuscentum  iameffoetae  a?tati$ 
viri5quidomi  maaferant^aducrfus  quin- 
decim  millia  militum  pugnae  fefe  obtu- 
lerunt.  tantum  animorum  viriumque 
patriae  &  penatum  confpedtus  fubmini- 
ftrat*5  tan  toque  prae(efttia,quam  recor- 
dationefuiraaiores(pirituslargitur,in- 
quitluft.^  na cum viderentj intra quf,&  b  w.<s, 
proquibusftaretjautvincendufibi^aut 
moriendumcenfuerunt.Ethucfp^dare 
videturconfiliu  T.  Quintij  Flaminij  eoC 
quo  Achaeos  bellum  inferre  Zacyntho 
molientes ,  monuit,  ne  inftar  teftudinis 
(quf  vbi  colJe<5la  in  fuu  tegmeeft^tuta  ad 
omnes  idus  eftivbi  exerit  aliquas  partes, 
quodcuqinudauit,obnoxiuatq;infirmu 
habet)prolato  extra  Pdopoacsucapite, 

peri- 


De     IVRE   ET    OFF.  BELL. 

atiu.iih.i6. periculofefeexponereta.  ProScipione 

fJ!>h''^^'  ^^^^  ^^^^^  \P^ euentus belli, quo  Anni- 
balem  (qui  tredecimannis  in  Italia  im- 
pune  helium  gcfTerat)  tradum  in  Africa 
fuperauit ,  &  praeclara  vidoria  potitus 
efto  Similiter  Agathocles  tyranus  %ciim 
Poeni  Syracufas  obfidione  cinxifTcntj  & 
fe(e  nee  viribus  parem,  nee  ad  obfidion^ 
feredam  inftrudum  videret :  mirapror- 
fusaudaciaCvtquifuatueri  nonpotcrat, 
impugnarctalienaj  bellumin  Africam 
tranftulir,  ^caftraquinrolapideaCar- 
thagine  pofuit :  &  Hannone  Pcenorum 
duce  fuperato ,  vaftata  Africa,  plurimas 
&nobiliirimasvrbes3amicitiarum  iura 
non  fide^fed  fucceifu  ponderates,  a  Poe- 

hiuftM.22  nisdeficienteSjadfepellexit^.Facitqub- 
que  pro  Scipione  cofilium  Annibalis% 
quo  cum  ipfe  primum  in  Italia  pertre- 
decimannos  cum  maxima  gloria  bcllu 
geflit;  tum  etiam  Antiocho  confilia  vo- 
lutanti  de  Romano  bello,  audor  fuit^vt 
in  Italia  bellum  gererct:  Italiam  &  mili- 
tes,&commcatum  pr^bituramcxterno 
hofti:in  Italia  Romanos,  fuis  opibus, 
fuis  viribus ,  fuis armis  vinci  pofle :  fi  ni- 
hil ibimoueatur,liceretq;popuIo  Rom. 
viribus  &copiis  Italise,  extra  Italia  bel- 
lum g€* 


Liber   secvndvs.  142 

lum  gerercj  ncque  regem,  ncque  getem 
vUampareRomanisfore^.  &  hxccjuo-a  Li/Ot.j^ 
quefuitfcntetiaAgidis  Lacedaemonio- 
S  rum  regis  ^  quidicebat  ^tolis  intra  fi- 
nes fuos  bellum  inferendum,  necpcr- 
inittendum,vtPeloponneficIauftrain- 
traren i^. Idem  con fili urn  poflcedemC.  bPZttf,;v»>^ 
Flaminij,exercitusqueRomaniadTra-'''  ^^'  *** 
fymenum,  popuIoRomanodedit  Hie- 
9  ro Syracufaru  rex"^5amicus populi  Rom. 
vtfcilicet  prcetor,cui  Sicilia  prouincia 
eucniflet ,  claffem  in  Africam  traijcerer, 
vt  hoftes  in  terra  fua  bellum  habcrenr, 
minusque  laxametidaretur  iis ,  ad  auxi- 
lia Annibalifubmittenda^  Hocquoq;  cUu.u.zi 
confilio  fenatus  populusque  Rom .  Ma- 
cedonicum  bellum  indixitjperfuadente 
Seruio  Sulpitio  conf.  cui  Macedonia 
prouincia euenerat;  quipopulo^vt  ro- 
gationem  de  bello  Macedonico  indice- 
do iuberent>  his rationibus  fuafit :  non 
hocagi,  vtrum  bellum ,  an  pacem  habc- 
rent  Romani  (neque id  liberum iis  per- 
iniiTurum  Philippum,qui terra  marique    - 
ingens  bellum  molirctur)  (cd  vtrum  in 
Macedoniam  legioncs  tranfportaret,an 
hoftesin  Italiaacciperent.  Hocquatum 
interefletjPunico  proximo  bello  exper- 

tosclTe, 


Dh    IVRE  ET    OFF.  BEl,t. 

tos  efTe.  quis  enim  dubitarct,quin  fi  Sa- 
gudnisobfeffisfidem  Romanorumim- 
ploratibus  impigre  tuliflent  opem  jficu  t 
patres  ipfbrum  Mamcrtinis  tulerantjto- 
tum  in  Hifpaniam  aucrfuribellum  fuit 
fcnt :  quod  cundando  cum  magna  cladc 
Romanorumin  Italia acceperunt.  Nee 
illud  quidem  dubium  efle ,  quin  Philip- 
pum  pa(5tum  iam  per  legatos5literasque 
cum  Annibale,  in  Italia  traijcere,  miflb 
cumclafTe  Leuino,  qui  vltraei  bellum 
inferret  in  Macedonia,  continuiffent* 
multo  magis  florentcm  Italiam ,  multo 
magis  integras  res  ,  feluis  tot  ducibus, 
laluis  tot  cxercitibus  ,  quos  Punicum 
pofteabelluabfumpfit,  aggreffumPyr-^ 
rhum^tamen  cocuiirifle5&  vi^torem  pro* 
peadipfamvrbemRomamvenifle  :neG 
Taren tinos  modo ,  oraque  illam  Italia?, 
quam  maiorcm  Gr^ciam  vocant ,  fed  c- 
tiam  Lucanos ,  &  Brutios ,  &  Samnites 
ab  ipfis  defecirfciquar  quoque,  fi  Philip- 
pus  in  Italiam  tranfmiflurus  elTet^  quie- 
tura,aut  manfura  in  fide  non  effe.-quem- 
admodum  nee  bello  Punico  manferut. 
fi  piguiflaRomanos  in  Africam  traij- 
cere ,  etiamnum  tunc  in  Italia  Annibale 
futurura  fuiire,&:  Carthaginiefes  hoftes 

babl< 


Liber,  secvndvj.  14J 

habituros.potiusigiture(re5Vt  Macedo- 
nia 5  quam  Italia  bellum  haberet ,  ho- 
ftjum  vrbes  agrosque  ferro  &  igni  vafta- 
ri:  expertosiamefTe^forisipfis,  quam 
dofnifeliciorapotentioraq;  armae{rc^  *  ^'"-'^'J^* 
Exquibuscerre  conftat,  id  quod  Aga- 

10  thodcsquoque  dice  bat:  AIiterforis*;a- 
liter  domi  bclla  cradari  :  domi  ca  fola 
auxilia  efTe,  qua?  patria?  vires  fubmini- 
ftrent:  foris  hoftem  etiam  fuis  viribus 
vinci .    His  adde ,  qu  6d  melior  procul 

ii  a  domo  futurus  fit  miles ^,  vbi  nullum 
eft  refugium ,  &  neceffitas  pugnandi 
imminet.  qua  ratione  Annibal  inHi- 
Ipania  bellum  gerens ,  Afrieam  Hifpa- 
jiorum  praefidiofirmauit :  &  proeofup- 
piementum  ipfe  ex  Africa  petiit^.  Sed  «>^"»'^*'<* 
&c  tanto  audacius  ,  foriiusque  pugna  - 
turus  eft  miles  in  hoftiliagro,  quanto 
maior  fpes,  maiorque  animus inferen- 
tis  eft  bellum,  quam  arcentis.  hucac- 
cedit,  quod  hoftes  deuidi ,  extra  fines 
fuos  ,  facile  reftaurare  bellum  poffint, 
&  fines  fuos  tueri:  vbi  fi  domifu^ho- 
ftes  fupcraueris  5  nuUo  fpacio  recrean- 
didato,  facile eos  opprimere  poffis,& 
bello  finem  imponere.  quod  Annibali 
vi(5kori  ad  Cannas  non  difficile  fuiffet , 

T  fiviao^ 


De    IVRB    ET    OFF*    BELLt 

fi  Victoria  &  bencficio  fortunae  vfus  All  A 
fcv  &  fitis  conftat  moram  tantum  (uam 
^  tm.uiAt  ftlutivrbiatq;imperio  Romano fuiffea» 
Et  his  quidem  argumends ,  &  exemplis 
in  medium  prolatiSj  vnicuiqueliberum 
hacdere  conftituendi  relinquimus  ar- 
bitrium,  illudtamcnetiamatqueetiam 
penfitandum  eftjfi  de  bello  inferedOjVel 
cxcipiendoconfultetur^anfacilisfitac- 
ccflusin  fineshoftjum^anarcibus  mu* 
niti,  an  plani  campi^  anloca  montuola, 
vbi  infidiae  timeri  poflenr,  an  cum  hofte 
armato  &  bellicofoi  an  vero  inermi  & 
imbelli,  &  cuius  vis  omnis  in  pecunia 
confiftat,rcsfit:qui  fuis  viribus  domi  fu^ 
facile  fuperari  poterit^exemplo  Caitha- 
ginienfium  :  (ecusfi  cum  hofte armato^ 
&  bcllicofb  5  cui  domi  omnia  ad  bellum 
pararafuht,qua!e^fuereRomani5resfit. 
Ccterum  ^i  cum  hofte  bdlicofo  &  vin- 
cercfolitbdomitusebellandum  erit,  no 
inutile  videbiturFabij  excplum  fequi*,  12 
qui  Annibale  iam  ahquot  vidoriis  fe- 
rocem ,  ciim  (acWh  ccrtamine  vinci  noa 
poffe  videret  jfedendofregit,  &  vincere 
Annibalem  prohibuit,  viab  aliiis  vinei 
pofTet :  {axis  cito  incipi  vi^oriam  rarus, 
vbi  prouifum  foret  ne  vincerct :  qua  ra^ 

tione 


LiBEK     5ECVKDV$.  I44 

.tioneimperium  Romanum  multis  da- 
dibusaffliaum  reftituit.  Suntque  pras- 
clara  in  banc  fententiam  eiuldem  Fabij 
verba5qaibus  L.TEmilium  Paulum  con- 
tra Annibalcm  cuntem  ita  afFatus  eft.- 
3,  Vtia  ratio  belli  gercndiaduerfus  Anni- 
55baIemeft,quaegogcfri,ncceuentusmo- 
55  do  hoc docet :  ftultoruiftemagiftereft: 
35  fedcgdem  ratio  quae  fuirifuturaque^do- 
35  necreseademanebunt,imtnutabdiseft. 
5,  in  Italia  bellum  gerimus,  in  fedeac  folo 
55  aaftro,omniacircaciuiumacfociorum 
,5  (iint  '.armiSjViris^equiSjComjeatibusiu- 
3,  uantiuuabuntque.idiamfideidocume- 
j,  turn,  in  aduerfis  rebus  noftris  dederunt. 
.5  Meliores> prudentiores,con[}antiores, 
35  nostempusdiesquefacit*  Annibalcon- 
33  tra,inaliena,inhoftiliterra,inter  omnia 
33  inimica  infeftaque,  procul  a  domOjpro- 
33  cul  a  patria,  neque  illi  terra,  neque  mari 
5,  eftpax.-nullseeumvrbescxcipiuntjnulla 
33  moeniaj  nihil  vfquam  fui  videt.  in  diem 
33  rapto  viuitj  partem  vix  tertiam  exerci- 
3j  tuseiushabct,  quemlberumamnetra- 
33  iecit: plures  fames  quam  ferrum  abfum- 
3,  pfitinec  his  paucis  iam  vidu  fuppeditat, 
jj  Dubitasergoquineumfedendofupera- 
„  turifumus,quifcne(catindies?non  co- 

T  z  meatus 


9» 


De   ivre  et  otv,  bell. 
iiieatuS)nonfupplementum,non  pecu-  „ 

a  iwM.iz  niamhabeata?  Etcerteeo  Annibalem 
tunc  redadum  fuifle  conftat ,  vt  nuilo 
negotiofuperaripoiuifTet,  nifitemeri- 
tas  Teretij  Varronisoccafionemrei be- 
ne gerenda?  hofli  prsebuiflet.  Simili  ra- 
tione  Cn.  Sulpidus  didator,  aduerfus 
Gallosin  Italia  bcllum  trahebat ,  nolens 
fccommitterefortun^aduerfushoftem) 
quem  tempusdeteriorem  in  dies  &  lo- 
cus faceret  ;  fine  prseparato  commeatu, 
fine  firmo  munimento  morantem :  ad 
hoc  iisanimis corporibusque ,  quorum 
omnisinimpetuviscflet,  paruaeadem 

b  littdth.y^  languefcere  morab. 

An  prseftet  initio  praelij  magno  clainore,  & 
concitato  Curfu  in  holies  pergere;  an  ver6 
loco  manere,  &  hoftium  impetum  exci- 
pere. 

/     Leuifima  quAque  in  hello  nonftunquam 

WAgni  momentifunt, 
z     Samnites  &  Gall/  prime  imfetuferocest 
^     Tah'tm  fuflinutt  impetu  hojiium  cr  vtctt^ 

4  D  ecim  impetum  faciendo  in  hoHem  vi" 

6iui  fuit, 

5  Tabtf  exemplum  fecutui  T,  VeturiUd* 

6  A'Cornekm  CoJJu4  dt£}ator  hoHikm  im- 

petum ixapicnUo  vicis, 

7.    W^ 


Liber   secvndvs,  j/^^ 

f     Cdfarrefriihmdti  covftUttm  Pompe^^  ^ui 

fudtxerattfun  ^  vtimpctum  C  Afar  is 

exciferent, 
8    iMos  Gallorum  c^  Cermamrum  initia 

p     Syri  ex  cUmore  indkium  fumehant  de 

futura  vtLioria.  vel  cUdc^ , 
/  0  Cyri  confdium^ 

Cap*  nonvm, 

1  TN  bello  nihil  tarn  leue  eft"^,  quod  noa 
A  magnae  interdum  rci  momentu  faciat. 
cuius  nobis lidemfaciuntQ.Fabius  5  & 
P.  Decius  coniT.  hello  contra  Samnites 
^Hetrufcos.  inftrud^enimacie,  itavt 
Fabius  aduerfus  Samnitesindextrocor- 
nu>&  Decius  aduerfus  Gallos  in  (iniftro 
cornu  cofiftcretj  baud  fimilis  pugna,  in- 
quit  Liuius^,  indextro  Iseuoque cornu  a  w.io, 
fuit.  Romani apud  Fabium  arcebat  ma-^ 
gis,  quam  inferebant  pugnam,  exrrahe- 
bantqj  in  quam  maxime  lerum  diei  cer- 
tamen  :  quia  ita  pcrfuafuni  erat  duci ,  & 

^  Sanires  &  Gallos *primo  impetufero- 
ces  efle,  quofuftinerifatisfit :  longiore 
certamine  fenfim  refidere  Samnitium  a-^ 
nimos:  Gallorum  quideetiam  corpora 
intoleratiflima  laborisatq;  aeftusfluere, 

T  3  prima- 


De    IVRE     ET    off.  BEtl. 

prlmaque  eorura  prselia  plus  quam  vi- 
rocumj  poftrema  minus  quam  femina- 
rumefTc.  mid  tern  pus  igitur,  quo  vinci 
folebat  hoftis ,  quam  inregerri mas  vires 
militi  feruabat  Fabius *.  Fcrocior  Dc-  J 
cius3&  aerate  &  vigore  animi,  quantum- 
cunqi  viriumhabuir,  certamine  primo 
effudit*,  impetum  faciendo  in  hoftemr  4 
quodilli  nobeneceflTit:  nam  fuimilites, 
primo coflidtu  in  fugam  a<5^i  funt,  &  dit 
fipati :  quos  cum  nulla  vifuftincrepoP- 
fctj  vtmortefuaeam,  quam  per  victoria 
confequi  non  poterat  gloriam^fibi  para- 
retjCxcmplo  P.  Decij  patris/e  legioneH. 
quehoftium  proexercitu  populi  Rom^ 
quiritumdeuouit:  &quac6nferti(fima 
cernebat  Gallorum  aciem,concitamtc*' 
quum  5  inferensque  (e  ipfe  infeftistelis, 
inrerfedluseft;  &  Romani  amifTbduce^ 
qua?  res  terrori  alias  efle  folet ,  fiftere  fu- 
gam^ac  nouam  dc  integro  inftaurarcpu- 
gnam  coeperunt :  quibus  cum  fuperoe- 
riiflent  fubfidia  ex  nouiffima  acie  iuITu 
Fabij  ad  prsefidium  college  miffi,vidoria 
potiti  funt .  Et Fabij  excmplumfecutus 
T.  Vetufius  cof/  in  VoHcos  miffuSjCum 
addimicandum  hoftesacieexciuifTet,  5t 
multitudinealiquantulum  Volfcifupe- 

rarent: 


Liber   secvndvs.  r^^ 

rarent;  nee  promouitademjoccclamo* 

rem  reddi  paflus  cft/ed  defixis  pilis  ftare 

fuosiuflit:  vbiad  manuvcniflethoftis, 

turn  cohortes  tota  vi  gladiis  rem  gere- 

rent :  in  quo  genere  pugnae  Mars  eft  a- 

trociffimus.  Volfci  curfu  &  clamore  fcf^ 

G,  cum  fe  velut  ftupentibus  metu  intu- 

liffenc  Romanis ,  poftquam  imprefTione 

fenfereex  aduerfo  fa(5iam,&  ante  oculos 

micare  gladios,haud  fecus  quam  fi  in  in- 

fidiasincidiflent,  turbati  vcrterut  terga, 

&  ne  ad  fugam  quidem  fatis  viriura  fuit: 

quia  curfu  in  pra?Iiumicrant.  Romani 

contra  quia  principio  pugnas  quieti fte- 

terantjVigentescorporibuSjfacileadepti 

feffoSj&caftraimpetu  ceperut,&  caftris 

cxutum  hoftem,Velitras  perfecuti,  vno 

agmine  vidiores  cum  vi(ftis  irrupere  ^  a  t/«>\2. 

6  Similiter  A.CorneIius  Co{rusdi(5lator% 

aciedecertaturus  cum  Volfcis,  quorum 

ingenseratexercitus,  milires  fuositaaf^ 

^,  farusert: :  Noftra  vidoria  eft  milices ,  fi 

J,  quiddij  vatesqueeorum  in  futurum  vi- 

j,  dent,  itaque  vt  decet  certf  fpei  plenos^Sc 

J,  cum  imparibus  manus  conferturos   pi- 

5j  lisante  pedes  pofitis, gladiis  tantum  de- 

j,  xtrasarmemus:  necprocurfari  quidem 

„  ab  acic  velim  ,  fed  obnixos  vos  ftabili 

T  4  gradu 


De    IVRE    ET     OFF^BEtt, 

gradu  impetum  hoftium  cxciperc :  vbx 
jllivanainiecerintmiffilia.&effufiftan-'' 
tibus  vobis  feintulerint ,  tu  m  micet  gla- 
dij  5  &  vcniat  in  mentem  vnicuique  deos 
e(re,c]uiRomanumadiuuent,deosqui 
fecundis  auibusin  praclium  miferinr*  6c 
fie  vt  prseccperat  pugnant ,  nee  dux  le-  ^ 
a  Lm,iib,€^  gioneSjOec  fortunafefellitduce*.  Hoc 
quoque  confilioPompeius,  prscJio  de- 
certaturus  cum  Csefare  ad  Pharfalu  ^fuis 
pra?dixerat,vt  Csefaris  impetum  excipe- 
rent5neuefeloco  niouerent,  aciemque 
eiusdiftrahipaterentur;idq;admOnitu 
C.Triarij  feciffe  dieitur,  vt  primus  ex- 
curfiis,  visque  militum  infringeretur,  a» 
ciesquediilenderetur:  leuiusqueeafura 
pila  fperabatj  in  loco  retcntis  militibus, 
quanifiipfi  immiffis  telis  occurriflent: 
fimul  fore  3  vtduplicatocurfu ,  Csefaris 
militescxaminaicnturj&laffitudineco-i 
ficerentur:quod  Cgefari  tamen  nulloco- 
filiofadtumvidebatur*;  proptereaquod  y 
eft  quxdamanimiincitatiOj  atqueala- 
critasnaturalitcr  innata  omnibus,  qujc 
ftudio  pugnx  inccnditur :  hanc  non  rc- 
primcre/cdaugereimperatorcsdeberc, 
nequefruftraantiquitusinftitutumeflc, 
n  figna  vndique  concincrent  j  clamo- 

remque 


Liber  secvndvs*  t^y 

tcmc[uc  vniuerfi  tollcrent :  quibus  re- 
bus &  hoftcs  terreri ,  &  fuos  incitari  exi- 

8  ftiraaueruf'.Sic  Gallic  Gerinani*,<jub  ^i c^fjuuL 
bus  inconfulta  ira  &  furor  erai^fi  quado  6*^^.i, 
cum  hoflecongrcdi  pararentjdiflbno  5c 

truci  caniu,  quern  harritum  vocabantj 
cum  vlulatu  &  tripudiis  fcuta  quatien* 
tes,  prx lium  inibanr,  ex  quo  futura?  pu- 
gna?  fortunam  augurabantur.  Similiter 

9  Syri^primocongrefTu ,  Solcm  venerati, 
cum  claffico  figno  dato  pugnam  inirenr, 
primo  occurfu  ad  ardorem  cxcitandum, 
ardentilfimo  clamoreconcurrebant^  & 
figna  inferebant  :  qui  fi  confona  voce 
cditus  ,  neque  impar ,  varius ,  vel  dift 
fbnus  foret  ,  baud  dubie  fatis  animo- 
rum  ad  ccrtamen  efle ,  &  futuram  vi(5lo- 
riamfpondebant.  nam  is crat  index  vo- 
luntatis &  animi  cuiufque  :  d  vcrp  cx- 
citatior  crebriorque  ab  hofte  fublatus 
eSct  :  quo  eucntus  pra:lij  cafurus  fo- 
retj,  indicium  baud  dubie  praebebat. 

Quo  fpcdat  quod  Liuius  ^  refert,  in-  bW,4, 

caute  ,  inconfulteque  a  C .  Sempro  - 

nio  confule  pra^Iium  commifTum  cum 

3,  Volfcis :  Clamorjinquit,  indicium  pri- 

35  mum  fuit ,  quo  res  inclinatura  cffet , 

„  exciiatior  crebriorque  ab  hofte  fubla- 

T  5  tus: 


De    IVRE    ET    off,  BELl» 

tus:  abRomanisdiflbnuSjimparjfegnis,  3^ 
fepe  iteratus  incerto  clamorc  prodidit  3^ 
pauorem  aniniorum.Cyri  verb  confiliu  „ 
fuit*5  vt  fi  hoftes  tumultuofius  irrueret,  10 
taciti  milites  impetum  exciperent ;  (in 
aute  taciturni ,  clamore  &  ftrepit  j  acies 
^KUx.ahA-  inuaderenta.  Plurimumcerterefert,v- 
^T'l°**f  trumcumtyronibus>&  militia?  in fuctis, 
^'  *  '  *  qui  facile  inufitato  clamore,  &  impref- 
fionecommoueripoflint,  anvero  cum 
veteranis  &  bello  aiTuetis,  qui  non  facile 
terreri  folent,  res  fit» 

Non  eflfeconfflij,  inuicem  infenfbsciuilibus 
di(Ien(ionibus  holies  ^  ibla  diicordia  fretum 
inuadere. 

1  Seiitio  remp,  dhqui  £Hrmmx  mortalem 

fac'tU 

2  ToutniA  feditioms  hojiium. 

S     HqHcs  di^enttentcs  nonfunt  inuaiendl^ 

Cap.   decimym. 

/r»  Ternam  efle  magnara rempub/  nifi  l 
^^ciues  inter  femetipfos  feditionibus 
faeuiant :  id  vnum  venenum ,  earn  labem 
ciuitatibus  opuletis  repcrtara,vt  mapna 
imperia  mortaliaeflent,  nonremcreab 
antiquis  crediium  eft^cuiusreicxemplo 

effc 


Liber  sbcvndvs,  i^S 

cffe  poteft  Romana  refp.  quae  tam  diu 

imperium  totius  orbis  tenuit,  donee  ci- 

uiJibus,  &inteftinisbellis ,  fuis  viribus 

confumpta  ,  &  ad  nihilum  redada  c% 

Vnde  (blent  prudentesduces  foucre  fe- 

i  ditioneshoftiunr^jfiquandopoflentrve 

hac  rationcincruenta  vi(5i:oria ,  hoftiuni 

viribus  ponri  poflent.Quo  cofilio  Mar- 

cius  Coriolanus,vi(5torad  vrbc  pergens, 

cumagrum  Romanuni  popularetur,  a 

Patriciorum  agris  abftincri  iuffit,  quo 

Ulosfufpcdos  plebeiis  redderet,  &dif* 

cordiamciuium  iamante  natamincita- 

ret».  Et  Annibalcum  videret  QiFabiu  a  rivw.i, 

fblerticundatione  illi  VKftoriam  pra:ri-  ^*^'  "'^' 

pere,  quibellumrarione,  non  fortuna 

gereret :  quo  nomine  conteraptuierat 

Romanis5&  timidus  didus,  ad  augenda 

Fabij  inuidiam  ab  agro  ipfius  omnc  vim 

hoftilem  abftineriiuffit,  omnibus  circa 

folo  aequatis ,  vt  occuiti  alicuius  padi  ea 

merccs  videri  poflet  \  Quam  inuidiam  huttM.u, 

vt  euitaret  Fabius  ,  fertur  agros  illos 

vendidiffej&preciuminredemptionem 

captiuorumconuertifle :  Periclem  imi- 

tatus,  cuius  agros  in  populationecete- 

roruin  Spartaniinta(5los  reliquerat,  fpe^ 

nntcs  acquirere  k  illipofle,am  pericu  lu 

ex  in- 


Db   IvaE    tr    OFF,   BELL* 

€x  inuidia,aut  ex  fufpicione  proditionis 
infamiaiquodante  perfpiciens  Pericles, 
&  futuru  populo  praedixcrat, ad  in uidi« 
impetum  declinandu :  agros  ipfos  dono 
reipub,  dedcrat,  atque  ha  vnde  periculii 
quse/itum  fuerat ,  ibi  maximam  gioriam 

qIkWvJ.3,  inuenit^.  Porronon  eritconfuitumfe- 
diiiofos  hoftes  *,  Tola  difcordise  fiducia  j 
inuadere.  Naexternus  timor, vtinqiiit 
Liuius,  optimum  concordiae  vinculum., 
Itaque  ciim  Prseneftinijexdilcordia  Rch 
manorum  ^occafionem  fibidari  rati,  ra^ 
ptimagmine  fafto  peruaftatis  protinus 
agris,ad  porta  Collinam  figna  inferret: 
ingensque  in  vrbe,trepidatio  eiret:con- 
clamatum  ad  armajConcurfumqiin  mu- 
ros  atque  portas  eft:  tandemquc  ab  fedi- 
tioneadbellumverfi,didatoreT.Quia- 
tium  Cincinnatum  creauere.  quod  vbi 
auditumeft(tantuseius  magiftratus  ter- 
ror erat)  fimulhoftesa  moenibus  reccA 
lere,&  iuniores  Romani  ad  edi<5i;um  finq 

b  VH,uh,6,  detrc<3:atione  conuenere  ^,  ciuiliaenim 
certamina  terror  externuscohiber,Sic- 
que  cum  Caefar  Britannisbellu  inferret, 
fummam  imperii  belUque  adminiftradi 
Britanni  communi  confilio  permiferut 
Caffinellauno^cui  cum  reliquis  ciuitati- 

bus 


Liber  secvndvs.  j^^ 

bus  continentia  bella  interceflerantrfed 
aduetu  Caefaris  permoii,  eum  toti  bello 
imperioq;  prgfecerunt^  Similiter  Veic-  ^^f^^ 
ti  beIlo,Cn.ManIio ,  &  M.  Fabio  conjQT.  ^  '  ^^* 
cum  ciuilibus  difTenfionibus  cxafpera- 
tismilirumanimis/onfulcscaftrisfetc* 
Dcrent,  nee  praelio  rem  committereau- 
derent  i  quod arma  militi  non  crederct: 
&  his  freti  hofteS;>omnibus  modis  lacet 
ferentad  pugnam  Romanos,probrain- 
gerentes ,  8c  Romanis  infultantes :  Ro- 
ixianusnon  vltra  contumeliam  patipo- 
tuit ;  cumque  externa  &  domeftica  o- 
dia  certarent  in  anirais ,  tandem  fiipc- 
rabant  externa  :  adeo  fupcrbe  infblen- 
terquehoftis  illudcbat.  itaque  acie  in- 
ftruda,  irritatisinhoflem,  &fibiinui- 
ccm  reconciliatis  militumanimis,  non 
alic  ante  bello  ,  inquit  Liuius^,  infe-  b»A 
fliorRomanuspraslium  iniit.  cum  fife 
continuifJent  hofles,  propriis  ipfbrum 
viribus  ,  &  fiio  militc  facile  Romanos 
fuperare  potuifTcnt  :  vt  cxempio  funt 
JEqui  dc  Vclfci :  inter quosagrum  Ro- 
manum  ingrefios    ex  certamine  Vol- 
fcijiEquiueimperatorem  coniundo  c* 
iercitui  darent  ,  feditio  deinde  airox, 
pr^lium  ortum,  &inuicemhoftesper- 

nicxofb 


Dfi    IVR  E   ET    OFF.  BEtU 

niciofo  (&  pertinaci  certaminc  fe  con- 
fecerunt ,  &  Romanis  vidonam  tradi- 
a  «TA/iS.i.  derunt^.  Prudenter  itaquc  Scorio  Da- 
/ii».8«  corum  dux,  cum  Iciret  ciuilibus  armis 
diilineri  populum  Ro.nontatncnocca- 
fione  inde  arreptalaccfTendumarbitra- 
baturjprofpiciensexterno  beJlo  intefti- 
numplerumquereftinguir&fuoruma- 
himos^qui  ftudio  pugna^ardebatjlepide 
tepreffir,reprehenditque :  canes  fiquide 
duosipfisinrpe(5lantibuscommifit ;  iif- 
que  moxacriter  pugnatibus,  lupum  in- 
geffitiquem  canes^omifTa  protinus  inter 
Ic  ira  3  communem  hoftem  alacriter  in- 
hoii-^^'  uadentesconfecere.^ 


dig.  left, an- 


Necefsitatem  pugnaudi  magno  ftudio  impo- 
nendam  militibus  efle,  6c  hoftibus  remit- 
tendain. 

/     Vis  necefitatls. 

2     Milites  necefitate  ad  art  ami  copellendi, 

S     Fug£  [fecks  ommhm  modis  adimeda  mi' 

4  Necefitas  -pugnandt  hojlihtis  remitteda. 

5  Bofiib$t4  afertendavta^quafugidnU 

Cap.  vhdbcimvm» 

QVantafitvisneceflitatis*,  a  Philo- 1 
fophis  abund^  fatis  difceptacura  eft, 

qui 


LiBER     SECVNDVS.  JJO 

qui  ex  neccffitate  omnia  fieri  conten  - 
dunt  ♦  ItaqueThales  inrcrrogatus  quid 
validiffimum  elTet,  refponditneceflitas: 
eamenimfblafuperari  non  pofle.Cuius 
vi  acvirtutecognita,  &  quantum  cum 
in  reliquis  omnibus  aifiionibus,  tu  prae- 
cipuein  bello  pofTet^quatumanimiad- 
deretjConfiderantesrummiduccSjfbknc 
hoc  ftudiose  agcre,  vt  militesfuos  ne^ 
2  ceflitateaftringeretadcertamen*.  nam, 
vtinquit  Q.  Curtius^ncceffitasantcra- 
tionem  eft^maxime  in  bello.  Atqjita  Q* 
Pabius  didator,  cum  per  aliquot  dieSj 
poftancipirempugnacumSamnitibus, 
cotinuifletfuos  intra  vallum^obleffi  ma- 
gis  quamobfidentismodo,  (ignum  rc- 
pentepugnaepropofiiit;  &efficaciusra- 
tus  ad accendendos  virorum  fortium  a- 
nimoSj  nullam  alibi  3  quam  in  femeriplb 
cuiquamreIidamfpcm,deC.Fabioma- 
giftrocquitum,  nouoqueexercitu,  qui 
Romaaduenerat,militem  cclauitj^  tan- 
quam  nulla  nifiin  eruptione  (pes  cflctj 
locorumanguftias,  &commeatusino- 
piani,  militibus  expofuit:  &nifiquam 
vi<floria  patefacerenr ,  viam  nullam  ha- 
bere :  caftra  quoque,  ne  infeda  vidoria^ 
ficutpriftino  die  jinea  fc  rcciperen  t,  in- 

cendi 


De    IVRE   ET    OFT.  BELL, 

cendi  iufTitiarmis  niunimenta^non  mu- 
nimentisarma  tutaefledebere  inquies» 
itaque  orationedidatoris,  qujeneceffi- 
taris index eratj  accenfimilitesjibantin 
hoftem:  &rerpe6^usiprc  ardeniium  ca- 
ftrorum  haud  paruum  crat  irritamctura 

hV»M,9'  ad  vidoriam*.  Sic  quoqueM.  Fortius 
Cato  in  Hifpania  bcUum  getcs^circum- 
dudo  exercitu,  procul  a  nauibus  fuis  ca- 
ftrisque^vbifpem  nifiinvirtute  haberct, 
inter  medios  hoftes  praelium  commifit, 
hacexhortationevfusadfuos:  Nufqua  jj 
nifiinvirtutefpeseftmilites;  &  ego  fe-  jj 
dulo  neeffet  feci .  inter  caftra  noftra  &  :j 
nos^medij  hoftes^Sc  a  tergo  hoftiu  agger  > > 
eft.  quodpulcherrimum,  idem  tutifll-  j^ 

b  t«««^.34  mum  5  in  viriutefpem  pofitam  habere ^4  >$ 
Et  Annibal  fuperatis  Alpibus,cum  P. 
Scipionedimicaturus^necefTitatempu- 
gnandifuisexporuit,inquiens :  Dextra  5^ 
Iseuaqiieduo  mariaclaudunt.-nullam  ne  „ 
ad  effugium  quidcm  nauem  habemus:  „ 
circa  Padusamnis,  maiorac  viokntior  ^ 
Rhodano:a  tergo  alpes  vrgent,vix  inte-  „ 
gris  vobis  ac  vigcntibus  tranfitae.hic  vo-  „ 
bis  vincendum,  aut  moriendum  milites  „ 
eft,vbi  primum  hofti  occurriftis;  &eade  „ 
fortuna,  quj  neceflitatem  pugnandiim-  „ 

poluit^ 


Liber  secvndvs.  ijj 

yy  pofuit,  prsmiavobiseavi(5loribuspro- 
5,  pafuit,  quibus  ampliora  homines  ne  a 
J,  aiis  quidemimmortalibusoptarelolet* 
55  DuosconfiileshuiusannijVnumin  A^ 
^  fricam  jalterum  in  Hifpaniam  Romani 
^5  mifere:  nihil  vfquam  nobis  relidlum  eft, 
„  nifi  quod  armis  vindicauerimus^  iUis  ti- 
j,  midis&ignauis licet efte,  quircceptutn 
55  habent 3  quos  fuus  ager^  quos  fua  terra, 
y^  per  tuta,per  pacata  itinera/ugientesac- 
j,,  cipient :  vobisnecefTceft^fortibusvifis 
5,  cflc,  &  omnibus  inter  vidoriam  mor- 
5,  temucccrtadefperationcabruptis,  aut 
55  vincere,autfifbrtunamutabit,in  prselio 
35  potius,quam  in  fuga  mortem  oppctere. 
3,  Si  hocbenefixQ  omnibus,  deftinatum- 
5,  queinanimoeftj  iterumdicam  vidfHs- 
Nullum  incitamentum  ad  vincendum, 
inquitLiuius%  hominiadiis  immonsL-^nB  j,, 
hbusacriusdatueft.  Item  Vedius  Mef^ 
fins  VoJ/corum  dux,cum  videret  fuos  in 
medio  circumuen  tos  a  R  omanis^eos  in- 
3,  crepansciara  voce;  Hie  perituri^  inquit, 

3,vostelishoftiumeftis,indefen/i,inulti? 
5»  quid  igitur  arma  habetis?  aut  quid  vitro 
«  bellum  intuliftis ,  in  otio  tumultuofi,  in 
0,  bellofegnes?  Quid  hicftatibusfpeieft? 
9i  andeumaliquemprotedufum  vos,  ra-i 

Y         pturum- 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell» 
pturumque  huic  putatis^ferro  via  facie-  „ 
daeft.hacquame  progrcflumvidetis,a-  „ 
gite,qui  vifuridomoSjparent€S>coniu-  ^, 
ges^Iiberoseftisriremecum.nonmurus,^ 
nee  vallum ,  fed  armatiarmatis  obftantj  „ 
virtute  pares,  neceflitate^qusevltimum  ^y 

a  iw.w.4»ac  maximum  telumeft^fuperioreseftis^  ^ 
Porro  vt  neceffitatem  militibus  impo- 
nerent  fummi  duces ,  folet  variis  modis, 
fugaefpemadimere*.  itaque  Caefarpri-  j 
miim  iuo ,  deinde  omnium  e  confpe^u 
remotisequis,  vca^quato  omniuni  peri-* 
culoXpem  fugg  toUeretjCohortatus  fuos 

hc^MhtU  praelium coramifit cum Heluetiis^.idq; 

^ai,ub,\,  2pu^  Germanosfrequeflsfuir.  Agatho- 
cles  tyrannus  cumin  Africa  traiecifler, 
omnes  naucs  confcntiente  exercituin- 
cendiiuffir:vtomnes(ciretauxiliofugae 
adempt05autvincendum,autmoriendu 

c  i»n»./.2».  efle^ .  Aftyages  Medorum  rex  cum  Cyro 
&  Perfrs  praeliodecerrans,  pugnantibus 
fuis  partem  exercitus  a  tergopofuit,  & 
in  tcrgiuerfantes  ferroagijVt  in  hoftcs 
iufrit:acruisdenunciari,nivincerent,n6 
minus  fortes  etiam  poft  terga  inuentu- 
roSjquamafronteviros:  atqueingens 
ex  necefliratejpugnandi  animus  militi- 

di^«;.x,  busacce/Tu^^.EifuiiapudRomanosfre- 

quens, 


Liber   secvndvs.  152 

quens,  vt  fugientes  pro  hoftibus  caedi 

iuberentur  ;  profaitque  fepius  falubte 

confiliu ,  quod  in  magna  cofternatione, 

abfcillis  rebus,  acdefperata  falutCjaRo- 

manis  faditatumlegimus:  vtdifpofitis 

equitu  turmisante  munimenta/ugicn- 

tcs  temcre  ex  praslio  ad  caftra ,  pro  hofte 

haberent,-  illosque  ftri(^isgladiis  inua- 

derent>  vtnon  minus  a  tergo,  quama 

fronteinfeftasaciesviderec.H^cvltima 

de/perationonnunquamrailituanimos 

itaincendit,  vtinclinatas,  &  turpi  fuga 

profligatas  acies  plerumque  repararit : 

tantoque  ardore  pugna  fueritreftituta, 

vtmilites  ancipiti  coa<5ii  metu  ,vi6toria 

ex  hoftium  manibus  fepe  eripuerint* 

Ceterum  eadem  ratio^quse  neccffitatera 

pugnandi  militibus  imponcnda  fuadet, 

4  eandcm  hoftibus  remitrendam^^efTe  o- 

/lendir.  fit  enim  plerumque, vtdefpera- 

tio  in  virrutemconucrtatur^  fecundunl 

illud  Maronis, 

Vna  fdiu  vi^is  nulLim  fperare  falutem, 
Itaquebcllo  Vcienti^cumhoftesexpr^- 
lio  fubtradisfubfidiisad  caftra  Romana 
oppugnanda  iuiffenr ,  &  Cn.  Manlius 
coful  eue(5tus  in  caftra ,  ad  omnes  portas 
milite  oppofito,  hoftibus  viaclaufiflet: 

V  2  haec 


De  ivre  et  off*  beli. 
h^c  dclperatio  hoftibus  rabiem  magis 
quamaudaciamaccenditiitavtcaffoco- 
lulc,  vishoftium  ampiiusfuftincrinon 
poffct,  &  adextremaventumforet,  ni 
legati  patcfecilTent  vna  porta  hoftibus 
a  L»v.;it,2.  viam,quacrumperenta.  Quaremerito 
u.g.  *  Scipionisfentetialaudatafuitjqui  viam 
hoftibus,qua  fugerent^efle  muniendam 
diccbat*.  Quanto  enim  plus  fpei,  vr  in- 
quit  Tacitus,  tanto  minor  ad  refiftedum 
animus  erit:  nam  ignauiam  quoque  nc- 
cefTitas  acui  tj^  (kpe  de^eratio  fpci  cau- 
fieft:  autfaltem,vt  Q.  Curtiusair,  ma- 
gnum ad  honefle  morienduincitamen- 
turn  .  Vnde  prudenter  Themiflodes, 
Grxcis  volentibus  Xerxis  prselio  vidi 
tran/itum  impedire  ,  ipfumque  regcm 
cumexercituintercludere,timensnein- 
terclufi  holies defperationem  in virtute 
verterent ,  &  iter  quod  aliterno  paterct, 
ferro  patefacerent ,  cum  vincereceteros 
confiliononpofretjperferuumXerxem 
monuit5Vt  maturatafugajtranfitum  oc- 
bi«J7w.U  cuparet^.  Prudenter  quoque  M.Furius 
CamillusdidatorjCum  Veios  oppugna- 
ret,  &cunicuIoper  Veientanam arcera 
ado,  per  que  elcdos  milites  immifcrat, 
vrbem  fuis  militibusimplefletp&  omni- 
bus 


Liber    secvndvj,  jr^ 

bus  locis  pugnaretur,  mulra  lam  edita 

csEdejquofaciliusvrbcpotirccur^necef* 
fitatcdefendendihoftibus  remifTa,  cdi- 
cere  per  pra?cones  iuffir^vt  ab  inermi  ab- 
ftineretUx*-:  quofadumeft,  vt  finis  fan- 
guiniseHetj&dediinermesinciperenta.  aL«,w.5. 
Similiter  cum  Fregelia?  Colonia ,  nee  o- 

pinatoaduentuSamnitiumjnodeoccu- 
pata  c/Ter ,  &  Fregeliani  pugnam  aliqua 
diua?quam  (quod  pro  aris&focis  dimi- 
caretur,  &  ex  tcdis  adiuuaret  imbellis 
mulritudo)  fuftinuifknt  ;  frausdeinde 
rem  inclinauit, inquit  Liuius *^, quia  vo-  ^  /,^ 
ccm  prxconis  audiri  pa/Ti  funt ,  incolu-     '  '^* 
mem  abiturum^qui  arraa  pofuiflet:  eaq; 
foesremifita  certamine  animos  &  pad 
«marmaiaaaricoepra.  Eodemafiu  C. 
Fabius  Ambuftus^in  Auxuris  oppugna- 
tione,  cum  vrbe  capta^  magna  adhuc  re- 
fiflentiu(quia  ccdentibus  nihil  fpeierat) 
pugna eflet ,  pronunciari repenre  iuffir, 
ne  quisprajterarmatosviolaretur,  reli- 
quam  omnem  mulcitudinem  volunta- 
riam  exuitarmis  ;  qua  ratione  fzcilivi' 
^oria  potitus  eft  S  Simili  modo  ciim  <^  t;^./,^.^, 
Sutrium  ex  fociis  populi  Rom.  eodem 
dic,quo  ab  Hetrufcis  oppugnarum  erar, 
Camillusexiraprouiforecepifret,&  paC- 

V  3  fimtru- 


De    IVRE     ET    off.  BBLl. 

fim  trucidatis  Hetrufcis  portas  claudl 
iufrifler,rpefug3eadempta,reftitutum& 
accenfumdcfperatione  hoftium  pra^liu 
a//i.<5.      fuilTerefertLiuiiis^nipr^conespervr- 
bcmdimifTi,  poniarma,  &parciinermi 
iuffifTent ,  nee  praeter  armatos  quequarn 
violari.tum  vero  etiam,quibus  animi  in 
fpe  vltimaobftinatiad  decertadum  fuc- 
rant,  poftquam  data  fpes  vitseeft,  iadlarc 
paflTifnarma,  inermesque,  quodtutius 
fortunafeceratjfehoftiofferre.  Caefar 
quoque  prselio  Pharfalico  inclinata  lam 
<acie  Potnpeij ,  prudentiffimo  confilio, 
nehofles  rurfum  inftaurarent  ordines, 
quoque  facilius  vidtoria  potiri  poflet,di« 
mifliscircumquaquepraeconibuSjCdixit 
fuis,  vr  ciuibus  parccrent3&  in  Tola  feui- 
rent  auxilia:(imulque  vidores  vidis  oc- 
currentcs  ,  iubebantftarcfecuros,  quo 
fadoha^cvox,  S ta  fee urus 5  Pompeianis 
coepitefTeprotefTera  :  itaque  Csefar  vi- 
hApputH^e  (ftoriamobtinuitb.  hucfpeaarevidetur, 
bdoMi.hi»  quodLycurgusfuisprsecepit,  vtfipra?- 
lio  hoftes  fudifTent  acviqiflent^tantifpcr 
modoinfequerenturfugientes.dumvi- 
doriam  ftabilirent.deinde  ftatim  fe  reci- 
perent:  nomodoquiagrsecanicumnon 
cffet,  cedentes  intcrficere ,  fed  &  vrilis 

haec 


Liber   secvndvs.  r^^ 

hxc  cffct  ratio,  hoftes  enim,  fi  fcirent  ce^ 
dentibus  parcijrepugnantes  occidi/uga 
pugna  vtiliorcm  fibiarbitraturos.*  Llh^'*^  * 

In  viftoria  potiisimum  de  pace  cogitandum, 

J      (JH  elitu  tndam ,  qua,  m  bonamfortunam 
fare  pojfumti^, 

2     7{jc fecundx ^mcaimrf^trti  mmocU" 

rateferencU. 
S     In  vi^orU  paei  pudendum, 
4     In  hello  nihil  miferm  vi^ortA^ 


.AP.    DVODECIMVM. 


I  TTaprofe(5t6naruracomparatumeft*5 
A  vt  melius  malamjquam  bonam  fortu- 
namferrepoflimus.  etcnim,  vtinquit 
Tacitus,  fecundae  res  acrioribus  ftimulis 
animumexplorantjquamaduerfe:  quia 
miferiae  tolerantur,  felicitate  corrumpi- 
inur.  quod  cognofbens  Abdolominus  c 
ftirpequidem  regia ,  fed  inops  admodu, 
&  pauper,  a  Sidonibus  permiffu  Alexa- 
drirexconftitutus,  rogatus  ab  AJexan- 
drb ,  qua  patientia  inopiam  tulifTct ,  re- 
foondit:  Vtinam  eodem  regnu  pati  pof- 
fim'>.  &huiusquoque  reicxempio  eft  l>Q^c«r/i»9 
ipfc  Alexander  Magnus ,  qui  priufquam  *** 
iefortunaanitnoeiusinfudinet^orieme 

V  4         -cam 


De     IVRE     ET    off.  BBLt« 

earn  moderate  &  prudenter  tulit  ;ad  vl- 
timum  vero  raagnirudinem  eius  no  tu- 

iJ^^*^  lit^  Fitenim  plerunque,  vtrebuspro- 
fperisinfolefcat  animus  humanus,vtia 
nee  alios  ferrc  pofTit,  nee  fe .  vbi  tamen 
maximae  ciiiq;  fortunae  minime  creden- 
duin  fit  :cum  quid  vefpcrferetjincertum 
(it, Vnde  vt  aduerfas  res  *jfic  fecudas  im-  ^ 
moderate  ferre  maximae leuitatis eft .  dc 
rede  prf  cipcrc  videntur,qui  monent^vt 
quanto  fuperiores  fimus^  tanto  nos  fub- 
mifliusgeramus*  Sicutienimequos^vt 

hoffcM'U  ^^^ Cicero^,proptcr crebras contentio- 
nespr^liorumferocitateexultantes,do- 
mitoribus  tradere  (blent ,  vt  his  facilio- 
ribus  poflint  vti :  fie  homines  fecundis 
rebus efFrenatos,  fibiqj  praefidentes^tan- 
quam  in  gyru  rationis ,  &  dodrinsc  duci 
oportet:  vtpercipiant  rerum  humanaru 
imbeciliitatemjvarietatemquefortunse, 
nam  non  ftatuendo  tandem  felicitati 
modum,  nee  cohibcndo  eiFcrentem  (e 
fortunam,quanto  quis  altius  elatus  fue- 
rit,eo  foedius  corruet*  Itaq;  in  vidoria*,  5 
quajalioquiinfolcns&fuperbacft,  po- 
tiflimumpaciftudendum:  nequeexfpe- 
dandum,  donee  (vt  DemadesdeAthe- 
nien.  intempeftiuo  bcUigerandi  ftudio 

dcditis 


LlB£R  SECVNDVS.  I^J 

deditisdicebat)  atratieadera  petercco- 
gamur^nufquamcnimminus^quamin  a  vhtM^ 
bello  euentus  refpondet .  Quare  ciim  "**•*»^ 
Magonucius  vidoria?  Annibalis  ad  Ca- 
naSjCafthaginemveniflet ,  &lenatu  ei 
dato,res  fratris  in  Italia  amplifTimis  ver- 
bis extolleret,  &  quo  propior  fpes  belli 
perficiendieflet^eo  magisomnifpeiu- 
uandum  Annibaieeflediceret:  his  nihil 
morus  HannOj  que  femper  belli  fufcepti 
aduerfus  Romanos  pa^nituit^prudenter 
monuit,  vt  in  fecundis  rebus  fortuna  vti 
vellent,  &  de  pace  potius^quam  de  bello 
5,  cogitarentrNam^inquit,!!  prsetermittas 
5,  hoc  tertipus^quo  magisdarequamacci- 
„  pere  poflumusvideripaceraj  vereorne 
J,  haec  quoque  laetitia  luxuriet  nobis ,  & 
5,  vanaeuadat^  cuius fententia  tunc  tern-  b  iu,jih.t% 
poris  /pretajpoftea  fed  Icro  nequicquam 
afenatulaudatafuit:  cum  eo  adadief- 
icnt^  vt quasdare  potuifTent  coditiones 
pacis',  poftea  fibi  dari  peten  tibus ,  denc- 
gat^fuerint:  &  eoftatueflent,  quode 
JLatinis  refer t  Liuius^  vtneque  pacem, 
nequebellum  ftrrepoflent,  qui  flatus 
rerum  omnium  miferrimusefl.  Ideme- 
uenit  Antiocho3Cui(iam  Romanisin  A* 
fiam  contra  ipfum  tranfuedis)  de  pace 

V  5         compo* 


De    IVRE    ET    OFF.  BELt. 

componendaagenti ,  rcfpondrt  Scipio, 
hoc  prius  faciendum  fuifle;  non  iam,vbi 
0  vittt.  ina-  frenum/eflbremqi  rex  accepiffet \  Non 
&]r!ut  ^^  Ataque  fapientis,  pacem certain ,  quae 
W3;  *  *  in  vi<5loris  manu  fit ,  fallaci  fpe  incertae 
vi(5tori3e,  quas  in  fortuna?  manu  Cn^  redi- 
merc.  Quare  Hafdrubal  HoedusCar- 
thagini^fium  legat'^cQ  de  pace  in  fenatu 
Romf  ageretjdicebat^raro  fimul  homi- 
nibus  bonam  fortunam,bonamque  me- 
tem  darijSc  populum  Rom.  eo  inui(5tuni 
efle,  quodinfecundisrebuslaperet,  & 
confulere  meminiflet:fiin  (ecudis  rebus 
bonam  quoque  mentem  donarent  dij, 
non  foliim  iea  quae  eueniflent  •  fed  etiam 
eaquseeuenire  portent,  reputaremus.Et 
he^f^.fam,  Qcero  ^  ad  Marccllum  fctibens :  Licet^ 
w.+-i'!/?.3»inquit5  omnia  fintmifera  in  bellis^mife- 
rius  tamen  nihil, quam  ipfa  vi<5toria*:  4 
qua?  etiam  Ci  ad  meliores  venir,  tamen 
COS  ipfos  ferociores  impotentioresque 
reddit :  vt  etiam  Ci  natura  tales  non  rmr5 
neceffitate  tamen  tales  effecogarur^  Ita- 
que  C^far  memor  huius  impotenti^  hu- 
manianimi,  hocvnumeflctempus,  de 
pace  agendi  cum  Pom peioinquit^dum 
fibivterquecofideret,  &  pares  ambovi- 
deretur :  fi  vero  alteri  pauluium  tribuif- 

fetfor- 


Liber  secvndvs.  1^6 

(et  fortunajnon  efle  vfurum  conditioni- 
buspacis  eum,  qui  fuperior  viderctur, 
nequeforcasqua parte cdntentum,  qui 
fe omnia  habiturum  confideret.^  >  c^fMM. 

Dcuidlis  hoftibus,qua  potiftimum  ratione 
perpetuapacequietiobtineri  pofsint. 

/  Nojf  mtmr  v'lrtm  fart  a  tueri^  quxm  ac* 

quinrc^» 
2   Confillum  Herennij  Vontijde  Romams  ad 

F ureas  Caudinasimlufs, 
^  Sententia  Camilli  de  Latin U  vi&is. 
4  ludicium  fmattu  de  Priuernatibta  adJe^ 

dit'tomm  coacili, 
$  M»  C atoms  fentefjtia  In  rtbdlantes. 
0   Romam  mn  fermiferunt  focits  fine  Ro* 

mamdtice  helium  gtnre. 
7  Uqs  dcduundtcoloMos, 

CaPVT     XII  !• 

'  f^  Vm  non  minor  fit  virtus  %  quam 
^^  qugrereparta  tiieri:&  vid:oriarc(^e 
vtijquamvincerc,  (navtredeOuidius: 
CafusineTtillu^  hie  erit  art  is  oft^:) 

ideoqjbellageramuSjVtinpaceviuamus: 
deui(^is  hoftibus  tota  cofultatio  efle  dc- 
bet,quapotiffimum  ratione  in  perpetuii 
arebellandoeoscontineamus.  Quide- 
nim  profuit  Pyrrhojin  deuincendis  ho- 

Aibus 


De    IVRE    ET   OFF.  BELL. 

ftibus  rnagnu  fuifle ,  ciim  acqui/i  ta  tueri 

nonpotuerititanto  melius  ftudcbatac- 

a  ltW.i.2s.  quirereimperia,quam  rctinere a.quam- 

obremcollatusfuit  ab  Antigonoindo- 

6to  lufori  5  qui  cum  &  inulta  &  feliciter 

cdat,  iistamennefciatvti.  inquamrem 

longevtili/TimumcenfeoconfiliumHe- 

rennij  Pontij*C.Ponrij  patris.namciini  i 

SamniteSjduceC  Pontio^  Romanes 

fraude  ad  furcas  Caudinas  inter  duos 

faltus  pertraxiflent ,  &  inopes  confilij  ia 

tarn  ktis rebus  Herenium  Pontiucon- 

fiilendumccnfcrentjconfultus  a  nuncio 

filijHerenniuSjCefuitomncsindequam 

primuminuiolatos  dimitrendos.  qua: 

vbi  fpretafententiaeflet,  &itcrumite- 

rumque  eodem  remeante  nuncio  con- 

fuleretur,ccnfuit  ad  vnumomnes  inter- 

ficiendos :  indicanspriorecofilio^quod 

optimum  duceret,  cum  potetiflimo  pa- 

pulo,  per  ingcns  bcncficium  perpetuam 

firmare  pacem  amiciriamque:  alteroia 

multas  states ,  quibus  amiffis  duobus  e- 

xercitibus  ,  baud  facile  receptura  vires 

RomanareselTct^beilumdifferrertertiu 

nullum  confilium  cffcSc  cum  filius^alij- 

que  principes  pcrcudlando  exquireret, 

quid  fi  media  via  confilium  caperetur,vt 

&dimit* 


LiBER    SECVNDVS,  Ijy 

&diniitterenturincolumes ,  8c  leges  lis 
55  iurc  belli  vidis  imponerentur :  Ifta,  in-» 
jj  quit,  fcntetia  ea  eft,quae  neq;  amicos  pa- 
ii  rat^nequeinimicostoUi,  feruaremodo 
fi  quos  ignominia  irritaucris  •  ea  eft  Ro- 
»}  mana  ges,  qua?  vidla  quiefcere  nefcit ;  vi- 
J,  ueifen]^inpe<5loribusiIloru5  quidquid 
3,  ifthucprasfensneceffitasiniunxeritj  ne- 
„  que eos  ante  multiplices  poenas  expeti- 
53  tas a vobis  quiefcere finet. At  neutra fen- 
teniia  acceptafuit :  fed  Romanis  fubiu- 
gummiffisj  pax  ilia  Caudinafadafuit: 
quapoftcafpreta  a  fenatu,  quod  minus 
ritefada  eflet,  deditispacisaudoribus: 
&  Samnitibus  pro  fuper  ba  pace  infcftit 
fimumcernetibusrenatum  beilunijom- 
nia  qua!  inde  venerunt,  non  in  animis 
falum ,  fed  prope  in  oculis  erant  :  8c 
jfero  nequicquam  laudata  fenis  Pontij 
vtraque  confilia  :  inter  qua?  fc  inedia 
lapfos  vidoriae  podeffionem  pace  in- 
ccrta  mutafle,  &  beneficij  &  maleficij 
occafioneomifia,  pugnaturcscum  lis, 
quos  potuerant  in  perpetuum  vel  ini- 
micos  tollere ,  vel  amicos  facere  a .     a  UhM.^. 
prudentius  vero  Romani .  nam  ciim 
3  Camillus  '^vidis  &  perdomitis  Lati- 
ni$  ^  ad  fcnatum  quid  de  m  ileri  pla- 

ccret. 


De     IVRE   ET    OFF,  BEll. 

ceret^referrct,  italocutus  fuiffeferturi  ^j 
Reliquaconfultatio  eft jquoniam  rebel-  „ 
lando  ficpius  nosfoUicitahtl  at!ni,quo-  „ 
nam  modo  perpetua  pace  quietos  ob  - ,, 
tineamus.  Dij  immortales  itavospo-  ,j 
tentcshuius  confilij  fecerunt,  vtfitLa-  ^^ 
tium 5  deinde an  non fit,  in veftra  manu  ,, 
pofuerint.  Itaque  pacem  vobis^quod  ad  ^, 
Latinos attinet  :parare  in  perpetuil,  vcl  „ 
fa^uiendovelignofcedopotcftis.  Vultis  ^^ 
crudeliter  confulere  in  deditos  vidof-  ,, 
que?  licet  delereomne  Latium,  &  vaftas  ,, 
indc  (blitudines  facere,  vnde  fociali  e-  ^^ 
gregioexerciiu,  per  multabella  magna-  „ 
que fa?pe  vC\  eftis.Vuliis  exemplo  maio-  ,, 
rum,augere  rem  Romanam^vidos  in  ci-  „ 
uitaiem  accipiendo  ?  materia  crefcendi  „ 
perfummam  gloriam  fuppcditat,Certe  „ 
idfirmiffimum!ongeimperiumeft,quo  „ 
obedientes  gaudenr.  fed  maturate  opus  „ 
cft,quicquidfi:atuerc  placet.  Totpopu-  „ 
los  inter  ipemmetumqifufpenfos  ani- ,, 
mo  habctis:  &  veftram  itaque  dciiscura  „ 
quam  primum  ablolui ,  &  illoru  animos  ,, 
dum  cxfpedatione  ftupet,feu  bcneficio, ,, 
feu  poena  prxoccuparioportet.haecille^ 
cuius  relationem  de  fumma  rerum  fena- 
tus  laudans ,  fed  quod  aliorum  caufa  alia 


LlBER     SECVNDVS.  ^58 

efletjita  expediri  poffe  confilium  dicere, 
vtpro  mcrito  cuiufque  ftatuerctur^rela- 
tione  habita  dc  fingulis  populis.  Quo 
fa<5loexdccrctofenatus,aliisduitasda- 
ta,  ficraque  fua  reddita:  aliis  ciuitas  qua 
habebant  feruata ,  crimenquc  rebellio- 
nisa  publica  fraude  in  paucos  au^orcs 
Verfum:  aliis  muri  deie(5lij&  alio  habita- 
ri  iu/Ti  ^.  Eft  quoquc  i n  banc  rem  memo-  a  Utti  hb,9 
rabile  iudicium  fenatus  de  Priuernati- 
4  bus*,  quibus  addeditionemcoadiSj  3c 
ex  fenatus  decreto  dirutis  Priuerni  mu- 
ris>  Vitrubioque  eoru  ducenecatOjCum 
fociiscius  noxa?;cum  Placius  conHquid 
de  rcliqua  multitudine  fieri  placeret,  ad 
fenatumreferret.'vnusexPriuernaribus 
legatis^magis  conditionis ,  in  qua  natus 
eflet  5  quam  praefentis  neceflitatis  me- 
mor ,  in  tcrrogatus  a  quodam  ex  fenato- 
ribus ,  quam  poena  meritos  Priuernates 
cenfcret :  eam  inquit  5quam  merentur, 
qui  felibertatedignoscenfenr.  cuius  fe- 
roci  refpofocum  infeftosfados  viderec 
conful  eos  ,  qui  Priuernatium  caufara 
impugnabanr,  vt  ipfe  benignainterro- 
gationemitiusrefpofumeliceret:  Quid 
fi poena, inquit,  remitrimusvobis,qua* 
km  no$  pacem  vobxicu  habicuros  fpe- 

remus? 


De    IVRfi   ET    OT-V,  BEtl, 

remus?  fibonamdederitis^inquitj&fi- 
dam,  &  perpetuam ;  fi  malam,  haud  diu- 
turnam.  Qiiibus  verbis  concitatisnon- 
nullorutn  animis,  pars  tamen  melior  fe- 
natus  ad  meliora  refponfa  trahere,  &  di- 
cere ,  viri  &  liberi  vocem  audi  tarn :  nee 
credi  poflejvllum  populunijaut  homine 
denique,ineac6ditione,;cuiuseumpae- 
nitear>  diutius  quam  necelTe  fit,  manfti- 
rura  :ibi  pacem  eflefidamjvbi  voluntari) 
pacatirunt;nequeeoioco,vbireruitute 
efTe  velint>fidem  fperandani  effe.  Itaque 
ex  audoritaie  patrum  latum  ad  populii 

siUtuhb.s,  eft 3  vt  Priuernatibus  ciuitas  daretura. 
M.  vero  Cato*  ita  maxime  rebellantes  j 
contineri  in  officio  pofle  cenfebar ,  fi  ef- 
fedlum  cflet^nepofTent  rebellare.  itaque 
arma  omnibus  cis  Iberum  Hifpanis  a- 
demitj  vna  die  muris omnium dirutis: 
quam  rem  adeo  xgrc  paiTi  funr,  vt  multi 
mortem  fibimetipfis  confcifcerent:  fe- 
rox  gens  nullam  vitam  rati  fine  armis 

b  Dk.W.34  efTe  K  In  quo  Cato  videtur  fecutus  exe- 
plum  Cyri ,  qui  Lydis  iterum  rebellan- 
tibus  arma  &  equos|ademit,  iufTitq;  cau* 
ponias,  ludicras  artes,  &  lenocinia  e- 
xercere .  Qua  ratione  effeminati  molli- 
tic,  priftinam  virtutem  perdiderunt ,  & 

quos 


Liber   secvndvs.  j^^ 

qilosante  Cyruminuidos  bellaeffece- 
rant,  in  luxuriam  lapfos  ocium  atque 
dcMafuperauit^.  Annibalautem  Sa- 
guntocapto,(ignodatOjOmnespuberes  a  UT{i».t  i; 
interfici  iuflit.quod  imperiumcrudele, 
vt inquit Liuius  ^,  ceterum  prope  nccef-  \>Ub,ioi 
/ariumcognituminipfoeuentueft*  cui 
cnim  parci  potuit  ex  iis ,  qui aut  inclu/i 
cum  coniugibuSsacliberisdomos  fuper 
feipfbs  concremauet-unt,aut  armatj  nul- 
lum ante  finem  pugrtfiquam  moricntes 
feceruntc^Quo  fpedare  videtur  Agefiiai 
di(5lum5difEciIe  efle  mifereri  fimui  &  (a- 
pere*^.  Hocquoque  confilio  Romanis^  c  PuunA: 
vtomnem  rebellandi  occafionem  fbciis  t¥>- 
6  adimerent,  non  placebat*,  focios  fine 
Romano  duce  exercituque  propriis  vi- 
ribus  confilioque  bella  gcrere^.  Vnde  dDio^.n^h 
cum  JEqui  Latinum  agruminuafifTentj  ^^.». 
&oraiores  Latinorum  afenatu  pereret, 
VI  aut  mitrerent  fubfidium ,  aut  (eipfos 
tuedorumfiniu  caufa  caperearmafine- 
retitutiusvifum  eft  defendiinermes  La- 
tinos, quam  pati  retradarcarma*i  Mos  c  uv»  h'^ 
quoq;  vetuftus erat  Romanis ,  cum  quo 
nee  foederc,  nee  acquis  legibuse»Tet  ami- 
citia ,  non  prius  imperio  in  eum  ranqua 
pacatum  vti^quam  omnia  diuina  huma- 

X  naqiK 


OS41 


De    ivre   et   off.  bell, 
naque  dediflcc  j  obfides  accepti,  arma  a- 
dempta,  prasfidia  vrbibus  impofitafo- 
a  Li7i.W.8.  rent^.FuitprgtcreamosRomanis^nunc 
hosnuncillosltaliaepopulosfubiugan- 
do,  parte  agri  mulrare  *,  in  cumquc  co-  7 
Joniasdpcere:  aut  in  iam  ante  condita 
oppida  nouos  colonos  fui  generis  af- 
fcribere.  hae  colonia?  tanquam  prsefidia, 
bDiou.Htfi.  partis  belloprouinciisimponebanturK 
A'^dfldi,  i^^<l"^ prouide Sy lla^licet tyrannice^ar- 
JutbA.  '  misoppreffarepubl,  eos,quorum  opera 
in  eo bello  vfus  fuerat ,  colonosdeduxit 
inagros&oppidaeorum,  quiilli  refti- 
terant:  qui  opportunis locisdifpofitijin 
ipfius  poteftate  continerent  Italiajtranf 
latis  ad  eos  veterum  poflTefrorum  prse- 
diis:  quo  beneficioeos  per  totam  vitani 
habuit  obnoxios ,  &  dominationem  fua 
mirumin  modum  ftabiliuit.  cumenim 
res  fuasjuifi  adis  Sylle  ratis,tueri  nequi- 
rent^propugnatores  eius  dignitatis  fue- 
runietiampoftilliusobitum.nequeilli, 
quorum  arccSjmoenia,  pecunias,immu- 
nitatesluftulerat,  propter  inopiam  no- 
c  Api>ufi.de  cere poterant*^^   Pcrfco  autem  vi<5lo ,  & 
btiamiM.i  jviacedonibusIiberisefTc  iufTis,  regis  a- 
mico*i,purpuratosque,ducesexercituu 
praefedos  nauium  aut  pra^lidiorum  ,a- 

liosque 


Liber   secvndvs.  x6o 

liosque  miniftros  omnes  ,  regi  feruire 
humiliter,aliisque  fuperbe  imperare  af- 
fuetos,  Macedonia  excederc  Romani,5: 
in  Italiam  migrarc  iulTerunt :  ne  forte 
quid  noui  in  Macedonia  molircnmr».  *  ^**^Ms^ 
Hue  rpe(5ta(re  videtur  Lycurgus  inlegi- 
busfuis^quas  Rciras vocant,  quibusve- 
tuit  fepius  corra  eoldem  bellum  gerere: 
neijbellandirationemdifcerentjtaque 
Agefilao  continentercu  Thebanisbeila 
gercnte,  &  in  pugna  quadam  vulnerato^ 
Antalcidatn  eidixiflTeferunt:  Pulchrani 
a  Thebanis  mercedem  reportas  ,  quos 
nefcientespugnaredocuifti.namreuera 
narratur,nunquam  bellicofiores  fuifTe 
Thebanos,  quam  tuiii  tempons,ob  cre- 
bras  Lacedasmoniorumaduerfuseos 
expeditiones^.  fortuna  enim  belli,     ^^J/^'*'"  ^" 
vtinquit  Q.Curtiiis,arcem 
vidos  quoque  docet. 


X  2  DE 


* 


«I 


i5i 

DE  IVRE  ET  OFFICIIS 

BELLICIS,  ET  DISCIPLINA  MI^ 

LXTARI,     Lib  ER  TERT  I  VS. 


DE  DISCIPLINA  MILITARI. 


/ 


DifcipUna  militAru  ntagm  eli  momenta 
2     Tyrones  dr  imbelUs  difciplma  militari 

fiant  bclltcoft, 
S     CafuariA  delkUperdiderufJt  t^nmbalis 
exercitum,  dioqui  'muiCium, 

4  NegU^A  velretenu  difciplin^militaris 

tellimonlunt, 
$     Mulkres  caflra  fequi  turpe, 

0  Cur  a  recidendorum'tmpedimcntorum^ 

7  Mult  Mariani. 

5  Extrc'tUi^  vnde  nomen  habeat, 
$  Leges  mtliiares, 

J  0   Trta  curare  dehent  mdites. 
CM  Hit  (iris  difcipUna* 


J I 


Cap,    p  ri  m  V  m. 

Vantum  momcnti^indifci- 
plinamilitaripofiru  fit,  do- 
cec  nos  hiftoriae,  &  ipfa  quo- 
ddianaexperientia.  &certe 
nulla  alia  re  populum  Rom.  fibi  orbem 
terrarum  fubegifTc,  nifiarmorumexer- 
citationejdifciplinacaftrorum,  vfuque 

X  3  militiaf. 


De   ivre   et   off.  bell* 
tvegetisifde  militia ,  fatis  conftata.id^;  pulchreex* 
t.r.rrmit.h.1  pj.^(|-jj  Quintilianus^cum  ait;  Si  vere  „ 

htft.         exiftimemus^imperium  populi  Rom. ad  3, 
hinmiUt,    hancdiemmiiitaridifciplinaftetit.non  >> 
cnim  nobisaut  multitudo maior^quam  ,5 
Cimbris  tautmaioresopes^quamlocu-  3, 
pletiffimis  regnisiautmoFtisconteptus  „ 
facilior,  quam  plerifqjbarbaris,  caufam  „ 
Vir^non  habentibus.principes  nosfacit  „ 
feueritasinftitutorUjOrdomiiidaejamor,, 
quidam  iabons»quotidianaeexercitatio-  „ 
nes,a{ridna belli meditatio.VndeValeri»  ,5 
c  ifk2.e.7.  Maxc.pr*edpuumdecuS)&ftabilimentu 
Romani  imperij,  difciplinse  militarfs  te- 
naciflfimum  vinculu  fuiflc  dicit:in  cuius 
finu  ferenusjtranquillusquebeatae  pads 
ftatusacquiefcit.Etquidemplurescxer- 
citusferuorum^^tyronum,  &imbelliu,  2 
Tola  difciplina  &  imperio  inui(5los ,  & 
bellicofiilimosfaAos  fuifTeJegimus :  & 
econtra,  plurimos exercitus  vcteranoru 
militum^inuidosalioqui,  folalicentia, 
omnibus  vitiis,  ncglecla difciplina  mili- 
fari ,  corruptos  &  confumptosfuiffe,  & 
(ongeantcpcriiflejquamh'oftemvidif- 
fent.  cuius  reifide  facit  TullusHoftilius 
Romanorum  rex,  qui  Romanes  qua- 
dragintaiamannos  inocioagentcs,  a4 

bellura 


LiBER   TERTIVS.  x^2 

bellum  exciuit,  &  belli  experrcs, Tola  di- 
fciplinaoptimosmilites  reddidit'.  &  T»  ^  imjtb.i. 
Sempronius  Gracchus ,  cum  ei  feruo- 
rum  exercitus  datus  elTet,  brcui  effecit 
excrcitatione  &  ordine  militis  ,  vt  ne- 
mo eorum  generis  ac  (anguinis  fuime- 
mor  in  acie  efTec ,  praefidio  fociis,  ho- 
ftibus  terror!  cfTent  K   Sic  quoque  Pe-  b  im.iA.z^ 
lopidas  &  Epaminondas,  liberatis  The- 
bis  5  a  feruitute  Spartanorum  ,  facile 
eosinftitutis  militaribus  ex  imbellibus 
optimos  militeseffccerunt :  ita  vt  non 
folum  pares  effen  t  Spartan  is,  fedetiam 
fuperiores .    Scipio  vero  i£milianus, 
optimus  impcrator  ,  &  qui  imperato- 
rias  artesopiime  callebat,  vtNuman- 
iinx  vrbis  magnos  fpirirusfuperiorum 
ducum  culpa  nutritoscontundcretjCol- 
lapfam  militise  difciplinam ,  vt  primum 
caftra  intrauit ,  eie^^isduobus  millibus 
fcortorum  ,  &  omnibus  iis  qua?  volu- 
ptatiscaufa  comparata  eranr,  reftituifle 
fertur.  quaratione  acremillam  &  ani- 
mofam  Numantiam,incendiis  exuftam, 
ruinisque  proftratam,  folo  jequauit. 
itavtneglcdae  militaris  difciplinaeiudi- 
cium^vtaitValefiusMax^^-Mancinimi-  <^  ^.2,^7. 
fcrabilis  deditio,  feruata?  merces^Scipio- 

X  4  nisfpc- 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell, 
nis  fpeciofiffimus  triuraphus  exftiterit, 
quern  fecutusMetellus ,  cumexercitum 
in  Africa  lugurthinobello  ,  nimia  Sp, 
AlbiniindulgentiacorruptuaccepifTcr, 
difciplinam  militarem  in  (latum  fuum 
redcgit :  &  cdido  primum  adiumenta 
ignauiarfuftulifTedicitur :  atque  prsecla- 
a  vakriH*  rascx  Hofte  vidoHas  adeptus  cfl:  ^.  Et 
MW»6.2,  ^^jpiQy^fricanuspoftcrior.confulin  A- 
fricammiiTus,  videnscormptam difci- 
plinam militumfub  Pifoneafluctorunj 
ocio ,  rapinis  &  auaritia^,  &  nunquam  fe 
deuidurum  hoftes ,  ni  fuos  in  poteftate 
haberet :  caftigatis  graui  oratione  mili^ 
tibus,omnibusque5quinonmilitar€nr, 
exadis,  difciplina  militari  ftabilitajpo- 
tentemillam  Carthaginem  Rom.impe- 
b  A/>p..ieW.  riJG^mulaeuertit^. Annibalis vcroexcr- 
r"»  citum,aducrrus  omnia  humana  mala  fe- 
peacdiudurantem,  bonis inexpcrtum 
atque  infuetumjquem  nulla  maJivicerat 
vis,  perdidere  nimia  bona  ac  voluptates 
immodicx  CapuanaB^.Somnusenim,6^  3 
vinum^&epul^Afcorta,  balneaque,& 
ociumcofuetudincindicsblandius,  ita 
encruauerant  corpora,  animosque,  in- 
quit  Liuius^vtmagisdeindeprasteritae 
vidorix  cos^quam  prgfentes  tutarentur 

vires; 


Liber  tertivs,  i5j 

vircsrmaiusqueidpcccatumducisapud 
peritos  artitnmnilitarium  habitUjquam 
quodnoncx  Cannenfiacie  protinus  ad 
vrbem  Romaduxiflet:  ilia  enim  cunda- 
tio  diftulifle  vidorlz  videri  potuit :  hie 
error  vires  ademiffe  ad  vincend  u  m ,  Itaq^ 
hercle,  velut  fi  cum  alioexercitua  Ca- 
pua exiflet,  nihil  vfquam  pnftinae  difci- 
plinae  tenuit.  nam  &:  redierunt  pleriquc 
Icortisimpliciti:  &vbi  primum  fubpeU 
libus  habericoepcifunt,  viaque&  aUus 
militaris  laborexcepitjtyronum  modo, 
corporibus  animisque  deficiebant  :  & 
deinde  per  omne  aeftiuorum  tempus, 
magna  pars  finecommeatuabfignisdi^ 
labebantur,  neque  alise  latcbra? ,  quam 
Capua  defertoribus  erat^  Iraq;  M.Mar- 
cellusinaciemcopiis  fuis  edu(5iis  apud 
Nolas  J  vt  fuorum  militum  animos  eri- 
geretjhoftiexprobrabat  Capuam  Anni- 
ball  Cannas  faifCc.  ibivirtutebcllicam, 
ibimilitarem  difciplinam ,  ibi  prxteriti 
temporis  famam ,  ibi  futuri  extindam: 
atqueitapracliocommiflb  hoftcs  fudit. 
&  quemadmodum  Annibaiis  exercitui 
Capua, fie  militibus  Aiexandri  Babylo- 
nia plurimumnocuitj&dilciplinam  mi- 
litarcmadmodumcorrupit:vfqueadco, 

X  5  vtAle- 


De    IVRE    ET    OFF.   BELL. 

vt  Alexandrumaddifcnmina,  qua?po- 
fteafequebatur,  hauddubicdebiliorem 
futurumfuilTe,  (ihoftemhabuinfet,  fcri- 
aW,5.       bar  Q.Curtiusa.  Er  vtbreuiterdicam, 
nullum  maiusnegle(fla?5  velrerentaedi* 
fciplmae  miluahs  teftimonium* habere  4 
pofTumus^quamdeRomanis :  qui  cum 
ante  iuftici^  opinione,  ac  belli  gloria 
omnes  popuios  fuperarcnt  :  poftea  la- 
benre  difciplina  ,  ab  omnibus  fuperati 
funt.  ItaqueCatoapudSalluftiumiNo-  „ 
lite ,  inquit,  exiftimare,  maiores  noftros  ,, 
armis  rcmpubl.exparuamagnafecifTe.  „ 
fiitaresefTet^multopulchernmameam  ,, 
haberemus:  quippe  fociorumatque ci-  „ 
uium,  praetereaarmorum,  atqueequo-  ^^ 
rum  malornobiscopia,  quam  illis  eft*  „ 
fcdaliafuere,  qua^illos  magnosfecere,  „ 
aux  nobis  nulla  funt :  domi  induftria,  ^, 
forisiuftumimperium,  animus  in  con-  „ 
fulendo  iibcr,  ncque  deh6lo,  neque  Jibi-  ^, 
diniobnoxius.  prohisnoshabcmuslu-  ^^ 
xuriam,atq;auaritiam:  publiccegcftate-  „ 
priuatimopuletiam;  laudamusdiuitias;  ,j 
fequimur inertia;  inter  bonos& males  ,, 
difcrime  nullum  eft.  omnia  virtutis  pr^- ,, 
miaambitiopoftidet.  Scite  vero  Fabri-  „ 
cius,legat^ad  Pyrrhu  profc6tus,cu  apud 

eum 


LlBEU  TERTIVS»  I^^ 

cum  Cyneam  Theflalum  narratem  au- 
difletjquendam  Atheniefemclarum  fa- 
pientia,fuadere,  ne  quid  aliud  homines, 
quam  voluptatis  caufa  facerent  :  pro 
monftroeam  vocemaccepit,  continuo- 
que  Pyrrho  &  Samnitibus hoftibus  ifta 
fapientiamdeprecatus  efta.  Prudenter  3V4/.m<i«. 

quoque S partana ciuitas , diu  ciuiu  fuo-  ''^* *' ^'*^*^' 
rum  oculosab  Afifafpedu  retraxit,quia 
indeomnesmanaredelicias,  ccrta  cor- 
poris &  animi  venena  perniciofiflima 
cognofcebat  ,&  plus  fimilibusvidoriis 
^mitti5quambeIIoquxrib.  Hincquoq;  hvai.Max, 
5  mulierescaftra*fcquiapud  maiores  ma-  ^^•^•^•^« 
ximseturpitudinis  fuir,  &  fcueriflTima?  a- 
nimaduerfionis.&militivxpremvelfa- 
miliamapudfe  habere  nonconceditur, 
nificumveniaprincipisc.  Etnequidem  ^  i.quicm- 

.  .        .         *        ^1  •!■    •!•        -J     l"^-  Caere 

inproumciavxoreduceremihtuicuitd.  J,,,^ /,i  ,2 
Sed  &  procofulteneturdedelidis  vxo-  dietficotra. 
ris,  quamfecuminproumciamduxit^  ,,,,^^;^,^^ 
Mehus quoque efledicit  Vlpianus  f,  vt  »»[>*. 
procoful  fine  vxore  in  prouinciam  pro-  ^,!>^,^^'J, 
ficifcatur.  idqueSeuerusCsecinaapud  ofprovonf. 
Tacitum  5  cenfuit ;  inclTc  enim  dicebat  f',}^'^^'' 
muhei-umcomitatui,  quaepacem  luxu,  gA^^^a^ 
bellum  formidinemorcntur5&  Roma- 
num  agme  ad  fimiliiudincm  barbari  in- 

celTus 


Dfi    IVRE    ET    OFF.   BELL. 

cefTusconuertant.  Olimquoqueexco^ 
ftiturione  Conftantini,abiedtarum  mu- 
lierum  coniundiones  jquibufdam  mili- 
tibus  intcrdicebantur.  quod  taracn im- 
perator  luftinianus  correxit^concedens 
militibuSjVtquafcunquevellcnt,  modo 
^tiuth,vtu-  ingenuasvxoresduccrenta.Praecipuee- 
cMtmat  vei  jj^m  ad  difciplinam  militarcm  fpedat* 
induLanter.  cuTa  fccidendofum  impedimentorum, 
i^caugtto.  quibus  maxime  agmen  grauari  folet. 
*  ^'^/'^-    Yncle  Philippus  Maccdo , ciim  primuni 
exercitumconfcriberctjVehiculorutnv- 
fuminterdixit :  equitibusnon  amplius, 
quam  fingulos  calones  habere  permifit, 
peditibusvcro  denis  fingulos,  qui  mo* 
las  &  funesferrent .  Scipioculcitras  ha- 
beri  prohibuir ,  primusque  ipfe  culcitra 
foenea  vfuseft  :  milites  initinereafinos, 
aut  mulos  inequitare  vetuit^dicens  parij 
abeohominein  bello  exfpedandu  efle, 
bA/>;w«,ie  quifuis  pedibusirenonpofTet^.  CMa- 
hu.Hifg.    j.j^5  recidedorum  impedimentoru  gra- 
tia ,  vafa  &  cibaria  militum  in  fafciculos 
aptata  furcis  impofuit/ub  quibus  &  ha- 
bile onus,  &  facile  effet  :  vnde&inpro- 
c  Ke^.iihA.  uerbiumtradunijMuli  Mariani^adque 
tj^ilpsl  &confl:itutionibus  i^egni  Hifpanix  cau- 
^6.2.      *  turn  eft^  Quo  fpcdtare  videtur  Cicero'*, 

cum 


Liber  tbrtivs,  r6$ 

8  „  ciimait :  Noftriexercitus*  vndenomen 

3,  habcntvidesrdcinde  qui  labor,quantus 

„  agminis :  ferrcplusdimidiatimenfisci- 

J,  baria>  ferre  fi  quid  ad  vfutn  velint ,  ferre 

j,  vallum,  namfcurunijgladium^galeam, 

i5  inonerenoftri  militcs  non  plusnume- 

y,  rant,  quam  humeros ,  lacertos,  manus* 

ii  armaenimmembramilitisdicunt:  quae 

)5  quidemjinquitjitaferuntaptejVtfivfus 

j5  foret^abieiftis  oneribus,cxpeditisarmis, 

>j  vtmembris  pugnarepoflent» Alexander 

vero  cijtn  graue  fpoliis  apparatuque  lu- 

xuria?  agme  vix  moueretur,  totius  exer- 

citus  (arcinis,  exceptis  admodum  neceP 

iariis,conferreiuffis5primufuisfacerub- 

dita^cetcras  incendi  prstcepit  ^  vt  poiius 

farcinarum,  quamdifciplina?  iadtura  fie- 

rct^4  Praeterea  quod  ad  miliiarem  difci-  a  q^nrtiM 

plinamattinetj  lege  militari  cautu  fuit,    '^* 

9  ne*lixa?permixti  cuequitibusvagetur, 

neue  frumentum  publice  datum  miles 

vendat ,  aur  praedas  pccorum  vel  manci- 

piorum  vino  commuter,ncue  gregarius 

miles  in  acie^vel  in  caftris  feruum  aut  iu- 

mcntum  habeat,  ncu  quis ,  vbi  tribunus 

militumfuiflet  ^  pofteaordinumdudor 

cffet,  ncquequiordincsduxifTct,  miles 

pofteafieret.  ItaquerefcrtLiuius^Vo-  ^'•^•^ 

leronem 


De     IVRE    ET     OFF.  BELL. 

leroncm  quendam  de  plcbe  hominem, 
qui  fupcrioribus  expeditionibus  ordi- 
nes  diixiflet^inter  gregarios  affcriptum^ 
recufafTe  militia :  quia  negaret^  eo  quod 
ordines  duxiflerjfe  militem  fieri  debere^ 
aT>ion.uah  nullam  ignominiam  in  militia  meritu^* 
^•9.  Miles  quoque qui  Tuo  tempore  annona 
b'forhj?tmi.  nonexegiffet,  eafraudabatur^  Docen- 
'"**" tj*,//^  *^  dos  etiam  milites  monebat  Cato  3  vt  fe- 
ttoM.'i'z. "  roces aduerfus hoftes effent 5 humani er- 
gaciues  acfocios:  timidiadiniuriasiri' 
ferendas^prompti  vero  ad  vindidam  :vt- 
que  nihil  magis  cuperent,quam  laudcm 
&  gloriamadipifci.  Seduloquoqiolim 
cauebatur ,  vt  primum  vinculum  militu 
putarent  facramenti  religionem,  fecun- 
dum  /ingulorum  amorem^  velut  inex- 
plicabilem  nexum,  tertium  deferedi  ne- 
fas.  L.itmiliusPaulusdicebatjVnuim- 
peratorem  inexercitu  prouidere&  co- 
fulere^quid  agendum  fir^debere^nuc  per 
fe,nunccumiisquosaduocaueritinco- 
filium  ;  qui  non  fint  aduocati,  eis  nee 
palam ,  nee  fecretoiadare  confilia  fiia: 
militem  h^c  tria  curare  debere* :  corpus,  lo 
vt  quam  validifTimum ,  &  perniciofiffi- 
mum  habeat:armaapta:cibum  paratum 
adfubitaimperia :  ceterafcirede fejdiis 

immor- 


i 


Liber   tertivs.  i66 

immortalibus  &  imperatori  fuo  cur^  ef- 
fe  debere.  in  quo  exercitu  coful  &  impc- 
rator  rumoribus  vulgi  circuagereturjibi 
nihil  falu tare effe^ Nam ,vt  inquitTaci-  aLw,w.44 
tus,  tarn  nefcirequaedam  milircs,quam 
fcircoportet.  hafcducum  audloritas^fic 
rigordifciplina?  habet,  vi  multa  per  cen- 
turioncs  tnbunosq,  tantum  iuberi  ex- 
pediat  Parcndo quoq,potius.quam  im- 
periaduculcifcitandOjresmilirarescon-. 
tineiur:  &  foi  liflimus in ipfo difcrimine 
cxerciiuseft5quiantedircrimcquiet/lfi- 
mus.  Itaque  Caefarapud  Auaricu  reme- 
ritatem,  cupiditatemq;  militumrepre- 
hedit.quodfibiipfiiudicaffentjquopro- 
cedendu,autquidagenduvideretur:ne- 
quefigno  receptui  dato  coftitifTent ,  ne- 
quea  tribunis milieu,  legatisq;retineri 
potuifset :  &  quaropere  corn  animi  ma- 
gnitudinc  fe  admirari  dicebat,^  non  ca- 
(iroru  munitiones ,  no  ahinido  montis, 
no  murus  oppidi  tardare  potuifret:tato- 
perelicentiaarrogariamqjreprehedere, 
^  pl^  fe.qua  imperatore^de  vi(5loriaatq; 
exitu  reru  fentireexiftimafset:nec  minus 
leinmilitemodeftia,&:continentia,qua 
Virtuteatq;  animi  magnirudinedcfide-  iCi/.Mii. 
rare^Ccteruex{latapudflauulVopifcu  gaiit^.?. 

Aure- 


De    ivre  et  off.  bell, 

Aureliani  Cajfarisepiftola  adtribunum 
quendam:quadifciplinamilitaris*bre-  ii 
uitcr  perftringiturjin  hsec verba :  Sivis  55 
tribunus  effe,  imofivisviuere,  manus  „ 
militum  cotine :  nemo  pullum  alienum  3, 
rapiat,  ouem  nemo  cotingat^  vuam  nul-  3, 
lus  auferatjoleum^faljlignum  nemo  exi-  5, 
gat,  annona  fua  contentus  fit,  depra?da  ,, 
hoftium  5 n5 de lacrymis prouinGialium  „ 
habeat:  armaterfafint,ferramentafan-  5, 
nata,calciamenta  fortfa,  veftis  noua.ve-  3, 
terem  veftem  excludat^ftip^dium  in  oal-  ,, 
teo  non  in  popina  habeat, torquem  bra-  ,> 
chialem&annulumapponatjequumfa-,, 
ginarium  fuum  defricet, animal  non  ve-  „ 
dat,mulum  centuriatum  comiter  curct,  „ 
alter  alteri  qiiafi  feruus  oblequatur  ,  a  „ 
medicis  gratis  curetur,  arufpicibus  nihil  3, 
dent,in  hofpitiis  cafte  fe  gerant,  qui  lite  „ 
feceritjvapulct.  haecille.  Sed&quome-  a 
lius  milites  in  officio  contineantUr,pr2e- 
cipitur  praefidibus  prouinciarujper  quas 
fit  militum  tranfitus^vt  in  parato  habeat 
vnde  cxercitus  ali  pofTit ,  fine  querela 
proumcialium :  &expenfe  eo  nomine 
fada?  imputantur  tributo  j  quod  forte 
principidebetur :  milites  quoquc  iube- 
turiiscibariiscontenti  cffe ,  qua^infiri- 

giilis 


Liber  tertivs,  157 

guHsinucniunturlocis,  nccalia  exigere 
poflunt^:  quod&coftitutionibusGai-  l^J^^^t 
lise  ftatutum  eft.  «Xior 

De  ofHcio  legati ,  tribuni  &  aliorum  qui  mi- 
litibuspracfunt. 

1  Prxcifua  milit'td  mama apud Rom. 

2  Legati  quL 

5  Alt  A  legati  partes^  alia  tmpcratOYis, 

4    Mandati  pnes  in  hello  mn  licet  excedere* 
J     Vtfum  ex  noua  rei  bene  gerendA  occaponB 
a  mandate  recedi  pofit, 

6  Officium  regent  is  txercitum. 

7  Commeatmparce  dandus  milttihu4. 

8  CM  ilites  pro  merit  is  promouendt  funt, 

p  Tribuni  mtlttum  in^iperium  habucrunt  in 
milites^iisdemquevitesprAferrilolent, 

J  0  Tnbunorum  munus. 

1 1  Falfum  numerum  miluum  refer  ens  quo* 
modopuniatur. 

C  A  P  V  T      11* 

Qv^  pr^cipiiarLierintoIimapudRo* 
manos*militije  munia,  fads  indi- 
catha?cPapyrijdi6latoris  verba  a  Liuio 
55  prolata*»,cumait;Nonmilescenturic)-  Vhh,%. 
n  nis,  non  centurio  tribuni ,  non  rribunus 
„  legati,non  legatusconfulis,  no  magifter 

Y  equitum 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
cquitumdidatorispareatimperio:  non  3, 
cdida  imperatorum  obferuentur.  De  35 
officio auieimperatoris  feu  ducis  exer- 
cituSj^d  eius  poteftate  alibi  diximus.Le- 
gativeroerant'^comites  expeditionis&  ^ 
adiutores  negotiorum  ^  qui  confulibus, 
&impcratoribusdecernebatur,  vt  ip(b- 
rum  vices gererent ,  &corum cofilio res 
adminiftrarent.  confiliorum quoquCj^ 
fortium  fadtorum,  ac  meritae  virtu tis  & 
ignauia?  cuiufque,  qua  cura,  qua  fide,  & 
diligentia ,  quaq;dirciplinamilitari du- 
ces exercitui  &  caftris  praeefTent ,  fi  quid 
fidum  vanumque  ,  aut  parum  integra 
veritateafFerrent,locupletiffimiteftese- 
rant  legati.  quoru  etiam  audoritas,  tam 
inadminiftrandaprouincia,  quam  du- 
cendo  excrcitu,acieque  inftruenda  tanti 
fuit,vtabfenribus,velimpeditisconfulf- 
bus  velimperarore^fummam  imperii  te- 
a  Akxah A.  nereut^Porro illud conftat,alias effe le- 
'^/i*""  *^  gati*partes,atqueimperatoris,vtaitC^-  3 
bdeMLc^  far  Salter  omnia  ad  praefcriptum  agere, 
«'♦^.j.  alter  libere ad  fummam  rerum  cofulerc 
dcbet.IdeoqueCacfardicebatSylla?5quc 
decedens  caftris  pra?fecerat ,  confiliura 
non  reprehendendumvideri,  quifuos 
longius  Pompcianos  perfcquentes  re- 

uocauit: 


Liber   TERTivf.  r^g 

uocauit  rguamuis  tamen  plcrique  exifti  - 
marent,  nacriusinfequi  voluifter,  bellii 
eo  die  potuifTefiniri.Sy  Ha  enim  a  Csefa- 
recaftristantum  relidus ,  liberatis  fuis, 
hoc  contentus  fuit,  neque  prselio  decer- 
tarcvoluit.  Siraili  ratione  Q.Titurius 
Sabinus,  legatus  Caefaris,  bcllo  Gallico 
caftrislecontinuitjhoftibusiamadvanii 
caftrorumaccedentibus:  quod  cum  tata 
mukitudine  hoftium,  prajfertim  eo  ab- 
fente,  qui  fummam  imperij  tenerer,  nifi 
asquo  loco,aut  opportunitatealiqua  da- 
ta, legatodimicadum  non  exiftimareta.  a  OAr  de 
Et  quidc  quemadmodu  Romani  in  im-  ^^^if^^-^^-s* 
peratores  (quibus  libera  defum  ma  reru 
confulendippreftatcmconcedcbant)  re 
male  geftajremifli  admodum  fuere,  vta- 
liolocodidumeftificimperijfpreti  vel 
non  (eruati5inlegatoSjtribunos5&  alios 
imperatorc  inferiores  ,  afperi  vindices 
4  exftiterut.Mandati  enim  fines exccdere* 
ini'e  milirari  vitiofiflfimum  (emper  ha- 
bitumfuit,  &capitevindicatum3etiam 
re  bene  geftaK  Quapotiffimu  ratione,  b  /.?,  ^.u 
&  veteri  inftituto  vicit  cotentio  Papyrij  ^'""-ff- "^ 

J  ,  r  J      '   mint. 

didatoris,poicetis  Q.  Fabium  magiftru 
equitumadfuppiiciumjquddcotraeius 
imperiumexerdtumeduxilfer.quarnuis 

Y  2  "       fufis 


mmu 


De   ivre  et  opp.  bill, 
fufis  Sanitibus  in  caftra  redierat ;  inter- 
cedenteetiampjro  Fabio  populo  Rom« 
tribunisqueplebis:  quibus  tandem  ora- 
tione  Papyri)  vlCtis ,  &  ad  preces  6c  ob- 
teftatione  vcrfis^vt  (ibi  poena  mniagiftri 
equitumremittcret,  didator  conceffir, 
teftatus  tamen  ,  non  noxa?  eximi  Qj  Fa- 
bium  5  qui  contra  edidum  impcratoris 
pugnaffet,  fed  noxa?  damnatum  donari 
populo  Rom.  donari  tribunitia?  pote- 
ftati,  precarium,  noniuftumauxilium 
ferenti;  fibi  fufficereviciflediiciplinam 
militarem  &  imperij  maieftatemjquae  in 
a  Liu.ith.2,  difcrimine  fuerata.  Sunt  tamen  qui  exi- 
ftiraent,fi  noua  occafio  rei  bene^geredas  $ 
offeraturjrecedia  mandato  pofTe^fi  puta 
repentinus  aliquis  cafus  felicem  fuccef^ 
fum&pa?necertam  vidloriam  pollicea- 
h  Argumtnto  tuTi  DC  oblata  diuittitus  rci  bene geredas 
'/'''3""'  occafio  amittatur  b.  quod  tamen  fcru- 
LatTfei^M  pulo  non  caret,  pr^fertim  fi  alicui  Papy- 
wc.i.«/.r4  rio,  Manlio,  vel  Poftumio^hominibus 
c/cfZdflln.  duris  &  inexorabilibus  ratio  reddenda 
coi.idemau).  fit :  qui cxiflimauerunt cotrumpi atquc 
^^f^^-^'jodifToluiofficiumomneimper^^^^ 
&  Koch;u    adid5quodfacereiu(ruseft,noobfequio 
ZsM.^'cJi:  debiro,  fedconfiliononconfideratore- 
>•  fpondet,  £tenim  diligenter  cuftodiendi 

func 


LiBER  TERTIVS.  y^p 

funt  fines  m3ndati>&  nihil  contra facie- 
dum  ^ft,  ettamfi  eo  fafio  videri  poflit  res 
euentura  profperius ,  exq;  vtilitate  eius, 
quiidtibinegotium  mandauit^.fuitque  a^<%?'^^ 
ha&c  quaeflio  etiam  a  philofbphis  varic^'^  *'*' 
tradUta^.  Papyrijcertefeueritas^aliosa  ^  jj"'*  ^* 
rebenegerenda.occaiione  oblata  deter-  wp.ij. 
ruit:  atque  ita  M.Valerio  legato^quica- 
ftris  praeerat,  abfente  Papyrio ,  in  oculis 
cxempiuerat  Q^FabiuSjinquitLiuius^,  ^  ^^»** 
n&quam  vim  hoftium  magis^quam  tru- 
cemididatorisiram  timeret ;  itaquefru- 
mentatores  cum  circumueci  ex  infidiis, 
cxCi  loco  iniquo  effent ,  creditum  vulgo 
eft,  flibueniri  eis  a  legato  potui{re,ni  tri- 

^  ftiaedi(ftaexhorruif]fet.  Porroolficium* 
regentis  exercitum ,  non  fblum  in  dada, 
vtMarcianusrefponditjfed  etiam  in  ob- 
fcruanda  difciplinaconfi(!ic.&qui  mili- 

7  tibns  praeeft ,  auam  parciflime^iis  com- 
ineatum  dare  aebet :  vfque  adeo^  vt  neq; 
pi(catum,neaue  venatum  liceat  militem 
mfttere.'quodindifciplina  Augufticau- 
tumfuit*'.  Etquidem.vtmaxime  omnia  ^J-'^ff'"';^' 
tutaiinc»no  pmribusquam  tngmtatri-  mo  cd.n 
bunuscomnoeatum dare poteft.fi  pluri-  ""'^*^'^  '^ 
bus  datus  fuerit,eorum  ftipendia  in  fifcu 
deferuntur  :  iubeturque  tribunus ,  qui 
y  3  commea- 


De   ivre    et   off.  bell. 

commeatumdeditjillamilitibusrefun- 

a  ihhemw,  dere,  vlrra poenam amiffionis  cinguli*. 

mndath.c.  Tempore  vero  expeditionis,  velhoitis 

dBcrog  mil,  imminetis.  nullioraninoafignisabefle 

b  /.  I.  c.dt  iicetj&capitale  eritcommeatumdare^^ 

cm^u.iz,  Adeo  autem  odiofum  eft,a  fignisabefle, 

vtmileSjquiincommeatu  agit,  nonvi- 

mi'itlf'"^'^'  deaiur  reipub.caufaabefle  ^Non  poteft 

pra?terea  is,  qui  exercitui  praeeft,  milites 

anumerisadaliosnumerosprolibidine 

^transferre,  nifivtilitatis  publica?  caufa  8 

princeps  conceflerit.   Nam  vt  ait  impe- 

d  inicontra  fatoH,  honoHs  augmentUTn,non  amW- 

py.>t,cam  c,  tione,  fed  laboread  vnumquemque co- 
de re  milit-  •  .  o  i    i  •        « 

r»y.i2.  uenit  peruenire :  &  non  debet  quis  ad 
dignitatem  ftifFragio^  fedlaboribusatq; 

eUi.&2,  ordine numerorum prouehi*^.  Is namq; 

c.dtof^mug.  ceterosdebetantecederc,quemftipen- 

ii.z.  c.de  dialongiora,  vel  labor anteirefecerit^. 

prxf.pr^t.A'  itaque  Q.Metellusconful^quauis  nulla 
lege  impediretur^quin  filium  contuber- 
nalem  perpetuum  haberet,maluittam6 
eum  in  ordine  merere.  &  egregio  ftrata- 
gematevfusfuifle  Theogenes  Athenic- 
fis  dicitur,qui  cum  exercitum  Megaram 
duceretj  petetibus  militibusordinesrc- 
f pondit,  ibi  fe  daturum ;  deinde  equites 
prapmifit.eosque  hoftium  fpccie  impetii 

in  fuos 


Liber  tertivs.  jjq 

in  fuos  retorquereiuffit.quo  fa^^o^quos 
turn  habebat  tanquam  ad  hoftium  oc- 
cutfutn  pra2paratos,permifit  ita  ordinari 
aciem,vt  quo  quifque  voluiflet  loco  c6* 
fifterct :  &  cum  inertiflimus  quifque  re* 
tro  fe  dediflet,  ftrenui  aucem  in  frontcm 
profiluiflent,  vt  quemqueinuenitftan- 
tem,itaad  ordines  militise  prouexit.  Vc- 
teri  quoque  inftituto  ad  tribunatu  ne- 
mo admitti  poterat,  nifipriusalamdu- 
xiflet :  neque  alara  ducere  nifi  cohort! 
pr^efuiflet.  fuitqueantiqui  moris^vt  mi- 
les in  caftris  ad  centurionem ,  centurio 
ad  tribunum  manefalutatum  iret,  &ad 
edidum  praefto  eflet .  Hadrianus  vero 
C«far5virosaetatisexa<ag,&  fumm^  pru- 
detias,  dodos  9tate&  vfuad  tribunatura 
cuexit,  vetuitqueedido ,  ne  iraberbis  a- 
dolefcens  tribunusfieret.  &  Alexander 
Macedo  tanti  tribunos  &  ceturiones  fe- 
cit, vt  neminem ,  nifi  fexagenarium ,  or- 
dines ducere  permiferit,  conftattamen 
&  olim  nonunquam  in  indignos,imo  in 
impuberes  has  dignitates  collatas  fuif- 
fea.  Fuit  quoque  lege  militaricau turn,  ^f/^^;'f 
ne  quis  vbi  tribunus  fuiffet,  poflea  ordi-  ««-*«'".  if "« 
numduaorefTet.  namque centurio,  de-  ""^'7,  % 
curio,  &ordinumdudortribuno  infe-  ttji,m,iit. 

Y  4  riores 


De     IVRE     ET     off.  BELt. 

rioreserant.  id  tamennon  infauorem 
tribunorum,(ecl  in  odium  P.Salonij,qui 
alcernisfereannis&  tribunus  militum, 
&  primus  centurio  erat  ad  poftulatione 
coniuratorum  militum,  legefacrata  mi- 
?/'^-7«  Jitaricautumfuiire,audor  eft  Liuius». 
Ac  licet  tribunis  5  militum  ceniuriones 
&  decuriones  fubfint,ipfitamenlegati 
imperio  parent.  Porro  tribunes  militu, 
quicaftris&legionibuspraserant*,  im-  9 
perium  inmilites  habuiffe,  peruulgatu 
eft :  iisque  non  virgas,vt  confuli  aut  pra?- 
tori/ed  ad  terrorem  audaci^jVites  lido^ 
res  prgferebant:contumacesque  milites 
Romaninonvirgis,  fcdvitibuspercen- 
turioncs  i  externos  vcro  fuftibus  plede-» 
bant.qu^  poena  minus  infamabat^quam 
hfitnM.i^  qusealicloreefletillata^.  Sciendumeft 
'"^*-  camcn,nonlicuifte  tribunis  in  caput  ci- 
uis  Romani  anmiaduertere5nequcalte- 
c  ^.iiiudi-  riusquidemilitis^vt  alio  loco  dicemus^ 
s,^n„htart  pyjj  quoqucpriki  moris,  vtquuprin- 
ceps  ad  tribunatum  quepiameueheret, 
gladium illi in  manu daret :  quo fignifi- 
cabatur  in  milites  iure  militari  habere 
imperium .  Praecipuum  vero  tribunoriJ 
munusTuit,caftrorum&exercituscu- 10 
ramgerere5nefinemunimento,finecu- 

ftodiis 


Liber  tertivs,  lyi 

ftodiisfint :  peruigilesexcubiasiubere, 
nc  quid  occult^  hoftes  moliri  poflTint: 
milites  in  caftris  haberedido  audientcs, 
&  intentos  imperio ,  ad  exercitationes 
ducerc ,  in  ftationes  mittere,  claues  por- 
tarum  fufcipere,  vigilias  circumire ,  fru- 
mentationibus  comilitonum  intcrefle, 
frumentum  probare,mcforum  fraudem 
coercere,  querelas  militumaudire,eo. 
rumquedehdta,  feeundumfua?  auctori* 
tatis  modum  caftigare  ,  valetudinarios 
infpicere  ,  fauciorum  curam  gcrerc,  in 
primisque  milites  ad  folenni  iufiuran- 
dumadigere^  Praetereaatribunis,  fiue  ^loffchm. 
in  hoftes  ducerc/mecaftra  metari ,  fiue  |> ^effZH! 
in  prima acic,&  frontelocarijaut  in  fub- 
fidijs  ponijVel  in  ftationes,  &  vigilias  ire 
conueniret,  teflerara  milites  petcbant: 
ipfi  ver  6  ab  imperatore,quod  dari  opor- 
tebat(ignum,a(rumebanr.Militcsquoq; 
inconfli<5^upra?liorum  fingulos&  vni* 
uerfbs  hortari,et  monere,  atq;  in  ceflTan- 
tesanimaduertere  tribunipropriil  mu- 
nuserat.  miffionem  quoque  militibus 
perfundlis  militia,  ficaufam  probarent, 
exaudoritate  &iuffu  confulumdabat: 
propria  vero  audoritate  hoc  faceretri- 
bunis  non  licuit .  Itaque  Q^.  Fuluius 

Y  5  Flaccus 


Dfi    IVRE    ET   OFF.  BELL. 

Flaccuscenfbr ,  Fuluium  fratreni,  quod 

cohortem  legionis,inqua  tribunuserat, 

iniuflfuconfulis  mifTam  fecerat,  fenatu 

a  yaiM4x,  mouit  ^.  Denique  ducibus ,  tribunis  & 

Lii^/^fsi!  centurionibus  olim  praecipuecuradum 

'  erat,in  Iocisvbiaeftiuahabebant,cogcre 

tyrones  milites,  cum  primum  merere 

coepiffent  ftipendia,  per  turmas  hinc  in- 

de  crebro  concurrere,  decurrere,  clama- 

re,locum  tenere,  imperium  facere,  iufla 

cxequi ,  feque  inorbem  coUigere,  cu- 

neum  facere ,  &  phalangcm ,  &  fequi  fi- 

gna ,  &  pati  taedium  ^asftus  ac  vigiliasaf^ 

fuefcerent:  ne  fine  confilio,  fine  imperio 

in  hoftestenderent,  ne  pulfiloco  cede- 

rent,&  vt  in  acie  quifque  agnofceret  or- 

dines  fuos,  ita  vt  vfii  quotidiano ,  non 

minus  ipfi  fibiprasfcriberent5quidfa(5lo 

opusforet,  nechocincitantevllo,  nee 

imperantequoquamabaliisdifcederet. 

Quae  difciplina  pr^ecipua  Iphicrati  tra- 

ditur,  vt  fine  ducis  opera,  milites  ita  in- 

ftitueret  in  acie  confiftere,  vt  peritiffime 

difpofiti  videretur.  Cetcrumtribunus*,  n 

vcl  centurio ,  vel  alius ,  qui  refert  falfum 

b/.T;/f.^.;>n)  numerum  militum,  ftipendia  interci- 

^dTo{f"*r%  piens,condemnatur  in  quadruplum ,  & 

Afric,       dignitatepriuatur^:exconftitutionibus 

vero 


Liber  tertivs-  172 

vero  Gallia?  capite  punitur .  Item  lege  ^  ^ 
Iuliarcpctundarumtenetur,qui  obmi-  ^  i.^wl; 
litem  Icgendum  mittendiimue  pecuniai^'«<%.i«'. 
acceperit':ideoqueexiIio,veletiam  gra-  ffii^^. 
uiuspunirifolet^  &  tyrocinijcaufada-  <$  m«  /, 
tum,repeti  poteft,tanquam  datu  ob  tur-  ^^^';^-^-^^ 
pern caufam*^ .  Porro  qui  occafione  tran-  c  /.  3.  c.  <& 
fitus,  ab  vrbibusvelprsediisperconcuf.  ^jlf/i'^""^- 
fionemquidaccipitjteneturinduplQd^  d  A»/f».rfe 
qui  vero  prouinciam  nudauit ,  folet  eo  ^Xfo."'*'^' 
remittij&quadruplureftituereiuberi*.  c  L.  c.ai 

r>E  METATORIBVS  SIVE  MEN-    ^^^^''^'''^'^' 

SORI  BVS. 

T     <ji4etatores  fue  men  fores  (juL 

2  HoffttiAquomodo  defigntntur  milttibpu. 

3  e^iliberi  ftnt  a  moUHia  accifiendi  ho" 

ffitio. 
^     Solum  hofpitiummilmbft4  concede ndum, 
S     Metatorum  qm  abhoffitihus  pcumam 

Accifiunt^fosna, 

C  A  P  VT      III. 

MEtatorcs ,  flue  menfores  ^,  non  fo- 
lum  illididi^qui  caftrisponendis, 
tentoriis  ac  tabernaculis  collocandis  lo- 
cum deliguntjac  metaspra^ffniunt :  qua 
dere  pulchre  Polybius^:  fed  etiam  qui  f^/eRow.w 
hofpitio  cxcipiendis  militibus  ,  m  vr-  „,rt.^v,„. 
bibus  domos  defignaturi  prsecedunt,  timu.i.c.^ 

^noras 


De  ivre  et  off,  bell, 
&  notas  praefigur^diedo  nomine  eius, 
qui  in  quaquedomohofpitio  accipien- 
duseft;  quasquidekreaufusfuerir^vt 
^ii^Cde  folfireuscodemnatura,  Porroexrelcri- 
metat,  0-  E  pjQ  imperatoru Arcadij  &  Honorij*>>do- 
htnu,  c,  mo  in  tres  partes  diuifa/tertia  pars  mi- ^ 
•^  litideputatafuit :  ita  tamenvtdominus 

primam  habereteligendifacultatem/e- 
cundaholpes,  tertia  rurfum  domino  re- 
linqueretur.  Taberna?  quoq;  mcrcibus 
deputatg^libcrf  ab  hac  diuifione  manere 
folet:  nifi  forte  ftabulum  miliii  in  tertia 
dom'' parte  deeiTet.Illuftribusauteviris, 
no  tertia  pars  dom*,  fed  dim  idiadepu  ta- 
ri  folet:  hac  videlicet  conditione,vt  alter 
c  d.ia,  eligeretjalteraequispartibus  diuideret*^. 
Antigonusveroedixit,  ne  quis  minor 
quinquaginta  annis  hofpitio  matrisfa- 
miiiasvteretur ;  3c  cufiliiidiuertifleau- 
diffetindomumcuiufdam  ^cuitres  filix 
infignesfpccieeffent :  AudiOjdicebatjfi-  ^^ 
li, angufte  habitare  te,  pluribus  dominis  ^^ 
domupoffidentibus ,  hofpitiu  laxiusac-  ^^ 
cipe;66comigrareiuffit.  Miles  pnetereaj 
qui  in  ea  ytbc  domum  habet^on  poteft 
peterealiam  fibi  hofpitij  gratia  defigna- 
t^'^'^  ri  **.  Sunt  autem  liberi*ab  hac  hofpitio  3 
etJM.lz,  accipiendi  moleftia,  mcdicifacri  palatij, 

&  vrbis 


LiBER    TERTIVS.  lyg 

6c  vrbis  Romae  magiftri  liber  alium  artiu, 
&  pidores  ingenuia.  vacant  quoqueab  a  i.Archu- 
hac  moleftiaconfulares,  patricij,conru-  frof.cMtt, 
les,eorumque  heredes^&alij  quidigni- 
tate  pracfulgcnt :  quibus  omnibus  ma- 
gnamimmunitatem  tribuit  Arcadij  im- 
pcratorisconftitutioK  &  Claudius  im-  b»»a4cfca 
pcracorpatrudccreto  prohibuit  miJites-^'*^*''**"' 
domos  fenatorias  etiam  falutandi  cau/a 
ingredi*^. Tenues quoque vita? homines  c  s^rinvu 
cogi  non  debent  ad  fufcipiendos  hofpi- '"  ^^"^* 
tio  milites  ^.  Ceteru in  vrbibus  vbi  funt  <i  /  tUicUa^.- 

4  milites ^folumhofpitiumillisconccdi-  fTl  ?' 
tur.-ita  vt  nihil  ab  holpite,quod  velipfis, 
velanimalium paftui neceflariumiitjpc-  c^tZZ', 
terepoffint^necquidemvolentibusho-  &eptd.i,.^l 

5  fpitibusacdpere^  Metatores  ver6*qui  ^fj^^'^ofn! 
ab  hofpitibus  per  concuffionem  pecu-  nonpr^biU 
niam  acceperint^duplum  eius  reddere  !^,,f;,t,7' 
cogenturj&cxiliopledentur^i&confti-  i'b.12. 
tutionibus  quidem  Galliae  capitepu-  IZ/Z'J' 
niuntur*  souq' 

DE  MILITIBVS,  ET   QJI  MILI- 

TARE    POSSVNT. 

X     LMiUtare  mn  eft  peccatum. 
2     Miittt  ferrntf[um  host  em  occidere, 
J     Mtlites  qui  dtcantur, 
4-     CUrici  in  miiitiam  nonfunt  recifiendi, 

S     Nee 


De    IVRE   ET    OFF.  BELL* 

S     'Kjc  colonu 

4f     NecfefuL 

7     Nee  cafitdls  crimwts  reL 

g     Nee  infamia  Uhoyames, 
J  0   Nee  mcmbru  Aebilttati. 
J  J   Milltesprohtbentur  agrkultura  exerare, 
J  2  Duos  militias  diuerfi generis  nemo  habe- 
re foteft^ 

JS  3^iles  mn  potefi  e(fefrocurator» 

14  Deatatemilttari, 

15  Veteramlegendi. 

1 6  Proprio  mtttte  fotius  quam  exttrno  v^ 
tendum, 

/7  Rom  am  quamdiufuo  fumftHmerutrinu 
J  S  Stipertdtum  militum  Rom^quantUfuerit, 

Ck  P  V  T      III  I* 

Ilitarein  bcllo'^iuftodeliduinno  1 

eft,  vt  alibi  ofledimus :  fed  propter 

23V?*ir' *  Pf^^sm  militarcm  peccatum  e/t  ^  vnde 

virilleDeoacceptiffimusIoanes^roga- 

lus  a  militibusdcfalute  follicitis,  quid 

faceret:  non  prohibuit  illis  militare,  fed 

huce  ^3,  dixit,  NeminemconcutiatiSjneqjcalu- 

e.paratm.^.  iiiam  faciatiSj  fed  eftote contenti  ftipen- 

yCf  ^ts  diisveftris^  Itaquetamlegecanonica, 

9 1-         quam ciuilipermifliim eft  militi*  hofte  2 

in  bel- 


M 


LiBHK    TERTIVS.  jja 

inbelloocciderea;  imonififecerit^rcus  ic.mi,t.c.fi 
erit imperijdefcrti  vcl  contempt! \  Mi-  ^°*^"^"** 

3  lites  au tern  hi  demum  dicuntur*,  qui  fa-  f.adi!com\ 
cramcnto  rogatijadadiquc,  &  in  nume-  '^^  f^"'-  '♦ 
rosrclati  funt.fcd  &  in  claflibusnaut^3&  ^rlZlh. 
remigesfuntmilites^  Porrononquiuis  ^  -^  '^•'"»/«. 
ad  militiam  recipiendi  funt ,  neque  qui-  L/^.f .t w! 

4  cunquecogendi.  namclerici*inprimis/"*ir  «««5?. 
militia?  vacationemhabent:  quodolim  *^'*^' 
Druidibus  apud  Gallos ,  qui  rebus  diui- 

nis  intererant  ^concefTum  fuit ,  qui  om- 
nium rerum  immunitatem  habuerunt**,  d  Oifarie 
Sacerdotesquoque,quos Romulus c6-  ^^^v?'»^-^'^'^» 
ftituit,  a  bellicis  muneribus  liberi  fue- 
led CuitamenlegipoftcaptamaGallis  ei^'«»-HT/. 
vibem,adrcriptum fuif.itafacerdotibus  '"**'^''^*^ 
militiaevacationemeffc,  nifibelluGal- 
licum oriretur ^ Cicero vero 6 dicit bel-  ^/^ppdebd, 
loGallicovacationes  vaIerefolitas,tu-  'vlurt'vita 
multu  vero  Gallico  &  Italicono  valuif-  ^^^^i 
k.  vndeetiainfertgrauiusefTctumuItu,  |^'"'V'-5 '' 
quambellum.  Sed&prohibcturclcrici 
militate ,  de quibus  &  de  (eipfodiccbat 
Ambrofius: Non piia qu^ rantferrcajno  ).y'!^!i'.f.ii 
armaChrifti  milites,feddolor,fletus,la-  <^y"y'*it.i(>. 
crymae,  &orationes  fueruntmihiarma  "jjfii'i^i^co^ 
aduerrushoftesh.Nemoenim,vtinquit  />«*  ^p 
Appftolus ' J  militans  Deo  implicate  fe  [I'/jJl . 

debet 


De     IVRE   ET     OFF.  BELL, 

debet  negotiis  fccularibus.  Quod  fi  ve- 
nJi^tjl  tbckrkus^militziiQriu  amittetgradfia: 
5*j^.8.     in  minoribus  tamen  coftitiuus, in  bello 
iuftopugnansj  nifi  qucm  Occident,  aut 
%%^^'^^*  vulneraucrit,non  fit  irregularis  i>*  Prae- 
ghf!mljcif  teteacoloni^^necvltrofeofferentesjad  5 
€iMH.7.q,t  militiam  admittendi{unt,ncquecogedi 
c  ux.Q»i  inuiti  c.  Non  enim  minus  e  repub.eft5Vt 
mdit.pofM,  {jp J qy j agros  colantjquatn  qui  bella ge- 
c'dfasrlll't  rantd.  Hincedidumeft^vtcolonijquife 
cenfM.ii.    militia dederunt,  ad  prioretnconditio- 
fioicfdTa-  nemreuocentur*.  etenimagrorumror- 
zrco.ccef,  des  cudecoremilitiaenon  coueniunt^. 
e  Krlt.cje  Qua  tatiouc  quoquefcruos  *ab  omni  ^ 
hitnetcoio,  militia  arceri  Marcianus  voluit  :  alio- 
Tiz^c^de  quincapite  punirie*  Refert  tamen,  ex 
prep'facxub.  refcripto  Traiani,  voluntarijfeobtule- 
gi!^6om«r.  rint,  anledifint,  vel  etiam  vicarij dati. 
ciinmiiit.  Ie(5lienimfi(int,inqui(icorpeccauit:fivi. 
carijdati,  penes  cos  culpa  eft,  qui  dede- 
rutifiipficuhaberetconditionisfua^co- 
fcientia,venerunt,aduertendu  in  illos  e-- 
h  p/w.f/.»/?,  rit^  Etquidem  fifcienre domino,  ferui 
'''•*°-       obtinuenntmilitiamjpriuabiturdomi- 
iipt.c.^i  nus 8c dominij &patronatusiure '♦Por- 
miu.fof.iAt  ^^  primiim  M.  luniusdtaator,  &  T.  Se- 
pronius  magifter  equitum  ,  poft  Can- 
nefemclademjdele(5tuedi6to,necefIirate 

cogen- 


LlBlR    TERTIVS.  175 

cogcnte,  o^omilliaiuuenuvalidorum 
exrcruitiisjfcircitantesfmgulosjvellent 
ne  militarc ,  vnde  voloncs  didi ,  publice 
emptaarmauerunta:  eofdemque  poftca  a  iM.uh.2x 
difciplina  &  imperio  optimos  milites 
efFecere.  &  idemT.Semproniusconful 
fa6lus,legatistribunisque  praecepit,ne 
qua  exprobratio  cuiqiiam  veterisfortu- 
n5e5dircordiam  inter  ordinesfeicret  •  Vt 
vetus  miles  tyronijUber  voloni  kCc  exf - 
quarifineret:  omnes  fatis  honefiosge- 
nerofosque  ducerent ,  quibus  anna  fua 
fignaqjpopulusRom.commififlet:quse 
fortuna  coegiflet  ita  fieri,  eadem  cogere 
tueri fadum  K  Neque folum  ferui ,  fed  ^  ^'"•^'^•^5 
quiftatuscontrouerfiam  paciutur,  pro- 
hibcnturperidtcmpus  ,nomen  militias 
dare:licetreuerafintliberi.  item necm- 
gcnui  qui  bona  fide  feruiunt,  nee  qui  ab 
hoftibus  redemptifunt  ,  priufquam  fe 
luant,  inter  milites  recipiedifunt^.  Le-  d.tjmfia. 
gimusquoqueolimpopulumRom.de- ^^;^-^*^^^' 
dilTe  operam ,  ne  imperatoribus  capite 
ccnfosracramento  rogare  accede  efTer, 
quorunimiainopiarufpe(5laerat:ideoq; 
his  publicaarma  noncommittebantur: 
&  primus  C.  Marius  haric  diutmaviur- 
paiionefirmatamc6fuetudmem,capirc 

Z  cenlum 


De     IVRB     BT     OPr.    BELt» 

a  v-M^*.  cenfum  legendo  militcm  abrupit^  Pra?- 
W.1.C4/..J.  ^gj.^^  j.gj  capitalis^criminis,  voluntarij  7 
hifmcmn.  milites  capitc  puniuntUF  b.  Similiter  & 
t'Z^*^'  ij  quiadbeftiasdati,  vel  in  infulam  de- 

portati  militiae  (c  dederint ,  Icdtiuc  diiS- 
ciqmti^ft.  mulauerintS  Adicpusverorelegatus, 
^Mhtfiuu.  fiexpleto  fpaciofugae,  militia?  kdtdit^ 
pZtt!^'^'  caufam  damnationis  quserendarefpon- 

dit  Arrius  Menander :  vt  fi  contineat  in- 

famiamperpetuam,facrametoroluatur; 

alioquin  in  ordinem  redire,  &  honores 
d  4.i^m(!i.  militiae petere  non  prohibeatur'*.  Sed  & 
$.4  um^m,  .^  ^^.  ^^^  adulterio  vxoris  Cux  padus 

crit,  facramento  foluideportariqueiu- 

ei.mUtt.f.  betu^^  nihilominus  tamcn  M.  lunius 

^,^^''^  didator^poftCannenfemcladem,  ciim 

populus  bellis  attritus  ,  militc  indige- 

ret  5  edixit ,  vt  qui  capitalcm  fraudeaufi, 

quic^j  pecunia  iudicati  in  vinculis  eflcnt, 

^,.  ,,      quieorum  apud  fc  milites  fierent,  cos 

gi.^mcunq;,  noxa  pecuniac[;exoluiiuflurum%  Pro- 

c.  Jthtrct.  hibentur  praeterea  militare  hserctici  \S  S 

hiT^mi-  &bmnesinfamia  laborantes*K   Vnde  9 

u$.ff,  dtht,  ignominiamifli  in  milites  rccipiendi no 

TH^mcti'.  ftint'.  Iterainfraudcmciuiliummunc- 

$.»g«dmi»M  rum, nemo armata?  militiaejiomen  aflu- 

HT.c^  mercpotcft^  &aui  litis  caufa  railitiani 

mb.^iuM  appeticrit,  poftulantc  aduerlario  folui 

facra« 


LlBHR    TBRtIVS»    ^  l-jS 

ikcramento  debet «.  Sic  &quimetucri-  a/.i.c.Q»f 
ininis,in  quo  reus  fucrat  poftulatus.no-  ^;;^'^'';, 
ttienmilitixdederit,  ftatim  lacramcnto  nocmnu.jf, 
foluendus  eft^Vagus  quoque  &  vetera-^;;^^;  j^ 
nus  non  debet  in  tyrociniumaflumiS  «mi/u. 
indignus  etiara  militia  iudicaduseft.qui  J^;;^^;f 
parctes^a  quibuseducatus  eftj  maleficos 
xo  appellaucrit'^.Porromebrisdebilitati*,  a/.i.m/.jf. 
ita vt  inhabiles  militiaefintjin  militcs  re-  «^  «'^/«-  ^^- 
cipiendi  non  lunt  ^  Quo  numero  no  elt  <§..j«,//„„. 
habendus  ^  qui  cum  vno  tefticulo  natus  ffMnmiiu, 
eft,  quiueamifit.  namiuremilitabit/e- 
cudumTraianirercriptum.  Syllaenim, 
&  Cotta  duces  memorantur  eo  habitu 
fuifTe naturae  ^.Legimus  quoqueNarfe-  [^^^4^ 
temeunuchualuftinianoexercituipr^-  j*r«rw./.f. 
pofitumfuifTc^quibeiloOftrogotorum 
in  Italia  finem  impofuit.  Neque  enim  |^-  ^3; 
inod>orus  vel  vitiofus  eft,qui  vnum  tan-  ff.de  Acd,bt. 
turn  tcftem  habet.cum  generare  polTitg.  '^'^-^^  .^ 
Cyrusautecuftodescorporiseunuchos^r<i.cj(r.^7- 
habuit,  quo  magis  in  officio  eflent ,  eos  l^^^-^f^j! 
prseter  illecebras  voluptatum  firroim-  „0  /,6  n.  /. 
mum  prxfidium  ratus  h.  Ceterum  nc  o-  ^''^'^J;/^ 
mi(roarmorumvru,adaliudopus(ec6-  i^nmomiUs. 
II  ferantmiIites,prohibentur*agricuItura  ^.<'--;^;. 
velmercaturamcxcrcere5aucquaecunq;  /^^j.Vi.c. 
negotia  gerere ».  Nam  vt  Plato  in  fua  rr-  /oc*»,- 

Z  a  publ. 


De     IVRE    ET     01=^.    BELt. 

publ.  conftituit ,  fingulos  (ingulasartes 

cxcrcere  conuenit .  vnde  etiam  miles a- 

grum  in  prouincia  comparare  non  po- 

teft,neftudioagriculturse  militia  negli- 

a  f.fniiiht^  gat ».  hincquoqueduas*militiasdiuerfi  ^^ 

f.dtnmut,  generis,  aut  dignitatem  &  militiam  eo- 

b/.5.c.(^i  dem  tempore  quis  habere  non  poteft^ 

tniu.pofUAx  ^  Q^  eadem  caufa  miles  procurator'efTe  n 

nonpoteft,  nc  quidem  pro  patre,  vel 
e  /.  milium.  matre,vel  vxore/ed  tantum  in  rem  fua*^. 
cfi^'^cl^  Et quidem  ratione  pofTeHionum ,  quas 
.  efroctr,  ^^^.  j^ j^^ ^^^  aflefit, fi  iudicij  mutadi  cau- 
fa donatio  fa<5la  fuerit ,  agere  miles  non 
d  ipten.f.de  poteft  ^:  fed  prior  dominusdebebirex- 
ca$»fa.        penn,  nc  magis  litem,  quam  rem  m  mi- 
e/,>/f.c.w  litem  tranftulifle  videatur^.  Prohiben- 
fi^^Hi  aect*-  tur denique  mili'tes  accufare  ^ .nifi  in  cri- 
fare^f  de  mine lasfx maicflatis g,  vel fuam vel fuo- 
^ifamofuff.  riiminiunam  proiequantur".Qui  vero 
aiieg  i«/.   militespriuatisnegotiisimplicarint,& 
y^in^n bro.  reipub.rubtraxerint,eos luflinianus pu- 
hibint»r.  c.  blicatione bonorum  pledi  voluit  \  Re- 
Qi»«fM/:«o  Hqijumeft,  vtdecetate^militarialiquid  14 
i  Now/.n6.  dicamus:  &  quide  Romanos  baud  fere 
icmtUtib,     quenquam  minorem  feptem  &  decern 
annis,  aut  fex&quadragintamaiorem, 
tyrocinioaflcribivoluifTeconftat.idque 
aSeruioTullioveterccenfionecautum 

fuifTc 


.W  V»- 


LiBER   TERTIVS.  ynry 

fuifle  priusiquodaeuofubfcquentea  C. 
Graccho  lege  facrata  fancitu  fuit  \  La-  a  viatj 
borantibus  tamen  Romanis  contra  Ve-  '^*  Gr4cc/i. 
ioSjdeledu  habito,  non  modoiuniores 
confcriptos refert  Liuius^,fedetiamfe-  bijfr.s.c^'^- 
niores  coados  nomina  dare,  vt  vrbis  in- 
tereacuftodiam  faceret,quod.&  Camil- 
lusiufHr.  Rurfumque  poft  Cannenfem 
cladem  Deciiis  luniusdidator,  iunio« 
resdecem&reptemannis,  imo&  prx- 
textatosmilitiae  aflciipfit,  notadq;  funt, 
qui  maioresannis  (exdecim  illo  bello  no 
militafre^t^Phoci6  vero,  vt  Athenien-  cUkW.si. 
fes  nimis  bellicofoSj  a  belli  furore,  delc- 
^u  acerbo  cohiberer,  !e<fla  iuuentu  tc,  c- 
tiaodlogenarios  emeritis  ftipediis  coc- 
git  nomina  dare.  Exftat  tamen  conftitu- 
tio  Fredericiimperatoris  ^  qu^  dicit  dcj^^,^ 
duelloagenSjmaioremlcxagintaannis,'^  ?'*^<-  & 
&  minorem  viginti  quinque  non  teneri  Zl^JT^r'^ 
perfeipfumpugnare.  Hiftoriaverola-  '"""  •^"'' 
crae  dicitjDominum  pr^ecepifle  Moyfi, 
vtomnes  Ifraelttasvigefimum^tatis  an- 
num excedenteSjmilitiacaflcriberet.qua 
«tatem  etiam  idoncam  militia:  cenfuit 
Plato,  Vt  vt  fitjbene  pr3ecipitur,vt  ty  ro- 
nem quasrat,  qui  vetcranum  non  habet, 
15  Longc  *cnim  pluris  facieda  eft  exerci  ta* 

Z  3         torum 


s  mtm,  I . 


De   ivre  et   o!=f.  bell. 
toru  m  vetcranoru  parua  manus ,  quam 
indodla  &  belli  expcrs  multltudo ,  quae 
c^di  expofira  minima  qugqueformidat, 
&fugam  magis  quamgloriam  medita- 
^ve^etjere  ^^^'^*  Itaquc  Akxandef  5  mortuo  patrc 
imittji,i,c.\  Philippo,cum  quadraginta millibus  ve* 
teranorum,  quos  illi  pater  optimeeru- 
ditos5&  rei  bellicf  peritos  reliqueratjva- 
rias  innumerabilesque  hoftium  copias 
fuperaiiir,  &  plurimas  orbis  terraru  pro- 
u  Jncias  fubegit*  &  idem  dudurus  contra 
Darium  veteranos  peritos  belli ,  magna 
cura  militia:  affcripfit,&  parua  manu  in- 
genrem  Perfarum  numerum  fudit^fu- 
gauitque.  Soletquoqueveteres  ex  cor- 
poris habitudine,  fiaptimilitiae,  fi  lato 
pedorcjfi  ceruice  ereda,  fi  fortes^fi  ftre- 
nui ,  qua?  fpecies  ,  qualisque  vigor,  & 
quodroburvirium  foret ,  internofcere, 
vt  illoru  m  f  orti  fideliquc  opera  refpubh 
vtipoflct.  Vnde  Cato  pingucmilitem, 
velutreipubl.inutilemcenfuitjCuius  in- 
ter guttur  &  inguen  cundafubvcntris 
dominioforent.  Admonendi  quoquc 
funt  principeSjVt  potiuspropriomili- 
te^,quam  externo^qui  non  tarn  proglo-  iS 
ria,  quam  ftipendio  militant, in  bellov- 
tantur.cxemplo  TuUi  Hoftilij:  qui  cum 

Romaoi 


LiBER  TERTIVS.  178 

Roman!  quadragintaannis  in  pace  &  o- 
tio  vixiflent  belli  expertes,&  bellum  gc- 
rerc  inftituiflct ,  afpernatus  externa  au- 
xilia,  fuos  tatum  ad  armaexciuitj&  bre- 
ui  teporedifciplma  opiimosmilitesef- 
fccit.  Longecnim  tutiiTimafiintdome- 
ftica  prasfidia,  &  longe  aptiora  funt  pro- 
pria arma  ,  quam  aliena  •  quod  nobis 
qiioque  oftediffe  videtur  hiftoria  facra. 
nam  Dauid  cum  fe  offerret  ad  (ingularc 
certamen  cum  Goliath  Philiftaso  :  & 
Saul,  vt  illianimumadderet,  fuisarmis 
illQ  armaflet:  Dauid  noluit  iis  vti,  quod 
lis  impcdireturjfed  propriis  tatiim,  fun- 
da  fcilicet,  &baculo  congrefllis  hoftem 
proftrauit^.EtquidefiomninoexternisaR^.^'<'«J 
auxiliis  dux  belli  vti  velit ,  aut  neceffiias 
cogat :  illudcauendumpra:cipue,neita 
illis  crcdat ,  vt  non  plus  fui  roboris ,  fua- 
rumque  virium  in  caftris  habeat:  ne  me- 
mo eieueniat,quod  Cn.Scipioniin  Hi- 
fpaniacum  Afarubale  bellum  gerenti* 
nam  Afdrubal,animaduertens  exiguum 
Romanorum  exercitum  in  caftris  Cn# 
Scipionis  5  &  fpem  omnem  in  Celtibc- 
roruanxiliiscfle ,  per  occulta  coUoquia 
cum  Celtiberorum  principibusconue- 
nit, magna  mercede,  vtcopiasindeab- 
Z  4         ducerent. 


Db    IVRC    ET    OFF«BClt« 

ducerenr,neucbe!Ium  gereretrnecme- 
tus  a  R  omanis  erat  5  quippe  tarn  paucis^ 
nefe  retinerent .  Quod  exemplam  pra 
documentohabendu  Romanisducifaus 

2hb,2$.  fuadet  Liuius^.  Conftantinopolitanus 
autemimperator ,  cum  propriisarmis 
careret,  accercitisauxiliisTurcarum,  vc 
feavicinistuereturjCofdeni  finite  bello 
cxpellcrc  no  potuit.vnde  vniacrfa  Grf- 
cia  Turcarum  dominio  fubadacft.  Noii 
itaque  Cyri  confiliumprobOj  quinon 
ex  ciuibus  legendos  milites,  fed  veldt  o- 
prfmosequoselonginquoquaeriopor- 
teredicebat:  neque  Alexadrinorum  vc- 
luftum  morem,  qui  nullos  milites  nifi 
peregrinos  admittebant .  Re^tius  Ro- 
roani  qui  quo  milite  proprio  abunda» 
Tcr,  in  foederc  quod  cum  Antiocho  pcr- 
cufterunt^cauerutne  milites  (iibditionc 
populiRom.conducere,autvolLitafios 

b  Litf.w.38  habere  liceret^  :&  cum  bello  cum  Pyr- 

^^,tnbeih  j-hocontenderent,  quamuis  bis  prselio 
vi6^iy  auxilia  tamen  a  Carthaginienfibus 

iUfiM.ii.  miffaremiferuntc.  Ceterum  notatudi- 

gnumeft,  milites  Romaninominis%a  ly 
conditavrbe,  perannos  fere  trecentos 
quinquaginta,  fuo  fumptu&  impenfe 
meruiire.partem  enimanai  fubpellibus 

milita« 


Liber  tbrtivs,  179 

mflitabant;partcm  verb  libcrisjvxon,  flc 

5)enatibus5{ibiqueac  fatnilia?,  agrp  m  co- 
endo  6c  rei  ruftic^  nauado  operam  pa- 
rabar*  Quoautem  tempore debello  in- 
dicendo  Veijsagebatur,  vbi  diutina  6c 
dificili  obfidione  opus  erat,  &  hyeroan- 
do  continuare  bellum ,  Romani  vdli  Sc 
neceffirio exeplododi,  fenatusdecreto 
militibus  (lipendium  de publico  coUata 
ftipeftaruere:  cumanteid  tepusdefuo 
quifquefunduseomunereeflet^  Por*  hLmM,^: 
ro  pod  Canneniem  cladein  illacam,  rata 
inciinacio  animorum  fuic^ad  fuftinenda 
inopiam aerarij,  vtnoneques,  noncen- 
turio,(tipendium  acciperent :  merccna- 
riumque  increpantes  vocarent ,  quiac- 
18  cepiflet  **.  Stipendium  vcro^militum  bLw.w.24 
Aotn.  fuille  decern  afTes  diurnos  indicac 
Tacitus  "^yCu  ait:  Mili'tes  in  ilia  feditione  ^  *'"  '^ 
Pannonica  inter  alia  coquefto$,dcnis  in  hb'Jl  '^* 
diem  affibus  animam&  corpus asftima- 
ri:  hinc  veftem,  arma,  tentoria,  hinc  fe- 
uitiam  ccnturioiium,  &  vacationes  mu* 
nerumredimi;  itaq;  petiiflevtfingulos 
denarios  mercrcnt.  Ex  quibusapparec 
quod  quamuis  denarius  priraum  aefti- 
matusfuerit  decern  aflibus,  quapropter 
&  decufle  x.  fignabatur :  tamen  poftea 

Z  5  tempo- 


Db   IVRE   tr  OFF.  BEll. 

temporibus  au^m  fuifle  denarij  aefti* 

marionem.  Itaquc  Q^Fabio  Max.di(5ta- 

torejCiim  Annibalpremeretrempubl. 

denarium  xvj.  afBbus  permutatQ  fuinh 

fcribit  Plinius ;  qui  tamen  in  miliiari  fti- 

pediodenarium  pro  decern  ailibus fern- 

a  hh.ii.e.i  per  datum  fuifleaflerit*.  praetorianasvc- 

b  Tacthtt    ro  cohortes  binos  dcnarios  accipiebat*»* 

Anns.ui.  Huncvcro denarium fi cum  noftritem- 

mm,  caf.z,  pofis  monctaconfcramusin  pondere  & 

lAu^mm-  valorCjfcreafqualemfuifleregaliHifpa- 

gM.         nico  pod:  Enda^um  6r  alios  aperre  oflen* 

ditCouarruuias^iitavtftipcndiumno* 

ftrorum  militum^nihilautparuma  Ro- 

d  Afc.  in   mano  ftipendio  differaf*.  Stipendium 

^^t        ver6equitum  Rom»  quantum  rueritjna 

iisitiscondat,  quam  quodaflignabancur 

illis  equi  publici  ^  6c  in  praeda^diuifione 

nonnunquam  triplum,  nonnunquadu- 

plum  eius quod  pedites  ferrent.  Itaque 

ex  prseda^quam  L.yEmilius  Paulus  kct^ 

e  2*.j  J*     rat,  Pcrfeo  sidio^  pedi  ti,  inquit  Liuius  % 

infingulos  centenidati,  duplex  centu* 

rioni  J  triplex  equiti,  ex  quo  nonnulli  de 

ftipendio  cquitis  conie<5hiram  faciunt* 

^^•55.     (eaalio  loco  idem  Liuius  ^  expraeda  E* 

piricluitatum,quajadPer(eadefcccrant, 

unium  fuifle,vt  in  cquites  ccccdenarij, 

pediti* 


Liber  tertivs.  180 

pcditibusduceni  diuidercntur.  Itaquc 
nihil  ccrti  hac  de  re  affirmarc  aufim .  il- 
lud  ccrte  coftat,  equitcs  in  maximo  ho- 
noreapud  Romanes  fuiflc* 

DE  SACRAMENTO  MILITARL 

1  LMilitU  fACTAmcnto'non  aJfcriptM  mi- 

I'ttare  non  fourat. 

2  Sacr Amentum  quomo^o  frAilAYtfoUtum» 
^     Varu  formuU  iurAndi. 

4     ^uale  iur Amentum  Apud  LAcedxmomos 

fraslAri  folitum, 
$     ^Ji^  ^ttu  SAmnites  iurArent, 
6    lujiurandumfuhcrum  Athenienfium. 

C  A  P  V  T      V, 

I  ^VJE  M I N I  apud  Romanes  ^  militare 
•*-^  permifTum  fuit,  necquidemhofte 
gladio  petere,  qui  facramcnto  militari 
nonefretaflcriptusrperindeqiieincuni 
militaris  animaduerfio  fuit ,  qui  hoftem 
militi» facramcnto  non  afTcriprus  occi- 
deret ,  quam  qui  due  aut  focium  iniuria 
affeciflet.  itaquccumPompilius,  velvc 
alijleguntjPaulusiEmiliusjVnamlegio- 
nem,&Catonisquoquefilium,  qui  in 
cademlegione  mih'tabat,  dimififlfet,  & 
Catonis  filius  ardore  pugnandi  in  excr- 

cim 


De   IVRl    ET   OFT.  BELL. 

cltu  raanfifletiCatoad  Pompiliumferi- 
pfit,vti,  fi  eura  pateretur.in  excrcitu  ma- 
nere ,  fecundo  eum  obligaret militias fr 
cramento:  quia  prioreamiffOjiurc  cum 
hoftepugnarenonpoflet.  Idemquoq; 
(cribebat adfilium,vt  caucret,  nepraeliu 
inheu negans  ius  efle ,  qui  miles  non  fit, 
aCic.o^c.  pugnarecumhofte'.Sedprius^fiiafpo-  i 
''^*^*        tc decuriati equites  >  centuriati pedites, 
facramenta  mutuo  prseftabant  •  Paulo 
dcinde^milio&TerentioVafroneco- 
fulibus,  primum,  quod  nunquam  ante 
fa(^um  erat,milite$  a  tribunis  militum^a 
voluntario  facramento  ad  legitimu.  iu& 
iurandura  adadi  fucre .  Quod  quidem 
imperator  praeftare  tenebatur  primus, 
fiiomox  ordine  fubfequebantur  legati, 
deinde  tribuni5deinde  centurioncs,  po- 
lleadecuf iones ,  mox  prxk^i  caftrorfi, 
demum  milites :  quod  fingulisannis,ca- 
kadis  lanuariis  denuopraeftabatutr  lu- 
rabantautem  perdeos*folenneiurame-  ^^  ^ 
tumjfe'iufTu  confulum  conuenturos^ne-  ^, 
que  iniuffii  abituros :  fefe  fugae  neq;  for-  ^ 
midiniscrgo  nonabituros,nequeexor-  „ 
dine  recefluros.nifi  teli  furaendi,aut  pe-  „ 
tcndi,aut  hoftis  fcriendi,  aut ciuisferua-  ,, 
b  ikMM  di  caufa  t>.  Poftcrioribus  vero  teporibus,  ,j 

vtre* 


Liber   tertivj*  jgi 

vtrefcrtVegetius\iurabantmilitcspcr  a  ienmiuc, 
peum,&  Chriftunij&Spiritumlanau,  ^^«^.w^j, 
6c  per  maieftatem  imperatoris  (cui ,  in- 
quitjtanq uamcorporalideo  fides  &  dc- 
iiotiopraeflanda  eft)  fc  omnia  ftrenuc  fa- 
^uros,quse  imperator  iuberet,  militiam 
nunquam  deferturos^neque  mortem  re- 
cufaturospro  Rom.  rep.  Nonnunquam 
vero  cum  ingens  fubeuda  dimicatio  qC- 
(etj&in  cxtremu  difcrimen  resveniflet: 
militcs  nifi  vidis  jdebcllatis,  fufisq^ho- 
ftibusvi^oresforentj  fe  in  caftranun* 
quam  redituros,  iurarefoIitosfuifTele- 
gimus.  Quod  M,  Fabio  &  Cn.  Manlio 
confl.  bellocotra  Veientes&  Hetrufcos 
fadumfuit,  namciimconfulescaftrisfe 
teneren  t ,  neque  m  iliti  arma  crederen  t : 
(quod  priore  anno  odio  Caefonis  FabiJ 
confulis,  fulbs  hoftes ab equitatu  pedes 
infequinoluifret5iniufruqueconfuIisfi- 
gnaincaftraretuliflent)  primus  M.  Fla- 
uolenusjardorepugna? :  Vidorjinquit, 
M.Fabircuertar  ex  acie :  fi  fa  Hat,  louem 
patrem,gradiuumque  Martemjaliosque 
iuratos  inuocatdeos :  &  idem  deinceps 
omnis  cxercitusinfe  quifqueiurabat^  ^  LmMhal 
Similiter  ciim  prope  Dyrrachium  Po- 
pcius  conftitiflct  jcaftraque  mctariiuf. 

fiffet, 


De    IVRE  BT    OfV*  BELt* 

fiflct,  pcrterrito  exercitu^  Labienusvt 

cxercitum  c6firmarct>>  princeps  iurabac 
fe  Portipeium  non  dcferturum ,  eudcm- 
^uecauiin  fubiturum,  quemcunque  ei 
fortuna  tribuifler :  hoc  idem  reliquiiu- 
rabant  legati*3  hoc  tribuni  militum,cen» 
turionesque  fcquebantur  ,  atque  idem 
zQafarh  omniscxercitusiurabata.  Et  idem  La- 
H  55v*ii».3  bienusjcum  Pompeius  prselio  decertare 
cum  Caefare  c6ftitui(ret,primus  iurauit, 
fenifividorcmincaftrano  reuerfurum, 
reliquosque  vtidemfacerent,  hortatus 
eft.  noclaudas  Pompeius,  idem  iurauit, 
nee  ex  reliquis  fuit  quifquam,qui  iurare 
bc^f,iehd,  dubiraret  ^ .  Petreius  quoque  legatus 
•^•^•^*    Pompeij/uisde tranfitione  ad  Qlarcm 
per  colloquia  agetibus,ab  omnibus  iuC- 
iurandumexegitjfeexcrcitumjducesq; 
non  deferturos ,  ncque  prodituros,  neq; 
fibi  fcparatim  a  reliquis  cofiHu'm  captu- 
res: &  princeps  inhale  verba  iurabatip- 
fe,  &adidemiu(iurandumadegitAfra- 
nium:fubfequebantur  tribuni  militum, 
centurioncsque :  centuriatim  produdi 
cCafJehJ,  militesidem iurabant '.  Alexandri vero 
omijA.i,  *  militesin  verba ipfiusipfopra^eunte  iu- 
rabant, eofdem  fe  inimicos  amicosque 
jfqiCwtiiw  habituros,  quos  ipfe  habuiffet***  Hoc 


LiBBR    TBRTIVS-  1^2 

4  eiiam  iuramentuapud  Laceda?monios  * 
pr^ftarefoliti  funt  milites,  eoftie  fcilicet 
cumimperatoreamicos  inimicosq;  ha- 
biturosivtquebonorum,  malorumque 
firma  cofenfio  inter  eos  &  federatio  cf- 

5  fet.  AtSamnites^inmagnodifcrimine, 
muquodamfacramenti  vetufto,  velut 
ixiitiatismilitibus,  deledum  habebant; 
^facrificiofolennimoreperfedo,  per 
viatorem  impcrator  acciri  iubebat  no- 
biliffimumqucmquegenerejfaaisque, 
&  circumftantibus  ceiunonibus,ftridis 
gladiis,  admouebatur  altaribus  miles, 
magis  vt  vidima,  quam  vt  facri  parti- 
ceps :  adigebaturque  iureiurando ,  quae 
vifaauditaquein  eolocoeffent,  non  e- 
nunciaturum :  deinde  iurare  ccgcbatur, 
diroquodam  carmine  in  execrationem 
capitis/arailiae&ftirpiscompo(ito,nifi 
iffttin  prxlium  quoimperatoresduxif- 
fent:  &/iautipreexaciefugiflcc,  autff 
quern  fugientem  vidifTet^non  extemplo 
occidiflet.idqucabnuentesiuraturosfe 
obtruncabantur  circa  altaria  ;  iacentes 
deinde  inter  ftragcm  viaimarum,docu- 
mento  ceteris  fuereneabnuerent^.Iuf- ,  ^j^^, 

6  iurandumautem*puberum  Athenien- 
fiu,cxiEfchino  tale  fuiffe  conftat:  Arma 

ian<^ 


19 


Db    IVRE  BT    OTF,  BEtt. 

(anfta  neutiquamcum  dedecore  trafia* 
bOjCoramilitonemj  quicunque  mjhiin 
acie adiundus  fucrit,  in  perkuio  no de- 
feram.  pro  aris&focis,  tarn  folusquara 
cum  multisftrenue  pugnabo.  patriam, 
qualem  &quatam  inuencro,nequemi- 
norem^nequedeteriorcm,  fed  &  maiorc 
3c  mcliorem  relinquam.  Memoriae  quo- 
que proditum  eft,  Athenicfes^cum  pro- 
pter quotidianas  contentiones5&  viola- 
tum  ius  gentium,  infenfi  MegarcnCbus, 
&  animo  hoftili  eflent :  quoties  milites 
folito  militari  facrameto  adigebant,hoc 
etiam  iufiurandum  illos  fubire  coegifle, 
fe intra  militia?  tempus5quotannis quo- 
quo  modo  pofTentjMegarcnfium  agros, 
fincsque  infefto  cxercitu  inuafuros,  & 
peruaftatisagris ,  nihil  intadum  relidtu- 
ros, atque  in  cos  omni  clade  belli  grafla- 
turos.  Ccterum  illud  notandu  eft,qu6d 
fiabvniuerfoexercitu  Romano  iuiiura- 
dumconfuli  pr^efladum  cffet,  fatis  fuific 
ficenturio,  veltribunus,  exercitus  no- 
mine J  concepns  verbis  fubiimi  voce  iu- 
raret:  omnisque  multitudo5&  (inguli 
milites  communi  conrpiratione^&  con- 
fenfuin  eadem  verba filentio in fequifq; 
iuraret :  hocque  iufiurandum,  ac  (icon* 

cepta 


Liber  tertivs.  183 

ccpta  verba  finguliexprefliffentjperinde 
tenebat)  atquefandum  &illibatum  ha- 
bebatur»  Nonomittendumquoque  fo- 
lere  tribunos  conuenientes,  vbi  caflra 
metati  cffent,  ab  omnibus,  qui  in  caftris 
effent,  liberispariter&feruis,  fingula- 
tim  iuliuradum  exigere,  fe  nihil  e  caftris 
furto  ablaturos ;  imo  fi  quis ctiam  inue- 
niffetquippiam,  id  allaturumadtribu-  ^p^^^  ^^ 

nOS  \  Kom,caJlr, 

DE   MISSION  E. 

/  MiliiU  ftmda(j'crtptus  deleri^equihai* 

2  CH  ties  afignls  aht^c  non  foUU^ 

^  Trta  m't^ionum  genera , 

4  Homfla  mifio. 

$  Caufaria  mtf^io^ 

6  Ignominiofamifio, 

y  Jgnom'miadiffert  abinfamU, 

8  ^ui  ignominia  mini  pofwt, 

p  ^uartum  mi^ionis  gentii, 

1 0  Solm  imperator  mifionem  darcfotefi» 

C  A  P  VT      Vl. 

I  \4'IIitias  femel  aflcriptus*,  nifi  pro- 
A^-'-pterdemerita  exaudorarus  forcr, 
ipfonolentedclcri  nequibat.  fuitcnim 
latalexfacratamilitaris.M.ValerioCor- 
uino  diftatore ,  ne  cuiufquam  militis 

a         fcripci 


De     IVHB     ET     OFF.    BELL, 

fcripti  nomen,  nifi  ipfo  volentc,  delere- 
a  u^.hh.y.  tur  ^  Sed  nee  miles  *,  donee  facra mento  ^ 

folutus  efTer,  a  fignis  abcffe,  vel  miliiiam 
bi.pdin.f  dercrcrepoierat^Fuereautemtria*mi(-3 
^'^'"^Tom-  fio^u^"'^  gcnera^qulbus  miles exaudora- 
nel'fdere  baturj&  facrameto  foluebatur: honefta, 
'"'I'^' ,        caufaria.^  ignominiofa  ^  honefta*  quae  4 

clmdttts^'  .    .'      .t)  pro.-  J- 

jrw/7»  §»n./-  ementisllipendiis,&  tundtis  commodis 
)ionum.fdi  niifTionum,  vacationis  muneredonaba- 

re  mutt.  /-2.  _  i     j-         o 

/  dthuqot  tur.  quo  tempore  Icutajgladios^&arma 
»o/.K*/u.  dicarefolentLaribus,  ficutgladiatores 
Herculi:qu6ddiisiuuantibusperfundi 
militia,  rudem  accepiflenr^quod  miflTio- 
nis  tempus  militi  quinquagenario  fuit 
definitum.  Auguftus  tamen  his,qui  ma- 
iores  quinque  &  quadraginta  annis  e- 
quum  retinere  nollenr,  reddendi  equi 
gratiamfecir,illosquevelutemeritisfti- 
pcndiisdimifit.  Alijnifidecennioftipe- 
dia  meruifTer,  miffionem  petere  nemine 
putarunt  poiTe.  More  tamen  Romano 
militarcfacramentum  in  vndecimfidif^ 
fundebaturannum,quoexado,  militia 
perfuniflismifTiodabatur.Deindevtde- 
cimus  fextus  annus  (lipendij  finem  face- 
ret,  Tyberio  imperantecautumfuit,qui 
ctiam  militiae  tempus  ad  vigefimum  an- 
num produxit:  cauitquevtnifipoftvi- 

geflmum 


Liber  tertivs.  ig/j 

gefimum  annum  miffio  railitj  dareiur, 
quod  iuri  noftro  co^uenit^&  ita mifTus  a  ireietmt, 
habet  a  ciuilibusmuneribusvacatione,  J^"^f^r*3* 
&plurimispnuilegiisgaiidet^.Caufaria  e^^H/'il,  t 
5  ver6*milIiodicitur,cumfeneda,autva-  '^it.cMhk 
letudine aduerfa ,  vitioue  corporis ,  mi-  ^IJ"/^".'^^; 
nus  idoneus  militia?  quis  renunciatur.  M. '»*  «o. 
Qua?  non  facile  concedi  folet,  nifi  renu- 1^»^.^^"" 
ciantibus  medicis  ,  &  iudice  diligenter /»<«  c.d.<rt. 
examinantevitium  :  &  (emelconcefla,  ,^^/^,5"*'**' 
no  folet  miffiis  iterum  admitti  praerextu 
recuperataevalecudinis*^.  fed  &:  ex  qua-  cifmd.c. 
cunquccaufa  mifluSjdenuoinmilitianij  ^^'"^'i*iz 
fine  mandaco  principis^admitti  non  po- 
teftd.&quidemexhiscaufis  mifTus,  ha-  ^^'^^jf^ 
bcbitquoquevacationema  muncribuSj 
quamuis  non  perpetuam«.  nee  enim  iis  1/«!^^«^ 
priuilegiisfruitufjquibusijjqui  imple-  doq;,cumf!q, 
lis  ftipendiismiffi  funt  :  aliis  tamen  ve-  £i/'  **'"*-^ 
teranorum  priuilegiisgaudebit,  &  prx- 
mia  veteranisconcefia  percipiet  f.  Cau-  {i.mUus^. 
faria  enim  miflfio,  nullam  exiftimationis  ^^■§*ii'*i 
maculam  afpergitg:  &  honeftaquoquef /.l^upl': 
miffio  dicirurMta  vero  miffos  vocat  Li-  ^  ''«'•«  w^»'. 
uius  >  caufarios,  cum  ait:  Tertius  cxcrci-  n  ml  ifu 
tusexcaufariisfenioribusq;  a  T.  Quin-  tfim,ks.  $. 
tiofcribatur,quivrbi  moenibusque  prg -  t\lTJf.M, 
6  fidiofit^  lgnominio(aver6*mi/lio,quaf » ^.7. 

a  2         &pro- 


De   tvre   et   off.  bell. 

&  probroradicitur,eftcum  miles  obde* 

lidum ,  vel  crimen  (acramento foluirur. 

di.i.f.d4  ^  jj2  mifTusexedido  prsetoris  fit  infa- 

^/.  misa:&dignitatcconlequinonpoteft^: 

b  /.5.  c.  de  ^^^  j j^  yj.^g  cofiftere  poteft,  nee  alibi  vbi 

/.I.  c.dt/;«  princepself-.EtquidemiineignominJse 
cjittmnimpi  mentionc  mifTus,  nihilonninusignomi- 
c  /.v«/im<  nia  milius  intelligitur,  vt  Marcianus  vo- 
'?'*^'^i?l  luit^.VIpianus  tamecaufamignominise 
rTf!^u  Lz.  addendammiflionicenfet%  Adtempus 
§t^momimf.  vero  miflTis,  temporeinpletononpor- 
«ox.  ,;,//.^2?ngifurinfamia^.  Sciendum  autemcft*  7 
c.<io«f»»/i^  igiiominiam  ab  infamia  differre,  vt  ex 
TmdJ.mt.  Cicerone  fatiscoftatg-.quidicitanimad- 
btes a^a-  ^.  uerfionem  cenforis  non  eam  vim,  quam 
ifr^iitf'  ^^^  iudicatse  habere. cenforis  enim  iudi- 
^pUj,2,^'  cium  nihil  feredamnatoadferre^quam 
'i'!dTZ%iii  ruborcm ,  &  ignominia  notare :  qu»  in 
n»t.mf,  nomine  tantummodo  verfatur  :  &  fie 
L^w^ef  "of^fisadhonoremaditum,  &  in  curia 
ii,  dahfitnt.  reditumefTeialiasvcro  turpi iudicioda- 
^*^;*°' ,,  naros.inperpetuumomnihonoreacdi- 
apitdiion.e'  gnuatc  priuan,  &  infamia  notari .  mra- 
»*»  '^'^«  mia  enim  non  nifi  per  fentetiam  infcrri 
Cpi/Tr^w.  potcft^.  Sic  ignominia  miffiolim  non 
ff.de p,^.  erant infames, donee prxtoriscdidlo eC- 
Ui.fjehii  fcdieffent  infames*.  I taque ignominia 
y»'»wt.^/.  illadicipoteft,  quam  interpretesnoftri 

vocant 


Liber  tertivs.  jg^ 

vocantinfamiamfa(5ti:infamiaver6,qua 
infamiam  iurisappellant.Non  ignoran- 
8  dumqiioquceft^nonfolumgregarium 
militem,  kd  etiam  centurionem ,  tribu- 
num,  imo  etiam  qui  exercitui  praeeft,  li- 
cet confulanbus  vtatur  infigniis ,  igno- 
minia?  caufaab  imperatore  mitti  pofle, 
&ifa  miflum  nota  infamiae  laborare  ^•.g;  jj„p,, 
Itaqiie  CX^efar  C.Anienum  tribunum  ff'dehitqui, 
decimse  legionis  in  praefentia  exercitus  '"'•'"•^* 
3,  cum ignominiadimi(ir,his  verbis:  C^A- 
j,  niene,  quod  in  Italia  milites  populi  Ro, 
3,  contra  rempubl  inftigaili,  rapinasqjper 
3,  municipia  recin:i5quodque  mihi,  reique 
3,  publico  fuiftiinutihs,  tuaque  opera  mi-  b  am.  hiV, 
35  litibus  tempore  neceflario  refp.  carcat,  ^'^^'^  ^'^^' 
33  obeasreSjCaufaignominisejabexercitu  c  tMz.^. 
„  meo  teremoueo.hodiequeex  Africaa-*^»»-^/' 
33  bene,  &  quanto  longius  pores, proiicilci  not.tnf. 
,,  iubeo^.  Vltrahaecrria  mifTionu  genera. '^  i^.^ffto- 
p  qua?  enarrauimus,Vlp,adiecit*quartiV*  qmolmiino. 
Si  quis  eiiim  euitandorum  mnnerfi  gra-  <^  »»00»/»»«. 
tia  militiam  fubiirjCxaudorari  iubetur^  ;f /^^'^^^'^'. 
qu^miiTio  exiQimationem  nonlsedit*^^ '«'»'«  «*J-^. 
10  Ceterumrolusimperaror^vclduxcxer-  "^^^ao'r^tZ' 
citus  milTionemdare  poteft  ^  Vnde  Q.  jfJeremi'it. 
FuluiuscenforFuluium  fratremcohor-  ['^  -^«t 
temlegionis,  in  qua  tnbunus  raaitum  mf. 

a  3  erat, 


De    IVRE    ET     off.  BELt. 

.r  ,w     eratjiniufTucofiilisdomuramittereau- 
hb,z.iaf.7,  lUiDjienatumouit^ 

DE  PRIVILEGIIS  MILITVM. 

J     LMiles  ex  caufa  aris  alieni  in  career  em 

dud  non  fotefi, 
2     ^n  nohilcs  idem  priuilegium  habeant, 
$     Triuilegium  ne  quis  c&uematur^  niji  qua* 

tenus  facer  efotefi^  quale  (it, 

4  Mtlitis  abJcmU  bona  creditoribies  addict 

rjonfojjunt, 

5  Miles  excufatur  a  iutela  dr  a  dicendo  U* 

fi into  mo. 

6  Res  militis  non  caditin  commijfum  ob  no 

folutum  veCiigal. 
/     Res  emptapecunia  milit^^  efi  militii, 
S     Miles  trans fert  onusfrobandi  indehitum 

in  aduerfanum, 
p     CMilninonmcetiurisignorantia, 
J  0   Juris  ignorantia  in  deliSiis  non  excufat, 
1 1    Miles  non  fuhijcitur  qudftioni  nee  pie* 

heiorum  poenls, 
J  2   Militia  non  liber  at  fliu  a  patriapotefiate^ 
J  J  Filiusfamilias  miles,  quoad  caHrenfepey 

eulium^pro  patrefam,  habetur, 
J  jf  ^id  cenfeatur  calirenfis  effepeeulif. 
fS   D  ete (lament is  militum. 
1 6  Ex  mtUtaridds^if  cApudamnatia  tefla- 

mMum 


LiBER   TERTIVJ»  jg^ 

mentum  confer e  foteH^ 
J/  ^onA m'llitu , qui  fttcce^orem non  hahet 

defer  untur  legtoni, 
jS  Miles  qui  inconfulto  adiithereditatem^ 

non  tenet  ur  vltra  vires  her  edit  Arias, 
J  p   Mulieri  concuhind  donare  non  potefl, 
2  9  IdortuHs  in  hello  in  sternum  viuere  in* 

telligitur, 
2 1  Miles  in  hello  mortutu  frodeli  patri  ad 

ius  trtum  liber  or  urn. 
2Z   Priuilegia  mtlitum  ad  aliorum  iniuriam 

non  forriguntuY . 
2i   Vrxmiamortuis  debit  a  ^  dantur  fliis, 
24  Militaria  piudegiaiis  tantum^  qui  flrQ^ 

nu  i  militant  pr^slantur, 
2  s   Non  fhlhm  mtlitihn6  ifedetiam  all  is  a  ui 

caflr a  fequuntur ^quAdam priuilegia  mi- 

Ittaria  conceduntur, 
26  Midteres quAtaflrafequuntur ^  qua  fri- 

udegia  haheant, 
2 J   An milttes noflr'ttemforis gayJeant pri" 

Hilegiis  militnm, 

C  A  p  V  r    V  I  r. 

CVm,vt  rede  Cicero  ait  phonos  alat  a  t./M. 
artes ,  &  omnesincendamurad  flu-  ^^'^^^  '• 
dia  gloria»,  iaceantq;eafemper5qu^apud 
quofqueimprobantur:  prudenter  pro- 

a  4         ftdlo 


.      ^  De   ivrb   et    off.  bell, 

tmZuiliff,  ^^^o  Romani(qui  belli  gloria  praecipue 
dere,(td  adtantumfaftigium  perucnere)  magno 
hb.z/  '  inhonorcdifciplinammilitarehabuere: 
c  m  ^.fitKt  vnde  etiam  militibus  plurima  &  amplif- 
Stfl^wwil!*  fif^a  priuilegia  concclTcre ,  quoru  fum- 
ditnconde.  1113  tatuQi  Capita  brcuitatiscaufa  hic  pcf- 
ng°Z,i.m  ft^ngcmus.Ec in primis miles *cxcaufi  i 
terns,  ffie  aerisalieiiiin  carceremducinon  poteft: 
evf'l'i.mi-  ^"on  nifiquarenusfacere  poteftjCoue- 
Its.  &  Bald,  niri^»quod  &rapudEgyptios  legecautu 
c!^t*bf/  ^"^^  .nonconucniturjinquam^nifiqua- 
cti^ofAitx.  tenuspoteft,  id  eft:  quatenus  facultates 
7otsZTff  ^^"^ patiunrurjVtaitluftinianus'^ihabita 
de  v»i^.  is-  iciXyQ^x,  ratione  ne  egeat  ^ .  vnde  bonis 
^^M'  &  ^^^^^^"^^^"^^"^»  vt  eft  communis do- 
DD.  /I  i,\.  <5torum  opinio c.  Quodtamenitaplcri- 
mUs^f^ctt  queprocederearbitrantunfidebitumfit 
c.detefi,mii.  cotraCtum  m  caitris  &  ex  caula  mihtiaj  f. 
g/.v/r.c^d  quodindubiopraefuraiturg.  Etquidem 
h  i.aitacau>  ^^aic  pHuiIcgio  rcnunciari  non  poteft:", 
j<t^^.eie?an'  ciim  perfonsecoha^rcat ,  noncotraduii. 
in.  ff,  /oi. '  Wcm  putant  efte  plcrique  in  priuiJegio 
•?»«^  eorum,  qui*nobilitatisdignitatedcco- 2 

h^Z^'nJ'  fantur^^.  Quodlicetiurccommuni  du- 
f.dertxwr.  bium fit, fcgia tamen Hifpaniarum lege 
.«/"c'q'k*  conftitutum  eft  in  his,  quos  Hidalgos 
hu.cej.poff,  vocanti.  Scdneciurecommuni,nec  Hi- 
tJno!f!^d^  rpanojhi  nobileshabentpriuilegiumne 
-vitig.&pup.  conue- 


Liber  tertivs.  187 

conueniantur  vltra  ,  quam  facere  pot 
funtjCum  id  nullibi  expreflum  fitjfed  ta- 
tum  ne  ex  caufa  seris  alicni  in  carcerem 
ducantura.  Arma  tamen,  &  equij  &  do-  a  Cmm.  tr 
musvbihinobiles  habitant,  oppigno-  tu&t^'^u 
rari,veiincaufamiudicatiaccipin6pof-  cen/ww. 
funtbrnifi  forte rcgi quid debearurc.Iure  ^  ^.^xi^ 
quoq;Communi,  arma militu  in caufam  5•t'^2./l6,4. 
iudicatiaccipinopofTunt^ridqimerito;  '/1^/24. 
arma  enim  vcteres  mcbra  militum  efife  cHaddft.ta^ 
dicebant.  Sedncc in  ftipendia  militum  "Xtc'cr 
fieri  debet  executio ,  (i  aliude  poteft  ere-  a/c.w/.«?/»m 
3  ditori^atisfierl^  Sciendum  veroiftud;;  IZt^^. 
priuilcgium  ,  ne  quis  conueniatur  ni(i  BWd.<»a<««'. 
quarenus facere  poteft ,  nonefTeobliga-  'f^fcyn!^ 
tioniSjneca^tioniSjneciudicati.naador  saUc.  ;«/.u 
poteft folidum  pcrere,  fed  iudexcodem-  ^f^'^''^-JJ^ 
nabittantiim  in  id,  quod  facere  poteft  ^  CMix<cjti 
Etquamuis  index  pererrorem  condem-  ff'^^^^^^^ 
naueritin  folidum,  non poteft adoriu- //a/. m^f./l 
dicatuexequi,  nifiquatenus reus  facere  ^Zi^t 
poteft^.  eoquefenfudicitur  Ipectari  tc- ^;,ro/-wi9. 
pus  rei  iudicat2e^\  Vndequamuis  tern-  gf Ne/?»;;««# 
pore fententi;sfuerit  reus ioluedo,  pro-  h  /.«m«j». 
deritnihilominus  exceptio».  Porrofa-  ^t^-ff-foU 
iiore  militig  non  folum  milites,(ed  non-  ^  l!ier,im.^, 
nunquametiammilitare  volentes,  car-  «>««-/.^ 
cerefolutifuerunt.namP*Seruiliusc6*'^°'**'- 

a  5         ful,Vol- 


De  tVre  et  off.  bell. 
ful,  Volfcis  bellum  inferentibus,  edixit, 
ncquisciuemRomanumvindum,  auc 
clauiumtencret,  quo  minus  i  inominis 
aLiV^i.2.  cdcndiapudconfulespoceftasfieret*.  & 
ddndeM.Iuniusdid:ator,poACanncn- 
icmclademcdixit,vtquicapitalemfrau- 
dcmaufi,  quiq,pecuniaiudicati,  in  vin- 
culisefTcnt,  quieorum  apudie  milites 
fierent,  eosnoxa  pccuniaquefeexolui 
hLii*M.z3  iufTurum^.   Superioriprimaslegiaffine 

eft  &:  iftud "",  quod  fcilicet,  fi  non  deten-  4 
c'd^TZ'  ^^^"^  vnilQs  abfens reipublica? caufa,por-. 
fa]  '""*  fideri  quidem  eius  bona  ex  caufa  iudica- 
d  i.-oit.  CM  jj  poffintjOon  tamen  omnino  crediton- 
r/'/jr-i^wbusaddici^&fiquiderncreditoresrniH- 
Utanbta.  c.  tisbona  diftraxerinr,  iure  pignoris/ecu- 
fuifmtl]  dum  normam  ^  reftiructur miles, perfo- 
cdereflmi-  jytQ dcbitOjVel  refufo prctio  veditionis, 
^IpZmex.  ^  ^^^^^  minoris  veniit  pignus  quam  fit 
r,fiu.&  c.  debitum^  miles  enim  dum  rcipublicae 
^*rr>V</:  opcram  fuam  praeftar,quomodocunquc 
|Lw.  i^.i.  Ixfus^in  integrum  reftituiturf.Itaque P. 
^'^"^?'  SeruiliusconfuLbcllo  Voircoedixit,ne 
decxcuf.M.  quismilitis,  donee  mcaltriseller,  bona 
'  ^'^Jj  ^"  poffiderer^aut  venderetS.Preterea  miles 
n.Tet  honor,  excufatuf  3  tutela*  ^  &  ab  ahis  muneri-  5 
\.^''^:H^''  bus publicis». miles  quoquenoncogitur 

I.  in  1*1  tt.ft.de  r  •  1-  r 

fen.t.       inuuusteftiraomuradiceref^me  propter 

priua« 


Liber  tertivs.  188 

priuatam  vtilitatcm  cogawir  abefTe  a  (i- 
gnis,vbi  tueturrempublicavniuerfama.  ^jff  • 

6  Item  quamuis  miles  non  fit  liber*  a  ve-    * 
digahbus»»:  non  taraen  cadent  res  fuae  in  ^^;  -  f  ^; 
commifTum^exeoquodno  prohteaturj  v^[i^^ahh, 
nequefoluat  veaigalc,  Et  quamuis  res  \]:^\^^{^^' 
emptapccuniameanonfitmea  iresta-  di.(iexea^ 

7  menempta^pecuniamilitiSjpoteftami-  c-'^^'"^^»- 
litevedicari«.  Et  licet  ei  qui  fcindebitas  tifivt^ro. 
pecunias  foluiffe  cotendit ,  probatio  in-  j;";;„Lt 

8  cumbat^miles  lamen  ""eo  onere  Icuacur, 
quod  in  aduerfariu  transfert,qui  fe  bene 
acccpifTeprobaredebetf.  quoditaverij  [\Z%% 
eft  fi  totam  fummam  indebitam  cUe  co  aut^m  k.  jf. 
tendat  miles  ,  non  etiam  fi  partem  tan-  ^^'^^-'^^^^ 
tumS.  Eft quoque inter priuilegia  mill-  gJ.^^./**. 

^  taria,quodmiliti*non  nocetiurisigno-  '""• 
rantia,  magis  enimarmafcire  tenetur, 
quam  leges  h.  vndepermittiturmilitijfi  h  i^r^i^ia, 
exceptio^Jiem  peremptoriam  per  iurisl"^^^^-;^ 
ignoratiam non  obiecir,vt  earn  poft  fen   /  vitfc^de. 
tentiampoflltopponere».  idemconfti-  ;j'^^^f^* 
tutionibus  regni  Hifpanixcautumeft*^.  tgnorant,a. 
non  tamen  excufat  iuris  ignorantia  in  l^^^^-J^^]^; 

10  delidis'^^:aquibusnaturaduceabftine-  j  ujjere 
dum  eft.in  eo  tame fauetur  militi, quod  »«»/«•  ^•'"''«' 

II  nonrubiidaturquaeftioni%necplebeio-  g^^i,^  ,^ 
I'umpoenis,  ctiamfi  emeritis  ftipendiis  dead<^tcf. 

miiTus 


^lmil^f.C,  De    ivre    ET    off.  BELL» 

rJS*.  c!  inlffusfit^.  itaquenecadbeftias,  necia 
aii.iHi.ma-  furcam  datTinari  poteft''.  Idem  in  nobi- 
taceTel'nd!  ^^^"^ locuiii habcfc voluit coftitutlo  re- 
h  i.  5.  (§.  u  gni  Hirpania?*^.quod  &  in  filiis  militum, 
9«»^/,ri«rf  Srveteranorum  locum  habet^.Imovfqj 
CRPJ./.24.  adnepotesexteditur,eorum  (cilicetqui 
tH.2.i.p<irt.2  ^^  fummum  o;radum  militia?  peruene- 
depr^M.i.vei.  FuntN  Noneritautem  locus  nuicpnui- 
V'^J'c  de  ^^§^^  >  ^  agatur  ex  caufa  criininis  \x(x 
qmjhon.  maicftatisf  ,proditionisg,  maleficij  ^/al- 
rJ7.»j«^^^  fi'jvel  priuati careerist  Porroquamuis 
^'.ff.d^re  militia nonliberctfilium^a  patriapore-  12 
jwj"-  ftate':  tamenquodadcaftrenfe  peculiu 
f^a.c'jeml-  attinct^liabetur pfO patrefamilias "*;in  13 
uf&M^tb.  quonihiliurispaterhabet".vfqueadeo, 
lino^c.t'  vt inter patrem &  filiummilitem,quem 
hif.  in  potcftate  habet(interquosalias  nulla 

tiJtc^rff  lisefTepoteft)  excaufa  caftrenfis  peculij 
1  §.fhxif4  fitadio*'.  Quarationeetiam  filiusfami- 
oiZidl^iL  ^^^s  miles,  exquacuquecaufapecuniam 
fAtr.  potfft.  creditam  acceperit,  non  iuuatur  S.  C, 
fik.itrat_c.  Macedonianop.  hincquoque,quamuis 

decallrejb€-   .  r,     ^i-  -■  •  /i 

tuiMiz.  inter  patrem  &  hlium ,  que  m  poteitate 
^^ff'l'ium  habet,donationonconfiftat:q donatio 
^^JLP-  tamena  patre  filiofamilias  eaufa  militias 
"^*  '•  '*   facaa  vaiet ,  &  datum  efficitur  caftrenfis 

mta.  C.  dt  '  ^«^.,1:: 

caff./.c.  peculi). 

O  I ./«  nHlla.JfJe  iui.          p  l.vft.^  f«««K&,C.*<  S.C.Mrf«««U 

q  /.  i.l^dgnationei.  §.pater,ffAcdomf» 


Liber  tertivs.  i8p 

peculij  *.&  exeadem  caufa  donatio  inter  a  UftimciUr. 
virum  &  vxorem,  quae  alioquin  non va-  '^'fet 

14  let b,confiftit  \  Caftrenfis vero  peculij* /e./.i^w/ 
ccnfetur ,  quidquid  filiusfamilias  occa-  fj^;j;^  ^.^^ 
fionemilitJaeacquifiuit«*. ^c6, &  heredi-  donat.mtir 
tasvxoris,exrercripro  D.Hadrianimi-  ;';/j;;;^-^^ 
liriaeaffedioncmarito  filiofamiliasrcli-  ftfum.ff'de 
aa,caftren/is  peculij  crit  ^  quod  tamen  'f^-^''^' 
fecuscflindoremaiitQdata,vel  promii-  f.  dec^n, 
fi,  quaecohxrensmatrimonijoneribus,  f"''*^: 
liberiscommunibuSjqui  inauiluntpo-  dottm.fde 
reflate,  confer tur  f.  Fratris  quoque  pa-  J'*^/'^^*'^; 
truelis ,  vel  alterius  commilitonis  here-     " '  "'""* 
ditascommilitonideIata,iure caftrenfis  ^J'^^Y^I 
peculij  habetur 8.  Quod itaverum eft, (i5T«,/./e«/* 
in  eadem  prouincia militauerint,  vel af-  ^>^'^^-^"^J^' 
fedione  militiae  relmquatur :  alias  le-/.^«;?r«/: 

15  cus^^.Porroquodadteftameta^militum  f^^^j'- ^ 
attinet,  tamlarga  illisteftandi  facultas  in/.fdtc/^ 
permittitur,  vt  omnes  omnino  folenni-  PHi*^^' 
tates^in  teftamentis  requifitas,iliis  remif- 
fefint.  Nam  D.  Traianuspermifitmili-  liniiffM 
tibuSjVtquoquo  modo  vellentjfacerenc  %njemiiit] 
teftamentaJufficcreq;nudavoIuntatem  ten, 
voIuit«.vndc  Papinianusrefpodir^mili-  J'^'j^Xe^" 
tisvoluntatcefteteftamentu^.Quod  ita  muu. 
demum  verum  eft ,  (i  dum  in  expeditio-  ^^^  ^^^j^ 
neagunt,  tcftcntur^;  &duobusadhoc  <fwN>, 

vocatis 


SaThtdtmi.  mJ^    IVRE    ET     OFF,  BELL, 

ttt,tefla  idi.  vocatisteftibus voluntas  militis  probe- 

f'^tUtejh.'rmi,  ^"^5  quod  iH  fauorcm  corum  indudum 
/.wi/jfflr.  eft  %  in  ipfo  tamen  prselio  teftamentum 
JT^  t^ftm*'  militis fadumvalerjetiamnullovocato, 
c  $.»//« 4»  &fufficitfiinclypeo3velinpuluere  he- 
*^ikZ?}a,  redem  rcribat*>. fed  cirra  expeditionis  ne- 
d  Keg. /.4.  ceffitatemjtenetur  miles  iure  communi 
Tlplftlr-  t^ftari^  quod  &  rcgia  Hifpaniarum  lege 
fioneminftu  dccifum e(l<*.  Inexpcditioneverotefta- 
i^ralHUrl  mentumiuremilitari fadumpvalcbitvf- 
ffeodtmM.  quead  annum  poftmiflionemc.  in  quo 

m'/fuiuri.  ^^^  ^^^^  *^^^  teftadi,  prout  vult,  permiffa 
nuutU-etz  eft  facultas,vt  pro  parte  teftatuSjpro  par- 
ctodtttub,  teinteftatuspoffit  decederef  &'adcertu 

vim  fruK-  r  •     n  • 

demi.mttet.  tempus poiiit hcredem mftituere^a po- 
imtUska.f.  ^g^  hereditatem  adimere ,  &  alii  diredo 
hi,  ftdu^-  darej&nnemmemvocaueritjlegitimi 
*»./.« mi&  heredes  hereditatem  capientg.  neque 

tan.  ^  Jim,  .       .  f    .  -.  ' 

fdemti.tfji.  luri  accreicendi  locus entmteltamento 
/'/""cd^  militis h.  Poteftquoque miles filiumfi- 
mTtenaJ.  lentio  praeterire  in  teftamento  ,  cuius 
OH,  imemUu  pr^tetitio  pro  tacita  exheredarione  erir, 
Lt^dwI*  modoprudensidfecerit:  vnde&agna- 
kiz.^  hi  tionefilij  teftamentum  militis  no  rum- 
^tcX.l!pitur,fidemeteeiusconfteti.Etquain- 
heredtutm.  yisitt  codicilHs diredo  relinquihefedi- 
^^c^ttu  tas  non  poffit*^:  militi  tamen  id  permiP 
autttnfiu  de  fum  eft K  Milcs  qaoque  inccrtus  de  ftatu 

ccdtcU.  f^Q 


Liber   tertivs.  igQUciUU.m 

fuo  rede  teftari  poten:a.&  teaamcntum  C::T5; 
a  pagano  iure  militari  fadum  valet ,  fi  rn,i,ta.Hfta. 
milcsdeccdat^.  Licet quoquenudavo-  a  t.txnuitui. 
luntate^vel coepto  tantu  &  non  perfedo  d.VjIJjX 
tcftamento non  rumpatur  tcftamentum  ^a, 
pagani*^:  militistamcnteftametumnu-  dem§i(j>"! 
da  voluntate facile  rumpitur^:  licet  etia  ^^»tum,  d. 
duob^  teftameris  validis  miles  decedcre  t  i'^' 
po/Tit^PrctercavItradodrante  miles  lc-/?»M«»t.m<». 
garcpoteft,&eiuslegatanonminuutur  i)^j"f^^*^* 
perFalcidiam^.Mutusquoque&furdus  r^tmtteji. 
miles  teftamentum  rede  Tacit  g.  &  filiuf- '  ^7  /^^ 

qiitd  holt  D« 

familias  miles de  cadrenfibusiure  tefta-  de teiiament. 
bitur*».  quodetiamad  inermem militia  V-  '"/'r"' 
extcnditur'.  «teltamentamilitumnon  li-i'/ecfO, 
fubiacent querela  inofficiofi^^.nequefo-  f^^Jf^' 
liimfibi  teftamentum facerefiliusfami-  demutfi.ntp\ 
lias  miles  poterifjfedctiam  filiopupilla-  fl^l^f^"' 
res  tabulasdccaftrenfibus  I.  hoc  tamen  ^^««'d.'S 
priuilegiumteftandifiliofamilias  miliri  J?''-!^^-  ^ 
concefTum  ,  ad  impuberes  extendi  non  §v!t.cuZ7, 
debet,qui  forte  Fauore  in  militia  recepti-/^'?^'^*'^/^- 
funt^quod fieri  qiiandoquefolet"*.  huic  Jammt'"nZ 
enim  impuberi  teftari  non  liccbit.neque  ^'"'-  <^jode, 
communi,  nequemmtariiure,  propter  F«w,4r/i. 

lubricum  g  i-'^rcm,!*. 

tart.D.di  if 
ftam.mii^.tjuinimoinfiit.demiht.tr/t.  h  l.exmttttarK^.de 

\tUam.mtltt.  i  l.vlt.T)  demojf.tcna,  k  I  l*(lanie'Ht*»a. 
l^t.Q.devuijf  tefi.  \  l.ittm jiliHifamttias miki.i.mfra^<icm » 
^.mtlti,Dt4itt^.oitUf,        m  Ljt.d  &  milttts,D.de  exfH/jvt, 


fc/}a.mitt.    lubricum  illius  a?tatisconfilium»quade 

^'•''^;'''^4cau/aluftinianus  ius  antiquum,  quo  id 

pu.  IiccbatjCorrexita,  Praeterea  licet  paga- 

<^'  «""^*-  nus  cxtraneo .  vel  filio  pubcri  heredi  in- 

fu^u.fnZ  ftituto  ita  fubftitucre  dircdo  nopoffit, 

jumeuto.  c,  fi  heresexftiterit,  &  intra aliquod  tepus 

i.r§.mLi  dcceflerit,  alius ei fit  heres  :  fed  tantum 

u  herede.  ^.  pcrfideicommiflum  teftator  heredeob- 

D.ti'"*   ligare po(Iit>  hereditatem  vel  toram  vel 

diex  miU^  partem  reftituere^:  id  tamen  militi  con- 

'iX'miat  ceflum  eft*=*Porr6  ex  militari  delido  ca- 

fi  <j^H  fiu,.  pite*damnatis  teftamentum  conderc  li-  i6 

tJt^fo.  cctjdc  bonis  (cilicctcaftrenfibus,&  itafi 

demiu/i.r^p.  (acfamenti  fides  ruptanon  fit^:&  per- 

ttf^d'^'  '"i^f^ntein  fententiaeoquid^mnauite, 

tnties^  D.ifc  quodfecuseftinpagano^.  Etquidcm  ex 

je^.3.  /  cim  militaridelidodamnati,  fi  inteftatidc- 

DMdon.m-  cedant,  fuccedent  proximi  ab  inteltato 

f/ «'J'l?  exclulb  fifcoS*  bonavero  militis*,  qui  17 

^iT'o-ri  fiiccedorem non  habet^  dcferunturle- 

D.dctejia.    gjoni  ttOtt  admifTo  fifco  h.Milesdeniquc 

i).dl'yet.mi^  qui inconfultoadiit hereditatem*,  non  18 

ik.fic.       teneturvltra  vires  hereditarias*.  Cetcru 

fc,^|«r4»  fauor  militum  non  Temper  in  extendeda 

v.detntun.  teftandi  facultate  ,  fedaliquandoetiam 

cfrLtdi  inrcftringendaconfiOit.  Itaquequam- 

*«»  uisconcubinae  velmcretriciteftamento 

c'J^mL  quid  rdinquerc  vcl  donarepcrmifTutn 

hb,  (it: 


Liber  tertivs»  ipi 

fit3:milestamen  mulieri,in  quam  tlirpis  a  i-  #^<w 
IQ  caditfufpicio^nihildonarcveltcftamc-  "^'•^""•''f'' 
to  rclmquerepotelt^.  Militis  quoqjdi-  »nt, 
fpofitio.quse  vel  turpis ,  vcl bonis  mori-  ^  'T'^*'  ^r 
bus  contrana  cit ,  nihilo  magis  quam  a-  tmUuiSiatni 
licuius  pagani  valcbit « ,  Superioribus  J/g^f"],';'^* 
addefingulare  &  prxclaru  milirare  pri-  indtgJu.'c. 

20  uilcgiujquodfcilicetmortuusinbello*  ''^'^o'^*-?'»' 
prorepub.perrerum  geftarum  gloriam  TifioVuti 
inseternum  viuereintelligitur.modoin  §«'^^«/"'«^ 

&n-  n  '  torn,  D. d» 

inconflictu  moriatur;rionetiam  w»/iuf/?^ 
in  obfidione,  vel  alias  ex  caufa  belli.iraq; 
filiusfamilias  miles,  quiin  acie  pro  re- 
pub,  pugnas  cecidit,prodeft  patri  ad  ius 

21  triumliberorum*,qu6deumatutelaex- 

cufat  ^ :  &  aliorum  munerum  excufatio -  «^-/v ^'^^'^  <- 
nem prsebet^.  Itaquecum  lege  iulia de  r«/«u«f!^ 
maritandis  ordinibus  cautuni  efTet ,  vt  fih**^'-  in- 
priori  exconfulibus  faCccs  fumendipo-fj^;''^**^'^ 
tefiaseflet,  qui  pluresliberos  quam  col-  c  i/oUXfM 
lega  in  poteftate  haberer,  eorum  quoq^  ^*^*^'*'^'-^* 
ratio habicafuitjquibclloamiirieflcntf.  fCei./.z.c* 
idq^ad  muliaaliaadaptaripoflevidetur.  *^* 
atqueita  fi  forte  ftatuto  cautum  fit,  vt 
ccrte  multis  locis  eft  j  vtfilius  fecundo 
gcnitus  patri  fuperftes ,  in  fucccflionee- 
iufdem  patris  praeferatur  nepoti  exfilio 
ptimogenico  moituo  aate  patre :  fi  filius 

b         ille 


De     lYRE     ET     OFT.    BELL, 

ille primogcnitus  in  acic  pro  rcpub.  cc- 

ciciit,putarerrt  hoccafuncpotemprxfe- 

rendumiquiafcilicet  pater  eiusccnfetur 

in  aeternum  viuere,  cui  fucceffio  auiiure 

primogeniiuraedebetur .  &itain  pror- 

fus  fimili  fadi  fpecie  iudicatum  fiiifTe  ac- 

cepi .  non  obftat  quod  priuilegia  mili- 

tum^ad  alienaminiuriam  porrigi  non  22 

a  limpuhm.  debeanta.&  beneficiain  damnu  alrerius 

Ltatf'"^  nequeporrigi,  nequeconferrifolentb. 

b /./ei cJ»-».  namnullainiuria  hicinferturfilio  fecu- 

Tretlwcrf -  ^^  genito^cui  nihil  adimitur,(cd  tantum 

ttm.c.dee-  nott acquirituf.  nonenim^vtVlpianus 

7^t'a  V^i  rc^pondit,videturremamittcre,quibus 

frec,,mp.of,  propria  non  fuitc.  &  ex  regula  Paulijno 

^^"TctrM.  P^^^^  videri  dcfiifTe  habere,qui  nunqua 

ffi,  "  "   habuit<i.   Quo  fpedtat  quod  Vlpianus 

c  /.  «a  v»J«-  2jf    ^Q^  fraudari  creditores ,  cum  quid 

,«r.  noacquiriruradebitore,iedcumaIiquia 

6i.no  jfcteji.  de  bonis  fuis  diminuitur«.  Sed  &quod 

c  wTLb    Papinianus  reipondit,  militum  priuile- 

fraudantHr.   oja ad alienam iniuriamnon poffigi, no 

L  quZlttZ',  ita  hue  facit :  nam  loquitur  in  cafu ,  ad 

tnpnnc  D,  quem  miHtis  ptiuilegium  non  cxtcndi- 

TrciZ.        tur^&quoeuidcnsfieretiniuriaaltcri^, 

f  d.i.imp»-  Itaqueinpropofitafadifpecienepotem 

a7nt'.  &p^  patruom  fuccefTioneaui ,  non  obftantc 

"^«  ilatuto  ^  pra^ferendum  exidimo :  cum  & 

lure 


LiBBR    TERTIVS.  iP^afc^^* 

iurecommuni  nepos  m  parentis (uilo-  ^^,^.^^^«6 
cum,  etiam  extrabellum  mortui,  fucce-  ^fjf^;^^ 
dat*.  vnde etiam ftatutum  lurccomuni  ,^^,,,,;.,^; 
contrariu  quamftricliirimeintelligidc'  aerfea^.t«, 
bet  b.His  addc  legeregia  Hifpaniae  ftatu-  '^^L  ^c}: 

15  tume(re,vtpr«mia%quaefortequisme-  6^.^^^^^^^^^ 
ruit  obegrcgiamoperam  in  bello  prae-  ^^^^;^^^  ' 
ftitam,  eo  mortuodcbeatur filus  &  pro-  ^'j^- ^^» 
ximis  agnatisc.  quod&  a  Roraanisob-  ,j,J'J;^ 
feruatum  fuit ,  &  lege  Solonis  apud  A-  c  i-uu.c  dc 
thenienfes  cautum  fuit :  vt  illorum  filij,  ^^^^;^ 
qui  occubuiffent  in  bello,  pubhcealerc-  tuo.  §.  fin 
tur ,  &  bonis  difciplinis  imbuerentur .  ^^  '^ 
Conftatinusverofiliosinpaternamvo-  £i.,dm^, 
carimilitiamvoluitJ.  Sciendum  porro  ^f^fj"^^] 

24  militariahscpriuilegia^^nonalitercon-  ,nprm.fdi 
ccdi  militibus ,  quam  fi  fortiter  &  ftre-  -;;«-/- j; 
nuemiUtent«,&ad  veteranos  non  exte-  m*!u,b,.>.  c. 
di  f :  quamuis &  veterani  fua  habeat  pri-  fH^^ 
uilegia  g.  In  clafllbiis  vero  remigcs  &  o.  -.^/.Fo^c 
naursefunt  militesA  milirari  priuilegio  ^^j^-^i"^' 
fruuntur  ^.Prgrerea  no  folum  militibus,^^  p*^  /, 

aj-  fed  etiam  aliis*,qui  caftra  fequuntur,mi-  /»rac.  ^  ^ 
litaria  quaedam  priuilegiaconcedunrur.  fZl^,;„L 
&  in  primis  omnibus  omninoquifunt  i.«2.d.j« 
ciusgradus,  vt  iure  militariteftarinon  J^f,^;[;^cl 
poffint ,  fi  in  hoftico  deprehendantur,  deyeteraUt 
fluomodo  velint  &  quomodo  poffint  ^J^;{'^^ 

b  2        telta*  ^m«/iM.D. 


De     IVRE    ET     off.    BELt» 

a?.i»7f.D.A;  teftabuntui*.  Itcmulieribus*,qu3ecum  ^^ 
mtiif.tijia»    nnariris  abfunt  in  bcllo  rcipubl.  caula,in 
adionibustemporalibiiSjfi  cxclufse  fue- 
nnt^adexemplummilitumfubuenirifo- 
b  Li.  c,Jt  lere  Alexander  rcrcrip(it^.&  Diocletia- 
vxo.tmkt.    nus&MaximinianiismuIieri,quf  inex- 
peditioncfuitcummaritOjnonofiicere 
logi  temporis  prsefcriptioncm  refcripfe- 
c  i.z.  c,de  riintc.  Quo  fpedat  quod  VIpianus  re- 
yxor.mtitt.    (pQ^dit ,  belloamiffosad  tucclsecxcufa- 
tionem  prodefle ,  cuiufcunque  fexus  vel 
jetads  (int ,  modo  in  acie  pcrierint.  ete- 
nim  mulieres  in  acic verfari  folitas ,  &  e- 
gregiam  nonnunquam  in  bello  operam 
prseftiiifTe  in  veterum  hiftoriis  fatis  ob- 
uium  eft .  itaque  bello  Sabino  mulieres 
Sabina?,qua?  Rom^crantjquarumcxin- 
iuria  bellum  ortum  erat,  crinibus  paflis, 
fciflaquevefte,vi(flomalismuliebripa- 
d  hh,u      uore,vt  inquit  Liuius^,  aiife  fe  inter  tela 
volitantiainferre  ,  ex  tranfuerfo  impetu 
*'     fado,  dirimereinfeftas  acicSjdirinierei- 
ras.  Eftque  mcmorabile^quod  de  Cim- 
bricis  mulieribus  memorial  proditu  eft^ 
cum  quibus  non  minor  quam cum  ma- 
ritis  eorum  Mario  pugna  fuit:&  fpecio* 
fior  mors  carum  fuit,quam  pugna.  nam 
ciimmifTaadMariuailegartionc,  liber- 

tatem 


LtBER   TERTIVS.  yp^a/.FA».  ifc 

tatem  non  impetrafTent^fuffbcatiselifif-  jff^'^'^ 
quepaflim  inlantibus,  mutuis  vulneri-  ^  C"'"»*  ^^ 
bus  conciderunt ,  aut  vinculo  ecrinibus  ^"f^'  ^f* 
fuisfadto,  ab  arboribus  iugisq;  plauftro-  c  t.z  ^jjn^ 
rum  pependcruiit ''.   Apud  Gcrmano$  ''|'/*iJ"j  *** 
verofeminse  no  lemelinclinatam  aciem  figlmr.i.x.o^ 
reftiruifleferunturb.     Cererum  licet  a  ^-^-^'f'^'"*' 
plerifquedubitatLim  fir ,  vtrum  milites  fualoD. 
27  noftri  teniporis  "^  gaudeant  hifce  priui-  '^'  "*5-  S'fi- 
legiis  militaribusjtamen  verius  eft,mili-  fe'^i/t' 
tibus^quiin  numerosfunt  relati, &  for-  <^c- ^•''««'''• 
titer  81  ftrenuc  militant ,  hsec  priuilegia  faufl!f!!nZ 
concedi/altem ea quse  vfus  no  coarguit,  « ^-^dt^oc^ti, 
neque refert^quod  qua^dam folenitates,  ji^p«j"7. 
quibusolim  milites  (acramentomilitiae  rniht^m.mf. 
afTcribebantur^exoleucrint.Nam  fimili-  ^jl^^ujlih 
ter  videmusfolennitatem  a<5lionuman-  i.n,tiuei.c. 
tiquamnoftra  tempeftatenulIamefTe^ :  f"//!;^^^^ 
cum  tame  eiuldem  nihilominus  fint  ef-  fnum.mj,n:%. 
ficaciaf  ^.  Caufaquoque&iatioconce-  ^"^^.^Vh 
dendimilitibustaampla  priuilegia  fuit,  f^at^m  cy^, 
vtprotutela&defenfione  Romani  im-  ^j'^-^"''- 
perij  omnibus  ioluti  cuns  expeditiffimi  lijmii.  c. 
Qperam  armis  darent^  qua;  &  noflris  '^^''^'^•^jf^^. 
multibus conuenit  :crgo  idem lus quo-  m,utems..k- 
que maneredebet^  &  hxc  fenteniiaetia  p^"^'-^"'»^'^- 
viris  dodliffimis  probatur  g.  clucb.  a'C 

b  3  D  E  T  V-  X40(ifr  m»  i, 

centmo. m.z^.D.de v»l& p»p X>^ciM  w  Kubr.CMm\  a  ((Ji^ 


De     IVRE     Et     OFF.  BELt. 

DE  IVDICIIS  MILITARIBVS. 

/     CM  ties  non  mfi  ante  fuum  iudicem  con^ 

ucmr'i  foteft, 
2     Fa/lit  in  milite  defertore, 
J     Item  w  coqtn  pa^^ejl  fe  non  v fur  urn 

fori  prdfcnptione, 

4  Item  in  eo^cjuipopquam  in  iu4  vocatfu  efi^ 
miles  cfje  cceptt, 

5  Item  in  co  <ju/  falfnm  teliimomum  dixit ^ 

6  Item  in  milite  negociatore. 

7  Confides  Romani^non  ntfiin  cafris  in  f 4- 
fttt  ciuLS  Rom.incofultopopulo^animad-' 
uertere  poterant. 

S  Jrihttninon  habueruni  vita  ntcisj.p^'^ 
tejiatem  in  mthtts, 

CaPVT     VIII. 

^Kma^Tit.  \  T llites^non  nifiante fuum iudicem  i 


M 


om>yt,Ji.i.  ^^^  conueniri  pofTunt ,  ncc  fi  in  culpa 
c.fieexbb,  fint,  coerceii\  vndc  capti  a  prxGdead 
hd.Li.  proprium  iudicem  remitndebcnt^.nifi 
cUefcrtore.  foitc  iH  dcferrionc  agens  ^  miles  com-  z 
/.I  CvX/e  miferir  delidum  valdeenormc^de  quo 
n^t.  x-dcUr.  pr.-efcs  prouincisecognofcerepoterit,  & 
^acctfTmt  piinire  milircm  inlocodelidi^  alioqui 
itbui  i).  de  vero  nequedux  exercitus,  vcl  magifter 
o^'de%}^  milirumin  prouinciales,  ncque  prxfcs 
wMK.        prouinciicinmiliiesvllamiurifdiil^ione 

habent. 


Liber  tertivs.  j^^ 

habent.  fitamen  miles  in  inftrumento 

3  profefTus fuerit*,fe  non  vfurum  fori  pre- 
icriptione  propter  cingulum  militie,pa- 

6kum  (eruandum  erit^  Scd  &  fi  quis,po-  a  ^  A  ^»*'. 

4  ftcaquam'^in  ius  vocatuseft,  miles  efTe  ^-^'P"^* 
coepit ;  in  ea  caufa  eft ,  vr  ius  reuocandi 
forum  non  habeat,  quafi  pra^uentusK  b/.  /;^»h 
namvbiliscoepta  eftjibi  finiri  debet  c,  f''^"*  i^.*/» 

5  Pr^terea  miles*,  qui  falfum  teftimoniu  ^1!'^«.- 
dixit,fubiicitreiurirdidlioniilliusiudi-  ^"""-  ^•'^*' 
cis,etiam fi paganus fit*^.  Miles quoque 'dTnum^c. 

^  negociator^fubeft  iudiciilliusncgocia-  ^^'fl*^^- 
tion^s^  Porro  vnufqUifquefupercaufis  c  iMt.i^M 
publicis^quasdum  miliraretexercuit,  &  ««"y^  ««••»<'. 
fuperratiociniis  militaribus  in  militari 
iudiciorefpondere  debet, nee  foriprae- 
fcriptionevtipoteftretiamfimiliti^  cin- 
gulum depofuerii  f.&capitalis  criminis  f /.,.c.>5.- 
reuSjVolutarius  miles  (quicxD.Traiani  •'"•-«"o. »«« 
refcripto  capitcpuniendus  eft)  non  eft  ^'^'^"^"''* 
remittcnduse6,vbi  reuspoftulatusfuit, 
fedvbi  accedcnrecaufimilitia^audiedus 
eft,  puniri  debet S.  Sciendum  autem  eft,  g'  ff»»"' 
quamuis  lege  Valeria,  qua  Valerius  pu-  Z.VZ', 
bIicoiatulit,&  L.  Portia cofiilibuspro- 

7  hibitum  e(ret*,ne  in  caput  ciuis  Romani 
iniuftu  populi  animaduertere  poftenr,& 
folum illisrelidu effet,  vt coercere  pof- 

b  4,  fcntj 


De     TVRE     ft     op  F.BELL. 

a  w/.2.<./»  fent  5  &  in  vincula  publicaduci  iubcre^; 

^^r^i^ot»/^"^^^'^^^^"^^"  ius  habebant  arbitratu 
H*/.  hb.io.  fuo  lupplicium fumcrc  b.quod  &  praeto- 
^rfw/«'4c  ^^^"'S  aliisqueducibuscxercituumper- 
<bn:efi.Rom,  wiiTum  fu'it ^.  Id  tamcn  Venuileius  I.C. 
cLmu4i,z  ad  militcs  caiigatos  tantum  reftrinxiffc 
PA«&;».  5.  -viderur  :  quierantabieaiores&vilio- 
d  i.  c/f^m,/j/,  ^gje^  Vnde  videtur  inferri,  quod  in  alios 
cuji.ttexbth,  incoluJto  principe  animaduertinopol- 
""•  ,    .,  fit. &quidcmtriDuni\  aliiqueducein- 8 

mod. nat.eff,  tcriorcs  5  vitx  necisque  poteftatem  non 

'Cs'^^-?"'/-  habucrunt  in  milites,  fed  tantum  leuis 

^""^         coerdio  ilUs  pcrmifla  efl:^  id  quod  Mar- 

^JfirtD^de'*'  ^^^^^^  ^^'^  indicafTevideturf,  cum  ait; 

ZJt',  '  '^^  Tribuni  officiumefTe  delida  fecundum 

fua?.  audoriratis  modum  caftigare  .  cui 

gamud.i.u  cduenir,  quod  Tacitus  ait  gdcfeditione 

ilia  Pannonica ,  (cribens ,  Municiu  pras- 

fedum  caftrorum,penes  quern  erat  turn 

fumma  rerumjabfente  duce^coeptam  fe- 

ditionem  fedafle,  duorum  militum  fup- 

plicio.-bono  magisexemploquamcon-' 

ccfToiure.   Ccterum  quod  admilitaria 

iudiciaattinet,  exD.Traiani  refcripto 

i>,if<"!i!l  etiam  diebus  feriatis  peragi  poffunt  K 

DEPOENIS  MILITVM. 

I    D  ttflex  cauja  in  fumendh  pcccatis^ 

2  Vcen^ 


Liber  tbrtivs.  19$ 

2  Tcemmilltares, 

3  Mlliiiim  deliSia  aut  propria/ut  cimuni^ 

4,     FttJluar'tHm  quid, 

/     Dectpzatio, 

6     Romamm'tlitarihasfcenlsafferl, 

y     Capitdis  pee na per  v'mum  aut  la/ciuUm 

Lipfis  remittitur. 
S     Romam  in  iudicado  benefctA  cum  delists 

non  compcnfahant* 
g      Contrk  Perfe, 

Capvt    IX. 

1  "pv  Vplicem^inpunicdis  peccatiscau- 
•*->/  /am  efTe  ccfet  Plato  mGorgia,vt  re- 
fertGellius^:vnacaftigadi  &corrigedi  aw^.A»./. 
cumquipeccauit,qu6attentiorfiat,  &  *'«^'4♦ 
adbeneviuendum  promptior.  quod  in 
minoribus  delidis  fieri  folet  pecunia, 

vel  leui  coer(5lione,nnuIta  dida.  alteram 
exempli  caufa,  vtalijafimilibusdelidis 
metii  posnaedeterreantur :  quod  in  gra- 
uioribus  dclidlis  fieri  publicc  inrcreft. 

2  Itaque poena! militarcs^nonnuIJx maio- 
res,qua?  capitis  fupplicioluebantur:  alias 
ininorcs,  proutgrauiterautlcuitcrde- 
lidumcrtct,  delinqucntibus  militibus, 
ncccflTarioaddifcipIinam  militarem  fta- 
bilicndam^aducibusinferrifolent.  mi- 

b  5  litum 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
Iltum  autem  delida^aut  propria  fiint,  3 
aurcommunia.  Proprium  militarede- 
a/2.  -D.de  lidumeH-.quodquisvtmilesadniittit*: 
iiputaaliterfaciat,  quamdirciphnami- 
^^r^trt  Jifarisexigit^.  Poenseveromilitares^vt 
tmht.         ait  Modeftinus  %  fiint  huiufmodi :  cafti- 
oe*^!)  1"«  g^^^o^pecuniariamultajmunerumindi- 
mht,         <5tio,  militiae mutatio 5  gradusdeie(5lio, 
ignominiofa  miffio,  in  metallumautem 
nondantur,  ncctorqucnturjnecadbe- 
fwM.^^:»  ftiaSjOecin  furcamdamnantur'^^nccple- 
t^m.  D.dere  bciorum poenis fubijciuture.At cx graui 
eLf^rit.  i  deli(5lofokntmilitescapitepuniri  fjauc 
iUe.DJepa.  fuftcpercuti.  idfupplicium^huiufmodi  4 
f9n.7,xaM  ^^^^5  vtrcfertPolybiusS,  acceptofuftc 
fnathmiUiu.  tribuHus  vix  tantiim  attingebat  damna- 
hdh.hX're  turn  :quod  vbi.fadum  crat,omnes  qui  in 
»»»^.         ca(Vriserant,  cardentes  fuftibus,  lapidi- 
^JihMu*    basque 5  plerosque  in ipfiscaftrisconfi- 
ciebant:at/iquieuafi(Icnt5nc(icquidem 
feruariporcrant,  quibusnccinpatriam 
redire  licebar  5  nequealiquiscxneceffa- 
riisdomicum  recipere  audebat,  vnde 
penitus  peribant ,  qui  in  talem  calamita- 
tem  incidifTcnt.  hoc  genus animaduer- 
fionis  fuftuariumdicebatur,  tefteCicc- 
h  vkUp,  3.  rone^,  ciim  ait :  Fuftuariu  mtruerunt  le- 
gioncs^quse  confiilc  reliquerunt.  Simile 

poena? 


LiBfiR  TERTIVS.  jp^ 

poenae  genus  ctiam  num  hodic  in  caftris 
in  vfu  eft.  Dehac  poena  cenfent  I.Qcutn 
dicut/uftepercutijOccidijaniraaduertia. ' »»«» '«7. 
Alioquiver6,cumdicunt  fuftibuscafdi,  a^J  /  ,.^ . 
caftigari,  admoneri^:  non  de  capitali,  '"•f'(«*«.D. 
fed  de  leuiori  poena  agunt.  nammulto  L.^„/?.8 
leuioremefTefuftium,  quam  flagelloru  ^  *  ^  '^ 
poenam  iudicatMarceIlus<^,Califtratus^5  ^vt,ni.i.& 
&Hermogenianus^;  vtannotauit  Hie-  f'*^ /""'<» 
ronymus  Verrutius^.Porro  fi  multi  mi-  }7.p^^fvr('. 
lites  inaliquod  flagitium  confpirentjVcl  {-  "■"[_  ^-  -^ 
filegiodehciat,exaudorarifolent5.  no-  D.jlj«,aj 
nunquam  audores  turbarumadpalum  ^-icrivu, 
deligare,aut  fecuri  percurere,reliqu^  ve-  f/J^v,^?. 
ro  multitudinisdecimumquemq;  forte  »0.  &L2t\ 
r  du(5tum*ad  fuppliciu  pctere  peruulgata  ^*;  ^<  '^ 
poena  ruit .  quod  ex  verbis  Ciceronis  beiio.D.,urt 
proCIuetiointclligi  poteft,vbiinquit;  7'\'-7>'.^» 
Statueruntmaioresnoftri,vc(ia  multis  not.mf^. 
efllet  flagitiurci  milirarisadmifTum,  for-  <^"»J";/<^ 
tirione  in  quofdam  animaduerteretur,  dp»/.c<i/)it4. 
vtmetus  videlicet  ad  multos,  poena  ad  '"*  ^''^<'"- 
paucos  perueniret.  Inter  alias  quoque  eim.virD, 
poenas  fnilitares  fuerunt  h^.-ftipcndium  '^"»"*^- 
annidifferre  militibus,neq;  hisa?rapro  ^,u}hb.6.  * 
cederejQuiaeredirutidiccbantur,  autin  g'-'  *''^''* 
pohtia,autin  trequentianotare,velcitra 
coinmoda  ftipediorum  exau(5lorare ,  lo- 
cum in 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell, 
cum  in  quo  tenderent  in  caftris  adiraere, 
vt  hu  mi  ac  Tub  dioaccubarent,  extra  val* 
lum  fine  tcntoriis  relinquere  ,  vitrbus 
ca^dere,  haftas  dareiubere,  quaecenfio 
haftariadicebatur.qu^  non  pro  leuino- 
xa,  fed  pro  grauidelidoanimaduerfio- 
nislocoaducibusinferrifolita  eft.  Ha- 
ftas  autem  dare  iubebanturmilites^qui- 
bus  propter  probra  ignominise  «&  Juxu- 
rif  hafta  adimebatur.  etenim  ficut  glori^ 
caula ,  fortes  viri  donaban  tur  hafta  pura, 
hi  qui  primu  vidorcs  in  praelio  fuiftent: 
itaignauis  &  cotumacibusadimebatur, 
hoc  notabat,  tanquam  fpes  merendi  illis 
ademptaforect  in  politia  &  in  frequetia 
notabanturhi,  quirudibuSj  aut  parum 
nitidis  armiSjVel  ftrigofiore  cquo,&  ma- 
de confe6to  vtebantur,quiquepra?di<ao 
adpugnadiejOccafionibusquaefiriscon* 
ikitx.ih\.  tumacius  parerent^  Fuitquoqueanti- 
Ux.it6.2.ge-  qxxitus  militaris  animaduerfio  ,  iubere 
ignominiaecauiavcnam  militi  lolui,  oc 
htioa.Atitc,  fanguinemitti.  quod  A.  Gell^.  primiim 
lr6.io.«f,8  jj^  rnilitibusftupentisanimi,atqueana- 
turali  habitu  declinantis  (vt  non  tarn 
poena,  quammedicinavideretur)  fadii 
fuifle  credit:poftea  veroetiam  ob  plera- 
que  alia  dclidta  faftitatum  effe  per  con- 

fuetu- 


Liber   tertivs#  ipy 

fuetudincm  :  quafi  minus  (anivideretur 
omnes  qui  delinquercnt.  Ccterum^qua- 
uis  alioqui  Romanis  mitiores  poeiif  pla- 
cuerint:  apud  quosantiquitus  caucum 
fuit ,  nequis  multam  indicendOji)oucm 
priufquam  ouem  nominaret,  grauioru 
enim  multaru  aeftimatio  bos  erai  vnus, 
velpIures;minorumver6ouis:  in  mili^ 
taribustamen  pcenis  feueriores  femper 
^  fuerc*,  quod  afpero  &  abfcifib  caftiga- 
tionis  gcncre  difciplina  militaris  indi- 
geat,  Vndequamuisconfulibus prohi- 
bitum effet ,  ne  poflent  animaduertere 
in  caput  ciuis  Romani,  incaftriscamen 
poterant  pro  arbitratu  fuo  fupplicium 
fiimere:vt alibi  diximus^.Hinc  quoque  a  im  ui. 
perraro  bisdelidum  imperatoresvenia  '"''*^ 
dignumputauere.Nam.viM.Catoinli- 
brodcremilitarifcripfit,  aliis  in  rebus 
errata  poflmodum  corrigi  pofTunt ;  in 
bello  autem  delida  emendationem  non 
accipiunt :  quippe  cum  poena  ipfa  e  ve- 
ftigiocrroremfcquatur.pr^no  enim  eft 
ignaui^,autimperiti^vltor.quinunqua 
delinquenti  hofti  indiilget.  &  Li/ima- 
chusfummusduxdicere  folct,  non  cfTc 
in  bello  biserrarc ,  vbi  fi  quid  offcndirur 
pcrpaamtemcriutc^vtiinlciuajCmcn" 

dari 


delUl*.  DM 
fceni$ 


Dfi     IVRE    ET    OFF.  BEtt, 

darinonpoteft.  nam  parua  in  bello  of^ 
fen  fa,  magnarum  fepcrerum  momenta 
facit.Nihilominus  tame  qugdam  delida 
pagano  aut  nullam ,  aut  grauiorem  poe- 
nam  irrogat :  militi vcro  grauiorem^aut 
a  in\.nH*ia  leuiorem  :  vt  Marcellus  refpondit».  & 

J.t.Ct.     f-»  J«  111 

quide  con{lat,non  nulla  militaria  delida 

capitepunin,quaenonnifi  culpa  contra- 

tX'/i^T  ^"^^"^  **•  Capitalis  tamcn  poena  per  vi- 

ucumiB^b,  num, aut larciuiamlapfis"^ remittitur, & 

'^*!Ifi*?T*  n^i^"*3?mutationem irrogat*^.  voluntas 

Ddtremdti  ttixm  &  iudicium,quod  nullum  in  ebrio 

liiiT*  ^ft)^iftJnguitmaleficia^*  ltaq;Pyrrhus 

„^*^*^  adolefcctesjqui  inter  bibendu  regecon- 

** ^'S*?"'  wiciis & maledidis onerauerat, ingenue 

idfatcntes,  &culpamomnem  intemu- 

lentiam  coniicientes,  cum  dicerent  le 

longepluradidurosfuiflc ,  (i  plusvini 

habuiflcnt,  imo  ipfumregeintcrfedu- 

ros^nifilagenadefecidctjinnoxiosdimi- 

1.4.5.0^.1/  fit*.  Carolus tamen  V.imperatorcdi^b 

cauit  5  ne cui  ebrietas  in  delidtis  excula- 

doncm  praeberet^propter  nimia  in  hifce 

regionibnsinebriandi  frequentiam  .  & 

Pittacus  legem  tulit ,  qua  ci ,  qui  pc*  c- 

brietatem  deliquerat^  duplam  eius,  quae 

^incM.  fobrio infligeretur , poenaoi  conftituit  f- 

Eft  pond  valde  memorabik  p  quod  R  a- 

mauii 


LlBHR     TERTIVS.  jpg 

inani>  quialioqui  maximam  meritorum 
cuiufque,&  virtutisrationem  habuerur, 

8  in  iudicandotamen  *  non  rolent,etiam  fi 
maxima  rei  in  remp.  exftitiflent  mcrita, 
vero  crimini  indulgere,  aut  beneficia  cQ 
deli^iscompcnfare.cuiusrci  fidcm  facie 
in  primis  P.  Horatius  ,  qui  trigemina 
fpolia  Cuiatiorum  vidorprse  fegerens, 
quiquc  impcrium  populo  Rom/(blus 
fua  virtute  pcpcrerat,pcrdueIlionis  reus, 
quod  fororcmob  mortem  fpofi  Cuiatij 
flentcm  transfixerat,  in  maximo  difcri* 
mincftiit:  plusque  adfaluteipfius  pro- 
fecerutpreces,&  miferatio  patris,  quam 
rccensrcibencficiuma.Item  M.Manlius  aLiWiMtt.i 
Capitolinus  regni  affedati  reus,  quauis 
defcnfoCapitolioRomamfcrualTetj  & 
propecccc.  produxiflet,quibus  fine  foe- 
norcexpenfas  pecunias  tuli(Iet,quorum 
bona  venire,  quosduciaddidosprohi- 
buiffet:ad  h2echoftiumca?(brum  fpolia, 
dona  imperatoruplurima  confpicienda 
protuliffcr,  &eaquaBbelIogefIilIet  ora- 
tione  magnifica  fada  didis  xquadame- 
moraflct :  nihilominus  tamen  crime  va- 
luir,inquitLiuius\&  populiiudicioda-  bU,6, 
natus  Man  lius,  de  faxo  Tarpeio  deiedus 

p  eftXontraPcrl£*nunquamquemqu3m 

condem- 


De     IVRK    ET    off.  BEtL# 

.  .     Condemnabantjiiifireuscohuinceretur 
fib.i.     * '  plus  mali  quam  boni  fccini^  reipub.a 

DE    CONTVMACIBVS   ET  D  V- 

CVM    DICTO     NON    PARENTIBVS 

eos^  non  protcgentibus. 

2  Miles  qui  trihum,  vet  centnrioni  cajligA' 

re  volenti  refi flit, 

3  Tribtifto  non  licet  modum  in  cafliganda 

excedere. 

4  *Ss^  prdpofitum  defendere  noluerunt, 

vel  defer  uerunt, 

5  ^ui  rem  a  duce  prohibit  am  facil, 

6  DifapUnd  cajlrorum  Romanii  antiquiofy 

quAm  char  it  as  liberorum. 

C  A  P  V  T    X. 

D  flabiliendam  difciplinam  mill  - 

tar6  in  primisfpedlat, vt  exercitui 

&militibus  priEpofiti ,  habeantmilites 

didlo  audicntcs .  Itaquc  qiiiediclomi* 

b/.3.  ^.,„  nusparet'^5capitcpuniriiubcturb.  Au- 

i«//o.D.c/*ere  guflus  vcrodccimam  legionem  contu- 

""^"^         macius  paretem ,  cum  ignominia  totam 

dimi(it.Porr6vtordine,acfinctumultu 

omnia  in  agmine,ad  nutum  imperium- 

quc  ducis  fieretjOptime  prouidit  L*iE-. 

milius  Paulus ,  in  Macedonian!  miffus. 

nam 


A 


Liber  tertivs.  jpp 

nam  cam  omnibus  fimul  pronunciare- 
tuf)  fi  quid  agendum  efletjueque  omnes 
cxaudirentj  &  incertoimperioaccepto, 
alij  plus  CO  quod  imperatum  e/Tet,  alij 
minusfaccrentjClamoresquoquediflo- 
ni  orirentur  omnibus  locis  5  &  prius  ho- 
ftesquam  ipfijquid  pararctur/circtrpla- 
cuit  trib.  militum  primo  pilo  legionis 
fecrctum  edereimperium :  i]lum,& de- 
lude fingulos  proximo  cuique  in  ordine 
ccnturioni  dicere  quid  fado  opus  eifet: 
fiue  a  primis  fignis  ad  nouifTimu  agme; 
fiuc  ab  extremis  ad  primos  perferedum 
impe^iumef^et^  Atvero  tribuno,&  ce-  a  ikM.ii. 
turioni  permiffam  fuifle  caftigationem 

a  in  milites  alibi  diximusMtaque  miles*,  ^^'^''^^' 
qui  tribuno  vel  centurioni  caitigare  vo- 
lenti reftitiflet,  probro  notabatur :  qui 
vero  probro  notabatur,  eu  nemini  igne, 
neminialloquioimpartirclicebat .  qui 
vero  vitem  tcnuiflet,  militiam  mutabat: 
fi ex induftria  fregifTet,  capite  pledeba^ 
tur  "^ .Tribunis aute  vites  prselat^s  fuiffe,  ^rr^tl[^\ 
nonvirgasalibioftendimus.  Cauedum  deretmut, ' 

3  tamentnbuno^nemodumincaftigan-  t)f^'^^/^ 
doexcedatd^&  fi  iniufte  milireminua-  retmht.i.tu 
dat,  &  non  caftigandi animo  ob  crimen  ZZZulm^ 
aliquod  mctasofficij  fui  excedat,  puto  VMau, 

c         militi 


De     IVRE     ET     OFP.     BELt. 

a  nr^umtnto  rniUtidefenfionem  cfTe llcitam *:  alioqul 
Klt'^rc  verononeritrcfiftendum^  namomnis 
bb. lo.  contumacia  aducrfus  ducem  vel  prsefi- 
b  c.9<^re,^-  demjCapitalis  eft^^.Nequcrolumcapita- 
cLomTe.^'.  lis  poena  ftatuta  eft  in  eos,quimanusin- 
contHmaaa  tulcfunt  prasDofito  "^ :  fcd  ctiaHi  in  COS, 
di.omne-^.i  qui cum  dcfcndere  nolucrunt  ,vcl  de- 4 
i>^<^jremtiit.  ferueruntjOccidiquepaffifunte.  idcmq; 

\rd'Cm^.  regia  Hifpaniarum lege conftitutum eft 

infn.Ddere  j^  eos ,  qul  regcm  fuum  deferuerunt^. 

fR!^*.i.3.w.  Senatusautem  Romanorumquaragra- 

l9.i'«^2.    uifTimetulit,  quodQ.Petiliumconfule 

foriiffim^  aduerfusLigures  pugnateni, 

occidi  milites  pafli  eflent ,  &  legioni  ne- 

queftipendiuro  anniprocedere,  neque 

aeradarivoluit:  quia  pro  faluteimpera'^ 

gV4/.M4x.  foris  hoftium  telis  fenon  obtuliftcntS. 

,2.cap.'j,  Ccltiberiveronefas  efTeduxerutprsrlio 

fupcre{re,cum  is  occidifter,pro  cuius  fa- 

hVaiMax.  lutefpirirum  deuouifTent^»  Cuiuscon- 

ib.i.cap.6.   (]^JQj-ji5  homines  fuiffe  apud  Gallos, 

quos  illi  Soldurios  appellabant,  refert 

i  i«hd.g*i.  Cffar'.Porrovfqueadeofcuereimperio 

^'^'         ducis  pareri ,  eiusque  edida  obferuari 

pra:cipitur,vt  capitis  poenamfubeatjqai 

remaduceprohibitamfecerit*,  autma-  5 

btih.'i^Mn  dataeiusno  remauerit,  etiam  Q  res  bene 

"^«        ceflerit  ^.  Cuius  difciplinae  feueriffimi 

cuftodes 


Liber  tertivs*  200 

cuftodesfuerePoftumius^Tubertus  Sc 
ManliusTorquatus:  quorum  alter  filiu, 
quia  nonfuoiuflu,  fedfponte,  prxCidio 
progrefTushoftesfuderat.vidoreiecuri 
ftfiriiufrit.alterverojcuilmperiofopo- 
ftea  cognomen  fuit,filium,qu6d  prouo- 
catus  a  Geminio  Metio  duce  Tufcula- 
norum,  ad  dimicandum  contra  edidum 
patris  defcenderat^gloriofam  vidoriam  ^ 
&  rpecio(a  fpolia  referente,  in  confpedii 
exercitus  virgiscefum  fecuri  percufrit.& 
Manlius  filius  exercitu  pro  (e  aduerfus 
patrem  fcditionem  parante,negauittati 
efTe  quemquam ,  vt  propter  ilium  difci- 
plinacorruperetur.&obtinuitvtipfum    ^,.  , 
puniri  pateretur .  VndePauIusaitjdilci-  ^g.  vafcr. 
6  piina  caftroru  antiquiorem  Romanis  *  hiax.Uc.j. 
fiiitte ,  quam  charitatem  liberorum  ^.    I't^iplji^. 
Nee  minori feueritate Papyriusdi(5lator  tmmtm4fi' 
Q.  Fabium  magiftrumequitum  ,  quod  ^^JZ]Zt 
cotraeius  imperiiim  exercitum  eduxit  ^obi.fa#«r/; 
(et :  quaquam  fuGs  Samnitibusin  caftra 
tedierat,nequevirtuteeius,  nequefuc- 
ceflu,neque  nobilitate  motusjiiudatum, 
virgisqicaefum  fecuri  pcrcufTurus ,  apo- 
pulo  Rom.tribunisque  plebis5quipro 
eo  intercedebant^conftanterpopofcit^  y^^rZxJil 
Perindc  autein  eum  militarisanimad-  2  «/7, 

c  2  uerfio 


De     IVRE     ET     OFF.    BEtl. 

uerfiofuit,  qui  extra  ordincmetiani  la 
prouocantemjCotraimperium  pugnaf- 
fetjautclafficoreuocatuSjtardiusparuii^ 
fet,  quam  fi  ciucm  aut  focium  iniuriaaf- 
fcciflet .  Itaque  Cyrus  laudaflTc  dicitur 
militemjquicumhoftem  interfedurus 
gladium  eduxiflet,  clafTico  receptuiau- 
dito  i(^us  cohibuit^hoftemquedimifit, 

DE  EMANSORIBVS. 
t     Sine  commutu  milts  a  fi^nis  Sejfe  ficn 

2  ^ui  Agmtn  excefitfuftibtis  cdMturm 

^  EmATifor  quis^  &  quomodofumtttr, 

4  ^^i  vallum  tr An fcendit. 

5  ^i  ad,  commtAtfu  diem  mn  rtdit. 

Capvt   XI. 

IVre  militari  apud  Romanos  cautum 
fuitjue  miles  fine commeatu*abfignis  \ 
abeat,  neuc  praelio  decedat ,  n^ue  locum 
relinquat,aut  e  caftris  fugiat,  neue  dece- 
datlongius ,  fed  explorato,  Scfubfignis 
atquefubfidiis  pofitis,  non  modo  in  acic 
procedat ,  fed  &  lignatum  aut  populatu 
vadat,  oraniadenique^  veluti  ficorani 
hoftc  cauta  praeuifaque  effent.  qui  vero 
longius  atuba^  auditU5nifi  imperatoris 
aut  tribuai  iuflu,extra  munimcnta  abiif. 

ftt^in 


Liber  tertivs,  201 

let,  in  eum  militarisanimaduerfio  erat: 
ne  fcilicet  vagi  milites  folutiore  cura  ob- 
ambulantes  jin  hoftililoco  temerepro- 
grcflicaedibus  effent  &  pcriculis  obno- 
xij:  tumetiamvta  rapinacontinerctur: 

2  vndequiagmenexceffiflet*,  excaufa  vel 
fuftibus  caedebatur,vel  mutare  militiatn 

folet  *.  Ly fander  Lacedsemonius  egref-  a  '•  h  §'fi^ 
fum  via  quendamcaftigabatj  cuidicenti  Sff''^*'* 
ad  nullius  rei  rapinam  fe  ab  agmine  ex- 
cefliffe ,  refpondit :  Ne  fpeciem  quidem 
rapturi  praebcas  volo.  Alexander  Seue- 
rus ,  fi  quis  de  via  in  alicuius  poffefTione 
deflexiffet,  eum  fuftibus  caedi  iubebat^dc 
dum  caftigarctur,  per  prfconem  procla- 
mari  & edici:  Quod tibi fierinon  vis,  al- 
teri  nc  feccris.  quod  a  Chriftianis  ali- 
quadoaudiucrat.Pompeius  vero  miflus 
in  Siciliam  legatus,  cumaudirct  milites 
in  itinere  faciundo  fsepe  euagari,vimque 
hominibus  facere  ,  &  pr^das  auertere, 
cos  qui  temere  obcrrabant ,  fuppliciis 
compe(cuit;areautemmi(rorumgladiisi,pi,f.,-«^ 
figilla  impofuit^.  Porro  qui  diu  vagatus  pf'*^    ^ 
fine  CO meatu  ad  caftra  regreaitur,eman-  f^„^,j)dt  r» 

3  for*dicitur: cuius crimeleuiuseft,quam  m,bt.  ^^^^ 
defcrtoris^-vterronis  leuiuseft  inferuo,  D/f^^JT. 
quam  fugiciui  ^ .   Examinantur  autcm  hn, 

c  3  caufae 


Dfi    IVRE    BT    OFF*  BELL. 

caurae€manfionis5&cur,&vbi  fuerit)& 

quidegerit5&daturveniavalctudini,af- 

fc(5iioni  parentum  &  affinium,  &  fi  feruu 

fugientem  perfecutuseft,  vel  fiquahu- 

iufmodi  caufa  fit;  fed  &  ignorant!  adhuc 

tfiToMn  difciplinam  tyroni  ignofcitur».  Hofti- 

mtitt^        bus  tamen  imminentibus  ^qxii  in  explo- 

rationeemanetjautafoflatorecedit^ca* 

b/.j.  $.«  nitepunitur***(imiliter&  is  qui  vallum 

ItiUt,        tranlcendit  ,  aut  per  murum  caftra  jn-  4 

c  /.  J.  §•"»  greditur'^.murienimfacrofandlifexnper 

^Uf^         habiti  fuered  Jsquoquequicommeatu*  j 

d  §.fanae,  accepto  ad  diem  commeatus  non  rediit, 

p^.dtrer.dt'  p^j.£j^jg  jj^  eumftatuendum  Modeftinus 

refpondirjacfieraanfifletjVeldefcruifTet 

pro  numerotemporis:  fadapriuscopia 

diccndi,  num  forte  cafibusquibufdam 

detetuseflet,propterquosvcniadignus 

e  u.i.fiad  videatur^V^qiadeover6odiofumfuita 

dim.  I,  qui  fignisabefic,  vt  miles  quiincommeatu 

commeatuf.  apit.non vidcatur rcipubcaufa abcfTe.vt 

f  w/.i.  D.  Vlpianusrefpondit^rfiputavagetur^aut 

^ZtlHiift  ^^on^i^useocietur,  vt  labolenusfenfitS. 

dUc^^us  nam  vt  Vlpianus  ait  ^:  Ij  tantum  reipub. 

hmT^'lb  ^^"^  ^^^^  intelliguntur,  qui  non  fui 

v^cx'^Jibu^  commodicaufa,fed  coaftiabfunt.atco- 

^■"fT*ffi   nicatum  quaparciffime  dari  debere  mi- 

JriU,      litibus.  alio  loco  diximus.* 


Liber  tertivs.  202 

DE  DESERTORIBVS. 
/      Befertorcjuts  dr  quomo^ofumtur, 
2     Sim  defertor  em  occult  ant, 
^     D  efertor  reftitutus  non  accipit  flipendU 

t  em  for  is  quo  in  defer  t  tone  fuit. 
4     *3s^  filmm  mdttUfubtraxit^ 

Ca  p  VT    XI  r.  . 

D  Efertor  *  in  iure  dicitufjqui  per  15- 
gum  tempus  vagatus  reducitur  a,  ^Uefemre, 
Semelautem  militia?  affcriptus,  nifide-  Ji'jfZX' 
bitemifTus,  earn  deferere  non  poierat: 
quodgrauifTioium  crime  habitum  fuir. 
non  tamen  oranes  defertores  fimiliter 
puniendi  funt.  namhabeturordiniSj& 
(tipendiorum  ratio, &  an teadlasvitse.  re- 
fert  etiam  num  folus ,  vel  cum  pluribus, 
femel,autiteruquisdeferiierit.  aliudue 
crimen  defertioni  adiunxerit,  item  tem- 
poris  ratio  haberur.  nam  qui  in  pace  de- 
feruit,equesgradupelleduseft,&  pedes  hiMamnts. 
militiammutar.  inbelloide  admifTiim,  ^^i^remiUc, 
capitaiecH:^.  Grauiusquoqueineofla-  l^o'^'i.^'^'^ 
tutum  fuit ,  qui  poftdeiertionem  in  alia  pofi.v.dire 
militiamrededit5legiuepa[rusfitc.  Im-  dr«/a;/fc, 
peratores  vero  permiferunt  cuilibetde-  quHitcvn, 
fertorem  opprimere*^.  quod  Leoimpe-  ^'^['^'^  '^  j^ 
ratoritareftrinxitjfiinuentusreftiterit*,  defirt.bb.iz, 

c  4  Defun- 


De   ivre   et   of  p.  bell, 
Defunftorumautcm  in  defertione  bo- 
tiUef^Ho.  napublicantur\  Nequeloliimipfidc- 
mia.ub.iz.  lertorcs  puniendi  lunt,  fed  etiamijqui 
eosocculranc*.  item  iudex,  qui  gratia,  2 
vel  didimuiatione  poenam  defertoriir- 
dejinoMb.il  rogareneglcxit^.  qui  vero  defertorem 
«  d.i.i.       proditjprasmio afficitur c.defcrtori  tame 
t^tT«X  ^."!  ^«  obtulit,indulgeri  foletJ .  nifi  forte 
/trno^.icjiei  quis  poft  quinquennium  fe  obtulerit, 
Si^^T.  D  <luidcportariiubetur^  Etquamuisde- 
dt  remii,   *  fcrtor  * cx  indulgentia  fuerit  reftitutus,  3 
e/.mi/if«a.  ^^^ tamen ftipcndiacius temporis.quo 
D.dertrmi.   iH  delertionc  fuent ,  exigcre  potent  ^. 
U'"c^^^n  ^onminusgrauiterquam  indefcrtorc, 
mitt.  Lhii,  ftatutum  eft  in  eum^qui  filium  fuum  mi- 
«CI*  ^*''  ^^^^^  fubtraxifTet*.  nam  fi  id  belli  tepore  4 
feciffer,  exilio  &  parte  bonorum  multa- 
batur:/]  in  pace/uftibuscaediiubebatur, 
&  requifirus  iuuenis  in  deteriorem  mili- 
tiam  dabatur.  &  qui  filium  debilitauit 
deledlu  indi(flo,vt  inhabilis  militig  eflet, 
g  I.  <iuiotm  cJcportariexrefcripto  D.TraianifoIctS. 
DMr^mii,   Caefarautem  cum  conueniret,  in  ceteris 
feditioforu  Scdcfertorumacerrimus  in- 
quifitor  &  punitor  dicitur  fuiffc  maxi- 
mus.  &  Aufidium  CaiTiu  mcmoria?  pro- 
ditumeft,nouoqxemplo  multisdefer- 
toribus  manus  detruncafle  &  pedes ,  af- 

ferens 


Liber  tertivs,  205 

ferens  maiori  difciplinae  fore  rniferabili- 
ter  criminofum  viuerejquam  occidcre. 

DE  TRANSFVGIS  ET  PRODI- 

TORIB  vs. 


J  Jn  trartsfugoi  acerrim  I  animaduerfum^ 

2  ^juchmpoteftredirt^  &  mnreiit^pro 

trans fuga  habetur, 

J  Exfloratores  quomodopumendi, 

4  Arcana,  confdta  non  funt  eudganda» 

5  S peculator  es  ho [liiim, 

6  An  fn  nohili  viro  dignum  fpccdatorem 

'ff'-   .  .    . 

7  CMimme  tutumferfugti  cnaere. 

CaPVT    XII  I. 

I  TN  transfugas*,velut  maiore  crimine 
-■-obnoxios,& patruxacciuium  prodi-    .  ,  ^  -,.. 
tores,  acernme  lemper  animaduerium  mtnum.  §. 
fuit,&  veniaindignifuere»  nam  vtPau-  ''•*^>^*.d. 
lus  ait  a;  Transfuga,qui  male  conhho  cc  ponueuer/: 
prodirorisanimo  patriam  reliquit,  ho-  ^  ^'p^^^^jf^ 

/1  L    L       J  n.      o  .       res*  D,  der§ 

ftium  numcro  habendus  elt ,  &  capite  nui,t. 
punitur^.  &vbicunqueinuentus5quafi  cu$.^,>k. 
hoflisinterficipoteft'^raclegisluli^ma-  ^;^«*  *"*• 
ieftatis  reus  eft  '^.  torqueri  quoque,&  ad  «^ /•»•  i>"*^ 
beftias,  velinfurcamcodemnariporeft,  ,/.3'^^^»; 
quamuis  milites  nihil  eorum  patiatur».  DMrenuiie^ 

c  5         Isctiam, 


De    IVRH    £T   off.   BBtt. 

Isetiam ,  quivolens  transfugercdeprc- 

^Uerertore.  hettfus cft, capltc punltuF *.  Itaque  Ful- 

f'r!*Vl  uiumrenarorisfiliumadCatilinampro- 

rermht.      nciicetem  retraaum  e^  itinere milit  pa- 

b  Saii>^j},in  rensnecari^.P.autem  Scipio  Africanus, 

coutitrat.ca-  alloquln  mitiflimi  ingcnij ,  in  perfugas 

^^*  ficfugitiuosacerbusfuittfiquidedeuidla 

Carthagine  ad  firmandam  difciplinam 

militarcm,ex  Romanis,qui  rupto  impc- 

rioad  hoftestransfugerant,  in  crucem 

efFerri,  nominis  vcro  Latini  fecuri  per- 

cL«.w.3o.  cuti  iuffit^&  pofterior  Africanus  tranf- 

up.y!''^''  fugasbeftiisobiccit',  Paulus  .Cmilius 

d  vai.Mam.  elephantis.  M.  MarcellusLeontinisca- 

^-'•"?7-  pjJ5^  addiiomilliatransfugarum  (ecuri 

eXmM,z4  percuflfit^.  Metium  vero  Suffctium  pro- 

ditionis  reu,quadrigisindiuerrum  adis 

fUieMi.z,  difccrptumfuifTe  legimus^.  Et  ccclxx* 

perfuga? ,  qui  ad  Annibalem  transfuge- 

rant ,  reccpti  a  Q^  Fabio  Rotnam  miffi, 

virgis in  comitio  cxCi omnes ,  ac  de faxo 

gthjib.!^  ddedifuntS.  Idem  tame  Fabius  Maxim. 

mitius  agens  ,  illorura  qui  contra  reli- 

gionemiurifiuranditransfugerant ,  de- 

xtrasamputarimandauif.vttruncaprsc 

febrachia  geftantes ,  defedtionis  metum 

hv4f  M«  rcliquis  inijcerent,  &  ceteris, tie  idem 

u.z.  ca^j,  comitterc  auderent ,  documeto  eflent  K 

Apud 


LiBHR   TERTIVS,  204 

Apud  Athenienfes  vero  proditionis  reu 
fepelire  nefas  fuit.eumque  cum  tota  po- 
fteritate  inter  infames  referebanta:&  ca-  ^  p/^,.^^ 
dauera  eorum  extra  fines  patriae  depor-  tadeiSKha^ 
tariiufleruntb.  ei  tamen,  qui  transfugit,  ^JilZ\t^ 
&  poftea  multoshoftesapprehendit,  &  cimlmnes. 
transfugas  demonftrauerit ,  poffe  parci  ',^;^^f** 
D.Hadrianusrefcripfit^.  Haberuretiam 

2  pro  transfuga  is^qui  cum  poffet  *  redire, 

non  rediit<*.  Ec  quidem  ab  hoftibus  re-  ^  ^**"*  T* 
miili  mihtes,  non  aliter  reitituendi  funt,  /»«»*.  D.<Un 
quamficonftiteriteoscaptosfuiffe ,  no  "**'' 

3  transfugifle*.  Porroexploratores*jqui  einSomnet, 
fecreta  hoftibus  nunciant,  proditorum  ^'^^e^f^l 
loco  habentur,  &  capitis  poenas  luunt^:  derelnu$t,  * 
&  viuiexuri.aut  furcafufpendifolentg.  Ll'^lT/*^* 
Apud  Carthagmienles  veroquodapo-  o.ieremHit^ 
tentiffimo  ca  terapeftate  Poenoru  pro-  [^f'"'^/**' 
ditionisdamnato,qu6dodio  Hannonis  &KtgXiC 
ducis  belli  Gr^ecis  litteris  Dionyfio  ty-  '"-^i  Z"»»-.*. 
rannoaduentumexercKus,&  legnitiem  u^mdexme. 
ducis  prxnunciafTet,  S,C.  fa(flum  eft,  nc  ^f^-  ^;^'^/* 
quis  poftea  Carthaginienas  aut  Graecis  damnm^  i, 
litteris,aut  Gra?co  fermoni  ftuderet :  ne  ^^"'  ^-^ 
aut  loqui  cum  hofte,aut  fcribere  fine  in-  ^*^' 
terpretepoftetKNequefblum  poenadi-  hi«/?w./.2o 
gni  fuerunt^qui  hoftibus  fecreta  nuncia- 

rent ;  led  ctiam  ij,  qui  apud  fuos  ea  euul- 

garent* 


Db  Ivre  et  off.  bell. 
garcnt^.ItaqueapudiEgyptios  lege  mi-  4 
litaricautumfuic,  vtquiduciscofilium 
a  TA>i,^hU.  palam  feci(Tet,Iingua  multaretura,  Perfj 
**•*•        vcro  veterieorumdilciplina  arcana  regu 
y  QjZm$.  vitg  periculo  cuftodiri  ftnxerut ^ Et  mc- 
^'^'        moriae  proditum  eft  ,  multis  feculis  P. 
confcriptorum  arcana  confilia  a  nemine 
fenaiorumfuifTceuuIgataJtaqueC^Fa- 
bius  Max.  quod debelloPunico  indice- 
dojdc  quo  fecreto  in  curia  adum  erat,P* 
Craffo  narrauir,  quamuis  per  imprude- 
tiam,mcmoreumtriennioantequgfto- 
rem  fa<5tum5  ignarusquenondum  acen* 
foribus  in  ordinem  fenatorum  alledum, 
vehementeracofulibusobiurgatusfuit* 
<  W.2.f,2.  Nunquamenim ,  vtait  VaU  Max*^.  taci- 
turnitatem ,  optimum  ac  tutiflimum  re- 
rum  adminiftrandarum  vinculum,  labe- 
fadlari  volebant*  Sicque  cum  Afix  rex 
Eumcnes  amantiflimus  Romanoru  bel- 
luma  Perfeaduerfuspopulum  Roman, 
comparari  (enatui  nunciaflet ,  non  ante 
fciri  potuit,  quid  aut  ille  locutuselfet, 
aut  patres  refpondilTcnt,  quam  Perfcn 
dydi.Max,  captumcognitumeffet**.  Prudctervero 
w.i.«/.a.   Qcilius  Metellus  tribuno  militum  pcr- 
cundantiquidciTetfadurus:  Sieius,in- 

quit ,  rei  fcircra  mihi  lunicam  confciam, 

exutam 


Liber  tertivs.  205 

exutam  in  ignem  coni  jcerem  •  indicans 
ducuconfilianonedeeuulganda.Porro 
proditoribus  annumerari  polTunt,  qui 
ad  hoftes  tela  armauedeferuntrquod  ca- 
pirale eft ,  bonis eorum  publicatis a,  Et  >  '-i.  c.^»* 
Paulus  refpondit,  ferrum  hoftibus  ve-  Xbu^'ix!^ 
nundare  fine  capitis  periculonolicere^  im.»m. 
qui  vero  operam  dabant ,  vt  barbari  Ro-  Jj^^^'^* 
manos  depra?darentur ,  &  pra?dam  cum 
hoftibus  diuidebant,  viuiexurifolent^,  l'''J!J'^' 

5  CeterumhoftiufpecuIatores*apudnos  "  '" 
forte  deprehenfos  5  non  tanto  odio  di- 
gnoseflej  quantoij  qui  ad  hoftes  tranP- 
fugiunt,&  fecreta  hoftibus  nuhciant,ra- 
tio  ipfa  (atis  indicat,  quippe  qui  nulla 
perfidia  notantur,  Vndefpeculator  qui- 
dam  Carthaginienfis,  qui  per  biennium 
fefelierat,  Romaedeprehenfus,  pra?cifis 
tantum mailibusdimifluseft*'. Solet  hie  d  ikM^ 

^  quxriy  anfitnobilivirodignum^fpecu- 
Jatorem  efte ,  &  explorare  hoftium  con- 
filia  &  fada .  Etcerte  ex  profefTo  banc 
artem  exercere  mcrcedis  gratia^no  puto 
viro  nobili  honori efle,  neq;  citra  igno- 
miniae  notam  licere:  vt  coUigere  licet  ex 
lis  qu?  de  nobilibus  late  tradit  Tiraquel- 
lus.  Si quis  veroamorc reipub.& pro fa- 
lute  communi  &  publica  hoc  faciat,non 

folurn 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
/blum  no  indignum  vironobiff.fedeti§. 
maximcgloriofumiudico.  nam  &  Do- 
minus  pr^ccpitMoyfi'proficifcenti  cum 
Ifraclitis  in  tcrram  promiflfionis^vf  prae- 
mittcrct  fin^^ulos  dc  fin^ulis  tnbubus 
expr^cipuisinterramChanaa^quicon- 
fiderarcnt  J  qualisquantaqueeiTet,  «Scv-» 
trum  fortis  populus ,  an  infirmus,  panel 
numcro ,  an  plurcs ,  ip(a  terra  bona ,  an 
mala,  vrbcsmunitce,  nee  ne ,  ceteraquc 

aN«w.i3.  omniaexplorarent».  Etlofueduoscx- 
ploratores  mifii  in  vrbem  Iericho,ante- 

b  itf/M.c4/>.2  quameam.oppugnaretb.ItaqjSex,  Tar- 
quinius,  fimulata  patris  feuitia  &  odio 
Gabios  profugit :  quo  aftu  duxab  itiis  e- 
leduSjVno  aut  altcro  pra^lio  profpere  re 
gefta,  ciim  vniuerfa  res  Gabina  illi  crcdi- 
ta  efTet/ublatis  de  medio  primoribus  ci- 
uitatis,  fine  certamine  oppidum  patri, 
qui  illud  oppugnabat ,  in  manus  rradi- 

cim.hb,2.  ditc.  Et  Zopyrushomo  nobiIis,Darii 
Perfarum  regis  amicus^cum  viderctrege 
longa  obfidione  Babylohisdefeflum,  & 
difficilcm  admodu  expugnationem  fo- 
re,  truncatis fibi  ipfi  nafo  &  auribus  ^  la- 
ccro  corporead  Babyloniosrransfugif, 
fimulas  fe a  Dario  tarn  foede  csefum.  qua 
recreditabenigneabhoftibusexceptus, 

tuimis 


LiBBR    TERTIVS.  2q6 

turmiscquitum  praefedus ,  vno  aut  alte- 
ro  praeliorebenegeftajtandeduxtotius 
cxercitusconftitiuuSjVrbematqueexer- 
citum  Dario  tradidit a.  Arafpa  quoque  a  ufimMb.t 
nobilidimus  Medus^ex  Cyri  comitibus, 
iufTueiusadAffirium  regem  transfugit, 
&expIoratis  hoftium  copiis6(  confiliis 
ad  Cyrum  reuerfus^in  publica  condone 
ab CO laudarus eft^.  Quibus  ctiam  exem-  \,  x«,o.  h 
plis  docemur,  quamminime  tutum  fitMC)»'.^ 
'  perfugis  credere*,  quibuscert^^etiam  fi 
fine  dole  &  fraude  ad  nos  profugfant,  & 
fuos  prodant  5  non  multum  fidei  haben- 
dum erir.  quomodoenim  fperari  poieft 
in  alienos  fidu  fore ,  qui  in  fuosperfidus 
cxiftitMtaqueAnrigonusdicerefoletjfe 
proditores  amaredu  proderet,  vbi  vero 
prodidifTent ,  eos  ommodioperfequi. 
quofpedatAuguftididum:  Proditio- 
nem  anrio,  prodirorem  non  laudo  ^  £t  c  PiW. w  4. 
faccte  Philippus  Macedo  5quaquam  dc-  ^^^' 
cepto  hofte  Temper  gauderct,  conque- 
renti  cuidam,qu6d  milites  eum  prodi- 
toremvocarent^eo  quod  patriam  Phi- 
lippo  prodidifTet :  Noli  miran,  in  quit, 
hebetes  enim  ingenio  funt  Macedones, 
&  agreftes  admodum^  vrpote  qui  fcapha 
fcapham  vocant;his  verbisdocens,  pro- 
ditores 


De    IVRE  ET    off.  EEtt» 

ditores  omnibus  ludibrio  efle  debere; 
Romanis  certe  veteribus  illis^  infitum 
fuit  Romanis,  vt  ipfi  dicebant,artibus, 
id  eft,  virtute,  opcrc,  armis  podus  vince- 

^Kdehfti  re>  quamalienainiquitate^vtalioloco 

^/r^*^^*-  oftcndimus.a 

DE    SEDITIOSIS. 
/     Intefiinapditiones  fermcioft. 
2     In  ftditiofcs  acriter  anirnaduerfum» 
^     Hon  Umeri  expcrtendum  imfcrium» 

4  LuxM  ^Ikentlamaxirmfouentfedi^ 

twnestf 

5  Seditio  m'tra  dexteritate  fedata, 

4     Jitter  in  klio^aliter  in  face  agendum, 
/     Priu^  lenienda  feditio ,  quam  in  Auliotes 

animaduertatur, 
8     ^omodo  comfefc4tur  fedtfio» 

Capvt  xiiii. 
|Vam  perniciofaefint*  inteftinafdiP  i 
.(entiones^diferte  Menenius  Agrip- 
pa orator  ,  adpopulum,  quiin/acrum 
motem  feceflerat  ,apologo  fuo  de  mem- 
brorum  humani  corporis  diflentionc, 
biMMfU  oftendit*>:  &Scylurus  fafcefuohaftaru, 
quem  filiis  fuis^quos  odoginta  habebat, 
confringendum  exhibuit.  Etenim  baud 
pauciorcsexcrcitus  difcordia&  feditio- 

nc,pro* 


q; 


LiSER    TERTIV5.  207 

ne,  propriis  viribus  confumptos ,  quam 
ab  hoftibus  proftratos  fuiffe  fatis  coflat. 
I  Vnde  infeditiofos*,  firfeditionuauifto- 
res  acriter  femper  fasuitum  eft ,  tanquam 
incriminislaerafniaieftadsreos».  itaque  a^t.D.^i 
capite  puniri  Modeftinus  rcfpoditeum,  ^^^.♦"«*^. 
qui  atrocem  milirum  feditionem  conci- 
tauit:  fin  vero  intra  vociferationeni  & 
leuem  querelam  fedicio  motaeiret^,  gra- 
dumilitiaedcijci^.  &Paulusfeditioros,  hii.mfn. 
pro  qualitate dignitatis ,  in  furcam  tolli,  ^-'^'''"'^^* 
autbcftiisfubijci,  autininfulamdepor- 
tari  voluit c.  Ex coftitutionibus quoque  c «/./  ^^v 
regni  Hi/paniae 5 pro  qualitate deli(5ti,&  ^^^^^1'*« 
pcrronaB,puniri  iubetur.  &  fiquidem  eo  anaotti.  d.* 
animo  feditionem  niouerint,vtlmpedi-  '^'P%"i-).-f 
re  tur  occalio  rei  bene  gerenda?,  er  u  us  o-  no. 
culis  in  carcerem  conijciuntur  ,  donee 
occafio  rei  gerendf  tranfierit :  &  quidem 
(ifintexdignioribus,captiuiconftituu- 
tur  ,  &  poftca  in  exilium  mittuntur*^.  ^^'"^/jf^j* 
Caefar  autem  cum  in  ceteris  criminibus  para* 
commueret^infeditiofosacerrimusvin- 
dexfuit,&excau(afeditionis>intumuI- 
tu  ciuilium  armorum,  aciummaxime 
tumcntibusanimiSjlegionem  totam  ex- 
au(5lorauit  J  audoribusfeditionis  fecuri 
pcrcuflis ;  fedmoxcos  quos  exaudora- 

d         uerat. 


De     IVRE     ET     OFf*    SELL. 

ucrat  jignominiam  deprecates  reftituif, 
&  optimosmilireshabuit.  Cn.Popeius 
minitantibus  direpturos  pccuniammi- 
litibus,  qua?  in  triumpho  ferebatur,  Ser- 
uilio&Glauciahortatibus,vtdiuideret 
earn  ,  ne  fcdiiio  fieret ,  affirmauit  non 
triumphaturum  fe^fed  potius  moriiuru, 
quam  licenti^  militum  fuccumberer,ca- 
rtigatisqjorationegraui  militibiis,  lau- 
reates fafces  obiecir ,  vtab  illorum  inci- 
perent  direptione,  eaq;  m u id ia red egit 
COS  ad  modeftiam.Monenditamenfant 
duces  belli,  netemereexpenantur im- 
perium^jCuiusvisomnisinconfenfuo-  3 
bedientium  eftjii  forte  pencuium  flt,no 
fore  dido  audientes  milites:  vtprudeter 
legati  App.  Claudiummonuerunt,  fae- 
uirevolentem  in  milites,  qui  odioeius 
in  aciem  produ<5ti,  turpi  fugapetierant 

ai»ViJ,2.  caftraa.  Porro  Gemitius  confulmillia 
hominumquattuorcxaudorauit,  &in 
fore  percullit ,  quod  licentia  corrupti 
Rhegium, in  cuius  prsefidio  erant,occu- 
pauerant,  &  eorum  corpora  fepulturae 

hvaiMax,  mandari ,  mortemque  lugere  vcruit  ^. 

Lmjtb.zi.  Atqui  in  compelcendis  cohibendisque 
militum  (editionibus  magna  requiritur 
ducisprudetiajquiinpTimisfciredebet, 

luxum 


LiBER     TERTIVJa  208 

4  luxum&licentiam'^exociOjVtfitjColIe- 
dam  maxime  foucre  iftiufmodi  militu 
confiIia;vtiLiuiusinfuahiftoria(atiso- 

5,  ftenditScumait.-Iamtumminimefalu-  iUky. 
ys  bris  militari  difciplinse  Capua  ,  inftru- 
5,  mento  omnium  voluptatum  delinitos 
3j  miliruanimosauertita memoria patriae, 
3,  inibanturqueconfiliain  HiberniSjeode 
55  fcelereadimendg  Cam panis  Capua?, per 
35  quod  illi  earn  antiquis  cultoribusade- 
3,  miflent .  Ceterum  in  hac  coniuratione 
Capuana  compcfcendaj  laudandapru- 

5  dentia  C.  Martij  Rutilij  conf**  qui  &  a?- 
rate,  &  vfu  dodus ,  optimum  ratusdiffe- 
rendofpemjquandocunquevellent^co- 
filium  exequendi  militarem  impetu  fru-^ 
ftrarijrumorediffipatiniirdemoppidis 
&  anno  poll  prxfidiahibernatura^diuifa 
enimerantperCampanisevrbes.  eoque 
laxamentocogitationibusdato,quieuit 
inpraefentiafeditio:  &conful  edudo  in 
xftiuamilite,dumquietosSamnitesha- 
bebat,exercitu  purgaremifTionibustur- 
bulerorpm  hominum ,  miradextcritate 
ihftituit, alios aliis ex caufis^.  Nequee-  bi.W;*!/.;. 
nim  Temper  conuenitimpcriu  ejcperiri, 
fsepeenim,^  Tacitus  ait,  quodinpacis 

tcio  vindex  difcrplina  perfequitur;inter 

d  2  gladios 


De    IVRE    ET    off.    3EIt« 

gladios  &  turbas  cauta  toleratur  patien- 
tia.  &vtFabiusMax.  dicebat,  alitcrin 
medioardorc*  belli  j  aliter  in  pacetran-  6 
quilla  arbitradum  &  agendum  effe,  vta- 

ai.TewfwM  libioftendimus*.  Hincquoqucgrauia- 
^ratronmha-  jiqua  feditionc exo^ta,candem5quacun- 
querationejieniendam  ,&tumdemura  7 
in  au(5lores  animaduertendum  cenfeo, 
ne  alioqui  magis  irritetur  &  accendatur , 
quamfedetur  auc  extinguatur  niilitaris 
fuior  :exempIoScipionis,  quiincadris 
ad  Sucrone  in  Hifpania  feditione  orta, 
inter  fuos  milites  feptc  tribunes  ad  eos 
midt,  qui  placido  Term  one  pcrmulcctes 
lenircnt  militum  animos,  &  edido  pro- 
pofito,vtadftipendiumpetendumcon-t 
ueniret,  Carthaginem  pertraxit:  vbi  cir- 
cumfufo  omni  exercitu  graui  oratione 
cadigatis  militibus,  metutorpentibus, 
audlores  feditionis  in  mcdiu  protradtos, 
nudos  deligatos  ad  palum  virgis  cxfos 
fecuripercufTurcumquecertatumfuiflet 
fententiis,  vtrum  in  audtores  tantum  fe- 
ditionis animaduerteretur,  anpluriura 
fupplicio  vindicanda  tarn  foedi exempli 
defedio  magis,  quam  feditioeflet:  vicit 
fententia  lenior,  vt  vndeorta  culpa  effet^ 

^*^'^'**-  ibi  poena  confifteret  ^.  his  adde  quod 

Tacitus 


LiBER   TERTIV5.  20P 

Tacitus  ait%  raluberrimumefTcadcon-  a<MM^^.i 
tinendam  militarem  fidem ,  vbi  feditio 
8  timetur^jVtlongisfpatiis  diftineature- 
xercitus ,  ne  viribus 3c  vitiis  mi lites  mif. 
ceantur.  fed  &  cum  ocium  militarem  fe- 
ditioncm  maximefoueatjillud  bello.  A» 
lexandri  exemplo,  interpellare  couenit» 
PrudenterveroCaefarbeilociuilijVtfibi 
cxercitum  deuinciret ,  a  tribunis  railitu, 
centurionibusqi  mutuas  pecunias  fum- 
pfir,  quas  exercitui diftribuic .  quo  fado 
duas  res  confecutus  eft ,  quia  pignore  a- 
nimoscenturionumdeuinxitj  &  largi- 
tione  redemitmilitum  voluntates^.  Eft  b  c^tfatd» 
autem  memorabile ,  quod  dc  Annibale  ^«'-f»»^'»^*'» 
tradunt  hiftoria? :  quippe  qui  cum  in  ho- 
ftiu  terra  perannos  tredecim ,  tam  pro- 
culadomo,  variafortunabellugercret, 
cxercitu  non  fuociuili/ed  mifto  ex  col- 
luuione  omnium  gentium ,  quibus  non 
lex,  non  mos,  non  lingua  communis  ^  a- 
lius  habitus,  alia  veftis,  alia arma,  alij  ri- 
tus ,  aha  facra ,  alij  prope  dij  cflenc,  ita 
quodam  vno  vinculo  copulauerit  eoSj 
vt  nulla  nee  inter  ipfos^nec  aduerfus  d>j- 
cem  feditio  exiftcret,  cum  &  pecunia  Cx- 
pe,  &ftipendium5&commeatusin  ho- 
ftiumagrodeeffetc.  Idemde  Viriacole-  c  Lw,/it.J7 

d  3         gimusj 


De  ivre  et  off.  bbll. 
gimus,  qui  per  odo  perpetuos  annos, 
quibusbellu  cumRomanisgeifit^exer- 
drum  exomni  hominum  generc  con- 
flatum,finefeditioneobrequentiffimum 
a  AppUn.di  habuita.quodcertenonfineadmiranda 
H%.  qqadamvirtutcducis  fieri  poruit.Scipio 
vejcoalioquifummusimperaror,  nimia 
lenjtate  fua  militibus  anfam  ad  feditione 
prsbuit.quo  nomine  Q.Fabius  Max.eu 
ad  corrumpendam  difciplinam  militare 
natamarguebar5&pluspropeinHirpa- 
nia  culpa  Scipionis  per  feditioncm  mi** 
litum^quambelloamifTumefTe.  Adeo' 
natura  infitum  quibufdani  eft ,  vt  magis 
peccari  nolinr,  quamfatisanimiadvin" 
dicanda  peccata  habeant, 

DE  IIS  (Xyi  IN  ACIE  LOCO  CE- 

DVNT,   AVT    VICTI    SE   DEDVNT, 

J  Imperator  magisqnam  ho(ils  timendus, 

2  ^ui In  aciepriorfugit^  capitc pumtur, 

J  SeuerftoJ  ad  rem  bene  gerendamprodefl^ 

4  Sj^f^  hojlihii^  dedunt^caret  poJlUmim^ 

5  £^ui  met  U  ho Jl turn  languor  em  fimulaf. 

C  A  ?  V  T     XV, 

Learchus  Laccd^moniorumduxe-» 
xercitui  diccreeft  folitus,  impera- 

torem 


LiBER    TERTIVS,  210 

torem  potius^quam  hoftemmetuide- 

bere^fignificascos^quiinprseliodubiam 
rnortcmtimuiflentjCertum,  (i  deferuif- 
fent,  manere  fupplicium :  vt  fci  licet  infi- 
tumefTetmilitibaSjautvincenclum,  aut 
moriendum  efTe.  Qu^  cerre  neceflitas  ia 
virtutcrnvertifolet.dc  quo  alio  loco  di- 
ximus^.  Vnde  jure  militaricaurum  eft,  aT.wce/r.M- 
vt  qui  in  acie  priorfugam  recerit*,capite  /Xr^"^''** 
puuiatur  ^.  Idem  in  nobili fu§iete,regia  b  homne,  ^. 
Hirpani^Iege  ftatutum  eft^-  at  iureca-  Z!Zn^^ 
nonicofirinfamis'^.  Icgeverodiuinati-  tR^^  iivf. 
midiiubebantur  reuertiin  domumfuL  ^'''^'-Pf''^- 
nealastlmorel^mcuteret^  AppXIau-  6^«*/.u 
diusexhis^quibello  VolfcQ  lococeffe-  '^/^j^'^® 
rant,  decimum  quemquc  forte  ducSum  ^    '*  "^'^ 
ad  fuppliciu  legit  f .  idem  fecit  Antonius  ^  y„,«,  ^ ,. 
belloParthicogrP.CornelioNafica^De-  g  A;>/,,4r,'.ii 
cimolunio  confT.  quiexercitum  defe- ^'^^''^'"*• 
rueranC3dam^atlvirgiscae(l,publice  vas- 
nierut.  Attilius  reguius  cum  ex  Samnio 
in  luccrnam  rranfgrederetur,  exercituf- 
queeiusobuiis  hoflibus  adueifuseffer, 
oppofitacohorteiuffufugieres  pro  de- 
fedoribuscaediXamillusdidarorVeie- 
ti  bello  di(5tus  omnium  primum .  in  eos, 
quia  Veiis proximo  prselio  pauore  fu- 
gerantjmoiemilitarianimaduertirjeffe- 

d  4  citque 


De   ivre   et   off.  bell. 
citque  ne  hoftis  maxim^  timedus  militi 
a  LkM.i,  eflet*.  T.Scaurusfilium  jquodinfaltu 
Triden  tino  hoftibus  cefferat,  in  confpe- 
dlum  fuum  venire  veriiit :  quareadolef- 
cens  verecudia  ignominiajpreffuSj  mor- 
tem fibicofciuir.  Marcellusveromitius 
agcns  5  milites  a  quibus  ortafuga  eflet, 
quiqucpauorefignareliquiiTent,  fcque- 
ti  pugna  inter  primas  acics  frequentes 
induxir,vt  quod  ignominiaeacceperanr, 
b  vai.Masc.  sliis  prcliis  pcriculo  expiarent^.Scnatus 
hb.2.  eaf.y,  autcm  Romanuscos.  qui commilitoncs 
fuos  pugnantes  apud  Cannas  deferue- 
rant ,  graui  dccreio  vltra  mortuorum 
coditionem  in  Siciliam  relegauit ,  &  ac- 
ceptisaMarcclloIittcris ,  vteoru  opera 
ad  expugnationem  Syracularum  vti  li- 
ceret,  rcfcripfitindignosefle,  quiinca- 
ftrarecipcrenturjnccrempubl.iiscom- 
mittedamefFeiceterumfeeipermittere, 
vtfaceret  quod  reipub.expedire  iudica- 
retidum  ne  quis  ex  eis  munere  vacaret, 
autdonomilitiaedonaretur,  aut  inlta* 
liam  3  donee  hoftes  in  ea efTcnt ,  accede- 
c  L1W.25.  re^C'  idemdecretum  fuitineos,quidc 
\ai.Max,u  cxcrcituCn.Fuluij  praetoris  in  Apulia 
^"^•^*       fcede  cxfiy  fugatique  fupercrant :  addi- 
tumque  ignominif  ^ne  in  oppidis  hiber- 

narenr^ 


Liber  tertivs»  m 

narent ,  n6ue  hiberna  propius  vllam  vr- 
bem  dece  millibus  pafluum  aedificarent. 
&Cn.  Fuluius  capitis accufatusj  inexi- 
liumabiit^Scipiotamencum  in  Africa  aLw»j«U€ 
tranfiret,non  eft  afpernatus  milites,  qui 
ex  Cannenficladerupercranr,vtquine* 
quead  Cannas  ignauiaeorumcladeac- 
ceptam  fciret,  fed  culpa  ducis,  neq;  vllos 
asquevcteresmilites  inexercitu  Roma- 
no efTe,  experrosquenonvariis  prxliis 
modo ,  fed  in  vrbibus  etiam  oppugnan- 
dis*>^  Porro quantum huiusdifciplinae  bHutwUs 
feueritas  ad  rem  bene  gerendam  profe- 
5  cerit^multisexemplisdocemur.  itaque 
Licinius  CrafTus  contra  Spartacum  gla- 
diatorem  (qui cum  magnamanufugiti- 
uorum  &  dix  coditionis  hommum  Ro- 
manis  belluinferebat)  aliquot  vidoriis 
feroce  profedus,  legionibus  decimatis, 
quod  male  pugnaffent,  effecit,  vt  magis     * 
ipfe,quam  hoftis  timeretur:  &denuoia 
aciem  /uis  produ6tis ,  quaniuis hacdeci- 
matione  miiltiim  imminuto  cxercitu, 
magna  (Irage  hioftiu  fada,  egregie  Spar- 
tacum vicitc. Similiter  L.Apronius/uis  ll^^^.f]-^^ 
aciefugatis,  aT'»cfarinatemagisdecore  mfZ*^'  *' 
fuorumjquam  gloria  hoftisanxiuSjraro 
catepeftattjinquit Tacitus^,  &cvetere  danmU.i, 

d  J         memo- 


De    IVRE    ET    OFF.    BELL. 

jncmoria,  facinore,  decimum  quemque 
ignominiofe  cohortis  forte  duclos  fufte 
necat:  tantumque  (eueritate  profedum, 
Vtvcxillum  vcteranorum  non  amplius 
quingenti  numero,  cafdcm  Tacfarinatis 
copias  fuderint .  Ceterum  non  foKim 
loco  cedere,  &  fugcrc  apud  Romanes 
turpe  fuit ,  &  animaduerfionc  dignum, 
fcdetiam  perdeditionem  in  poteftatem 
hoftium  venire,  itaque  eos,  qui  armis 
vidx^fe  hoftibusdedunt^poftliminio  ca-  i 
a,Utipcftif^  rereVlpianusrefpondit^.  EtquidemT. 
3^1*7«  tr  Vefpafianustamfeucra?  difciplinaefuifle 
fojiu^f.  traditur^vt  militem  ab  hoftibus  captum, 
qui  folutis  vinculis  ad  caftra  rcfugerar, 
vltramilitarcnon  fiuerit,  ner  illi  arma 
credidcrit,  quodviuusfeabhoftibusca^ 
pi  permififlet .  &  fenatus vel  maxime at* 
tritisreip.viribus, cum  magnum  feruo-^ 
rumnumerum  a  Pyrrhorege  vitro  mif- 
fum  recepifTent ,  decreuit  ex  fententia 
App.  Claudij^vtijquiequomcruerant, 
peditum  numero  militarent:qui  pedltes 
fuerant,in  funditorum  auxiliatransfcri- 
berentur,  ncuequis  eorum  intra  caftra 
tederet^n^ue  locum  extra  caftra  afTigna- 
tumvalloautfolTacingeretjneuetento. 
riumcxpellibus habere t:  &itademun^ 

cos  in 


Liber  tertivs»  212 

COS  in  priftinum  militias  ordinereftitui 
placuitjfibinafpoliaex  hoftibus  retulif- 
fent*.  Parifeueritate  fenatus^cum  ei An-  ^  y^ij^j 
nibalodto  millia  Romanorunij  qui  in  /.fc»2«M^ 
caftrisrelidipoftCannenfemclademjfe 
Annibalidediderant,  redimedorum  po- 
teftatemraceret5Conditionemrpreuit5&: 
in  eorum  locum  0(5lo  millia  feruoru  pu- 
blice  empta  armauit  :  qui  miles  magis 
placuit:  ciim  tamen  precio  minore  redi- 
mendicaptiuoscopiafieret :  memorta- 
tam  multitudincm  armatoru  iuucnum, 
fi  honefte  mod  voluifTenc ,  turpiter  capi 
non  potuifle ;  vt  infitum  cfTet  Romanis, 
aut  vinccre,auteniori.  qua  quide audita 
re  fradum  animum  Annibalis  ferunt/ 
quod  fenatus  populusque  Rom.  rebus 
afHidistamexcelfoanimoefTet^  Deni- 1,  ^-^;  ^ 
que  ij  quoquc,  qui  metu  hoflium  Jan-  vai^Aaxi.'z 
5 guorem*fimulant,  capitepuniri iuben-  y^i^i'^'"^" 
tursEftveronotatudignum, quod  Sal-  c/.oww.^. 
luftiusdeveteribusillisRomanisrefertj-^'^f  ^"'''' 
quod  in  beHo  fepius  vindicatum  fuerit  ""'* 
ineos,  qui  contra  imperium  in  hoftem 
pugnauerant,quiatardius  rcuocati  pr^- 
lio  excefTerat ,  quam  qui  figna  relinque- 
re,aut  pulfi  loco  ccdere  aufi  eranr. 

D£  IIS 


A 


Db    tVRE    tr  OFf.   BELL. 
DE  IIS  QVl  ARMA  ALIENANT 

VEL   AM  ITTVNT, 

J     j^rma  in  htUo  dmittere  velalieMre  grout 

crimen^ 
i     jirma  p»flUmwh  non  redtunt» 
S     J^^  fcutHmvel  gladium  in  acie  amittit» 

CaPVT    XVI. 

Rma  veteres  membra  mil itum  cffc 

voluerunt :  itaque  graue  crime  ha- 

bitumfuitinbelloarmaamittere,vela- 

a  U.  ^.mi~  lienarc%  &  capitc  punitum  *•  &  crimen  x 

ia^j>,  dire  iftuddefertiotii  acquiparatur ,  fiquidem 

tota  quis  alienaffet ,  vel  etiam  fi  partem 

tsntxxm :  nifi  quod  intereft.nam  fi  tibiale 

vel  humerale  amifit,vel  alienaiiit,  verbc- 

ribus  caftigari  folet:fi  vero  loricam,  gla- 

dium,  fcutum,  defertorifimiliscft:  nifi 

hi^com^  quodtyronifacilius  parcitur'».  Hinceft 

Tr^DMn  ^^od  armanon  redirepoftliminio*rC'  z 

^«»^^         rponditMarcellus,  quod  turpiteramit- 

v'l'c^f.o-  tantur^^.quare  mirumquodconftitutio 

ponLreutrf.  rcgui  Hifpanise  armainbello  amifTa  ex 

i.^l^"^2  pr^fda  forte  fada  refarciri  iubcat**.  Ea- 

caufa  infamiae  notam  inurit,  &  nobilita- 

^eg.ivit,  tispraerogatiuamadimit*.  Etcertcarma 

ai^^^.  in  bcUo  amittcrc,  ignominiofiffimum 

Temper 


LiBBR    TBRTIVS.  JIJ 

femperfiiit.  itaqueM.  CatoCenrorij  fi- 
liusjin  acie  cadentccquo  prolapfus^cum 
ferecolligerct ,  animaduerteretque  gla- 
dium  cxcidiffe  vagina,  veritus  ignomi. 
niam,in  confertiffimos  hoftes  fe  immit- 
tens,  aliquot  vulneribus  acceptis ,  recu- 
perate gladio  rediit  ad  fuos.  quo  fpe(5ta- 
culoattoniti  hoftes  ,  poftero  dicadeos 
fupplicespacempetentesvcnerunt^  L.  f^^^^^i^'^ 
autcm  Calpurnius  Pifoconf.  CTitium  /iwAsi. 
praefedtum  equitum,  quod  fugitiuorum 
muliitudine  circumuentus ,  arma  hofti 
cum  fuis  tradidiffet ,  toga  laciniis  abfciA 
fis  amidunijdiftindla  tunica  &  nudis  pc- 
dibus  ad  principia  per  omne  tempus  mi- 
litia? adcffeiuflfit^.App.Claudiusa  Vol-  hValMaK. 
fcis  excrcitu  eius  fugato  ,  inuedus  in  ''^♦^•^''f-7' 
proditore  exercitum  militaris  difcipli- 
na?,defertorem  fignoru,  vbi  figna,vbi  ar- 
ma effent,  fingulos  rogitas,  inermcs  mi- 
JiteSj/ignoamifTofigniferos,  virgisc^- 
fos,  fecuiipcrcufritc.  Laccdsemoniive-  £,^*"^';* 
ro  Archilochum  poetamvrbe  exegerc,  /^.9, 
quod  carmefcripfefatjin  quo  fuadercvi' 
fus fuit, fatius  cfle  arma  amitterc ,  quam 
vitam.  At  Spartan^  mulieres  exituros  in 
militiam  filios  monebant ,  vt  aut  viui 
cumarmisin  confpcilumfuumredircr, 

auc 


D  £    IVRE    ET    OFF.  BELt, 

aut  morruicumarmisreferrentur.  Ce- 
terum  apud  Graecos  militarilegecautu 
crat , vt  miles , qui  fcutum  in acieamifif- 
fct*^,  capirclucrct;  quiverogladium,  le-  3 
uiori  poena  ple(5tcretur;  quia  maiorisdi- 
fciplin^  feabhoftibus  tueri  &  praeftare 
incolumem,  quam  cum  fua  pernicie  ho- 
ftem  pcrderefummi  duces  exiftimauere. 
Quo  fpeiflat  Scipionis  y£milianidi(5tu, 
Malle  feciueferuare,  quammultosho- 
ftes  perdere.  Itaque  Epaminondas  traicf- 
dlus'hafta,  moribundus ,  primum  an  cli- 
peusfuusfaluuseffet,  deindeanpenitus 
fufi  hoftcs  foret,  interrogauit^quae  poft-^ 
quamexanimifententiaccmperitjsetus 
obiir,inquiens:NuncvefterEpaminon- 
^'l^j';^']^!  ^asnafcitur^q 

DE   IIS  QVI  EXCVBIAS    DESE- 

KVNTjVEL    MINVS    RECTE    AGVNT. 

/      Excubid  diltgenter  agenda , 

2      ^ui  exchbias  paUctj  defer  utt,  capite  fu- 

nitur» 
^     Dormihts  In  ftauone  ijuo  modoftmiedii 
4     Captiui  cuI^odU  m  flit  urn  commififeuA' 

ferint, 

CAPVt      XVII* 

o N  m inima  difciplin^  militaris pars 
eft  vigilias  bene  difponcre,  &  excu- 

bias 


N, 


Liber   tertivs.  2IA 

bias  maxima  curaagere  :  quarum  negli- 

gentiaplurimosexercituscefosjproftra- 
tosque,  yk  m  ulta  caftra  capta ,  ac  oppida 

occupatalegimus.ItaqueThomyrisre- 
gina?  filius  fomno  vinoqiie  (epultus ,  cu 
toto  exercitu  a  Cyro  oppreflus  interilt^.  a  Uflin.iib.t 
&  L.MarciuSjCum  reliquiis  exeicituum, 
cxtindiisScipionibuSj  in  Hifpaniabina 
caftra  Poenorum^vbi  omnia  vidoria  ne- 
filedafolutaqueinuenit^vnanodecaefis 

1  hoftibuscepitb.  Invigiles'igitur,quoru  hLm.hh.zs 
diligentia  freti  reliqui  dormiut,  qui  mi- 
nus officio  fundi  efientjmeritoanimad- 
ucrfum  f uit.  Itaque  Paulus  eum^qui  ex- 

2  cubias  palacij  deferuit*5  capite  puniri  re- 
fponditS&Modeftinuseum^quiftatio-  cmi^iuieu- 
nis munus reliquit,plufquam emanfore  "^"*/* ^* 
efle^atque  pro  mod6  dehdi  aut  caft  jgari, 
autgradudei)ci:quiver6  abexcubatio- 

ne  praefidis,  aut  cuiufuis  pr^pofiri  decep 
fit ,  peccatum  defertoris  fubire  dixit  ^.  d  ini.  defer. 
Cum  Galliin  fummum  capitolij  euafift  ^orem,^,^»*. 
fentjincuria  vigilum,qui  tandem  benefi-  ^^^^!  aTe 
cioanferumcxcitati  funtj  P.  Sulpitius  »^«"»^. 
tribunusmilitu^invigileseiusloci^quos 
fefellerat  afcendens  hoftis,more  milirari 
fe  animaduerfurum  pronunciauit :  fed 
confcntienteclaraoremilitum,invnum 

vigikm 


De    ivrb  et   otf.  bell. 

vigilcm  conijcienrium  culpam ,  dcterri- 

tus,  a  ceteris  abftinuitj&  rcum  haud  du- 

bium  eius  noxseapprobannbus  cundtis, 

aIwJf^,5«  defaxodeiecit^.Epaminondasverociini 

cuftodiasftationesquccircumiret,vtdi- 

fciplinam  excplis  ftabiliret,  fopitum  mi- 

litem  gladio  transfixit  * ,  aflerens ,  quod 

b  Pi/f.f«  ^.  qualcm  inuenerar,  talem  reliquerat  ^  & 

p»;*.         Auguftus  manipulares  milites  ftatione 

defcrta ,  &  ccnturioncs  morte  multauit. 

Porro  ex  conftitutionibus  regni  Hilpa- 

niae/olentdormientesinftationejtertio 

demu  admoniti  pra^cipitari  de  faxo ,  vel 

cR^^.w.9.  muris  arcis,  in  quo  forte  excubabantS 

M  .iw.2.  Q^^  autem  ratione  caftrenfes  excubia? 

conftituerentur  apud  Romanos ,  quod 

officium  circuitorurn,  qui  vigilias  circu* 

ibantjquaeue  poena  in  eos,  qui  negligen- 

d  ie  Row,   tiores  eflent^tradit  PoIybius'^.Ceterum 

cajiram,     Paulus  i£milius,  vt  attcntius  cuftodiae 

contra  fomnum  pugnaret,  vigilesnouo 

more  fcutum  in  vigiliam  fcrre  vetuit.-no 

enim  in  pugnam  vigilem  ire ,  vt  armis  v- 

tatur  3  fed  ad  vigilandu  m,  vt  cum  fenferit 

hoftium  aduentum^recipiat  fe^excitet^; 

•  Li.*.;U4.  ad  arma  alios «.  Epaminondas  Thebanis 

diem  feftum  agentibus^omnibusq;  vino 

&  conuiuio  deditis,  folus  fqualidus  8c 

cogi- 


Liber  teRtivs.  215 

cogitabundus  ciuitatem  obambulauir, 
&fimiIiarifuomiranii,quereriquecau- 
fam:  Vtvobis  omnibus  liceatpotare,& 
animo eflTe  ociofo,  refpodit  ^Prudentcr  a  Vht,in  a-^ 
quoqueCambyfes  Cyri  pater,  interro-  ^'^^' 
gatus  quonam  pado  vrbes  optime  cu- 
ftodirentur^refponditiSicuftodesnun- 
quara  fibi  (atis  cautumab  hofte  eiTear- 
bitrarentur.  Solent  etiam  militumcu- 
4  ftodisecommitti  captiui^jquificuftodia 
corum  euaferint ,  pro  modo  culpse  cafti- 
gantur,  aut  militiam  mutant^,  exquire-  ^/;.d^^/j;[: 
dum  tamen  cflc  ,  an  nimia  negligentia  ^cd.wfl. 
militum  euaferint^an  cafu  D.Hadnanus 
rej[cripfir.c  <limiet. 

VE  EO   QVI  ARCEM,  VEL  OP- 

PIDVM,   CVIVS    PRESIDIO    IMPO- 

fitus  eft,ainittit,vel  hoftibiisdedit. 
/     ^utarcenotenaitfUfamaiejlatliretis. 
2     ?  roar  CIS  iefenfwne  mors  recufanda  non 

tft. 
^     SI  prdfe^o  AYcCs  ah  hojle  capta  nulla  culpa 
imputaripofit^anpuniriclebeat, 

4  Vrjtft&U4  quando  mn  umatur  arcem  dt* 

fendere, 

5  Ard  male  munitA  prafe^lHs, 

4    Vix  efi  vf  chra  igmmmam  arx  hop  tra  - 
datur. 

€  7    Bom 


De   ivre   et   off.   bell, 

7  Boni  ne  an  waliflw  adferat  reip,  arcli 

8  Extraneis  non  facile  accejjui  adarcem  ci- 

cedi  debet. 

CaPVT      XVIII. 

SI  (erui  dominis  periculo  capitis  cu- 
ftodiam  domus ,  tarn  a  domefticis, 
a ;  i,»»/»w».  quam  ab  extraneis  praeftarecoguntura; 
^HiUn.  '  ^  quantomagisilli,  quibuscuftodiaarcis 
veloppidij&publicafaluscommiflaeft: 
pro  qua  tuenda  nullum  periculum ,  nul- 
loscruciatus,  necmortcdeniqueipfam 
quifquam  recufare  debet :  quare  exadif- 
fima  diligetia  pr'asftari  debet  in  arcis  cu- 
b  atfier^nto  ftodia^.Itaquelcgeluliamaieftatistenc- 
/atndi.D.de  tUf  ^qui arccm non tenuit,aut caitta ho- 1 
pr^fc  vi^L  ftibusconceflitMtaqueL.Rupiliusco- 
iJ!m0ie(i, '  ^ul  eo  bello,  quod  cum  fugitiuis  gellit  in 
Sicilia,  Q-Fabiumgenerumfuum^quia 
negligentiaTauritanam  arcem  amiferar, 
d  vai.mx.  prouinciaiufHtexcedere^.  C.  CortaP. 
Ub.z.cap.j.  ^yreiimii  Pecuniolafanguinefibitun- 
dum,  qucm  Liparitanae  obfidioni ,  rpfe 
ad  aufpicia  rcpctenda  Mcflanam  tranfi- 
turuSj  praefecerat,  virgisca*fumgregalis 
miliria^munere  inter  peditesfiingicoe- 
git^  quod  cius  culpa  agger incenuis,  & 

paene 


Liber   teRtivs.  21^ 

paenecaftrafuerantcaptaMVl. Antonias,  a  VaiMax, 
cum  agger  ab  hoftibus  incenfus  efTet,  ex  ''^'''  ""^-^. 
hisquiinoperefueranr,duarumcohor- 
tium  legionesdecimauit ,  &  in  fingulos 
decurionesanimaduertit,legatumcuni 
ignominia  dimifit ,  reliquis  ex  iegione 
hordeuaidariiuffitb.  T.TurpiliusSyl-  bAppianin 
lanusVaccaeoppidi  pr^efedus,  quddv-  ^«^^•p*»'''/'. 
nus  ex  omnibus  profugiilec,  omnibus 
fuisinilitibuS5qui  in  praefidioerant,  per 
fraudem  obtruncatis  ,  iuffus  a  Metello 
caufamdicercj  poftquam  (e  parumex- 
purgatjCodemnatus.verberatusquepoe- 
nascapitefoluit^QiCincinnatusdida-  c  Saiu^.m 
tofjCO  temporejquo  deuidii£qui,&  fub  ^«^-  i«i»»^. 
iugum  mirfi,  L.Munitiuni,  quern  ab  ob- 
fidionehoftium  liberauerat,  cofulatum 
deponere  coegit,&  omnium  reru  pra?da 
fuo  tantum  milicideditjndignum  enim 
maximo  imperio  credidir,  quern  no  fua 
virtus,  fed  foffa  vallumque  turura  prf  (li- 
terate cuiqueverecundianon  fueratjar- 
ma  Romana  metu  trepida  claufis  porris 
contineri^.  Porro  Alexander  Macedo  *^  L''*''^'3. 
quendam  cadelli  cuftodiae  prsepofitum 
obdefertam  ftationem  nece  multauir.  8c 
Carthaginienfes,ciim  Mamertini  a  Ro- 
manis  praefidium  accepilTent,  Carthagi- 

e  2  nienfium 


De     IVRE     ET     off.    BEtt» 

nienfium  prsefidio  cxpulfo,  praefe(5ium 
prDefidij ,  quodformidincatqueignauia 
nVoi^ihXu  arccmamififlet^cruciaffixcrunta.  Verif- 
fime  ccrte  Alexander  audiens  Aornum, 
faxum  in  India ,  natura  loci  inexpugna- 
bilem  efTe,  kd  a  formidulofo  homine  te- 
neri :  Hoc  facit5inquit,vt locus ifteiam 
b  viia.h  a-  facilis captu  fn^.Et pra?clare  Lacedemo- 
P^A  niusquidamnobilis,  Philippominitati 
muldsfeprohibiturum,  nifi  ciuitasfibi 
traderetur :  Num,  inquit5&  pro  patria 
mori  prohibebis  ?  Fortiter  quoque  & 
prudentcr  L.Pinarius  i€nna?  in  Sicilia 
pr^fedus  prgfidij,quod  inarceerar.nam 
iEnnenfium  principibus,  quideprodi- 
tione  pr^fidij  padi  erant  cQ  Himilconc, 
cum  nulla  occafio  fraudis  pateret ,  pro- 
paiam  agentibusvrbem ,  arcemqueru3e 
poteftatis  efTe  debere ,  &  claues  portarii 
fibireddicotendentibuSjeoquodliberi 
in  focietatem,  no  ferui  in  cuftodiam  tra- 
diti  edent  Romanis:  ita  Pinarius  refpon- 
dit:Sein  pr^fidioimpofitumefleabim- 
peratorefuo^clauesqucportarum&cu- 
ftodiamarcisab  eoaccepifle^quamnec 
fuo,  nee  iEnnenfium  arbitrio  haberet, 
fedeiusquicommififler*  pra?fidio  exce- 
dereapud  Romanes  capitaleefle,  &ne 

liber  o- 


Liber  tertivs.  ^ij 

liberorum  etiam  fuorum  caufa  parentes 
fanxifTe^confuIcm  Marcellu  baud  procul 
efle:  ad  eum  mitteret  legatos,cuius  iuris 
atque  arbitrij  cflet  .  iEnnenfibus  vero 
negantibus  le  mifTuros ,  teftatibus  fi  ver- 
bis nihil  agerenr ,  vindidam  aliquam  li- 
bertatisfugquffituros.-Pinnariusfaltem 
populiconfilium  fibidari  poftulauit,  vt 
fcirer  vtrum  paucorum  eadcnunciata, 
an  vniuerfae  ciuitatisefTentj  &confenfu 
eorum  concionein  pofterum  diem  indi- 
6ta,&vnaoninibusclauesreddiiubenti- 
bus,  cun(5lantique  &  difFerenti  ferociter 
minitantibus:  turn  prjcfeduSjCum  nihil 
proficeret  toga,  fignum,  vtconuenerat, 
militibus  dedit,  a  quibus  -^nnenfcs  im- 
petu  fa(ao  mifere  trucidati  funtr&iEnna 
hoc  facinore  reteta  eft.Marcellus  fadum 
non  improbauit ,  &  prsedam  ^nnefium 
militibus  conceffit:ratus  timore  deterri- 
tostemperaturosaproditioneprgfidio- 
rum  Siculos  a.  Et  haec  certe,qu5e  hade-  a  DV.  /.24.. 
nusdidafuntjconueniuntiisjqusecofti- 
tutionibusregiii  Hifpania?  ftatuta  funr, 
quibus  cautum  eft  ,  non  debere  quern 
2  mortem  recufarc  *  pro  arcis  defenfione, 
pro  qua  tueda fortiter  (e  quihbet  gerere 
debet 3  etiara  contra  patrcm,  filium  vel 

e  3  quondam 


De   ivre   et    ofe.  bell. 
quondam  dominum  ;  ncque  tanti  quis 
facere  debet  mortem  vel  quodcunque 
periculum,  qusefiinttranfiroria,  quam 
infamiam ,  quse  illi ,  pofterisque  fuis  in 
perpetuum  inuiitur,  fi  honori  fuonon 
iKeg.uLiz  farisfecerit^.  &  quidem  necefTitatcfamis 
iM  .par.2.  ^Qg^j^j^^  potiusfiliumcomedere debet, 
b  Kegjib.y,  quam  hoftiarcededatiniulTu  Domini''. 
faatiuetl  neque excufabitUF fi dcdat arccm ,  exeo 
^MfbofTi  ^^^^^  quod  hoftcs  minitentur  mortem 
Tle^j.6&  vxoii5autliberis,autquiburuisaIiisc.  (a- 
J2,f«.i8.   Jus  enim  reip.  charitaii  liberorum  prse- 
^J.zi.pa^.i.  ferri  debet  d.  Itaque  Alphonfus  Perez 
i.z.ut.z.par.  Gufmannus,  poft  femeftremTarifae  ob- 
'ki.poflimi.  fidionem,  hoftibus,  nequicquam  omni- 
nmm  \  films  bus  tentatis^mlnltantibus^nifi  oppiduni 
JJp^^^i^'  dedcretufj  filiumreillius,  quern  apudfe 
'«er,         habebatinterfedurumrrefpoditjfilium 
patriae,  neque  cum  immortalegenuifTe, 
quo  (e  orbarijfi  fors  ita  ferret,quam  pi  £- 
/idiodecedere,&fidcmfrangerefibipo- 
tius  efTe.illud  enim  fieri  vel  cum  fua  glo- 
ria pofle,  hoc  fine  fuo  dcdecore ac  fcele- 
re  non  po(re,atque  ita  filium  in  cofpe^ 
fuo  ab  hofte  nefario  fcelere  necari  pafTus 
eft.  Et  quidem  huius  difciplina^tam fe- 
uericenforesfuereHifpani:  vtexeorum 
conftitutionibuspra^fcdusarcis ,  etiam 

alio 


Liber  tertivj.  218 

aliocxiuftacaufa  fubftitutOjqui  arcem 
hoftibus  tradidit,  nihilominus  fit  reus 
criminislsefa!  maieflads^.   Porro  dim  a  ^%'-'«^ 
iufticiaalienum  fit  quern  fine  culpa  pu-     '^  ^**' 
niri,  &  qui  culpa  vacar,  etiam  a  poena  li- 
ber efTedebeat^ifi  pr^fedoarcis  forte  ab  hlfantimttt. 
hoftibuscaptse,  vel  iisdeditae nulla om-  ^•'^</'«'»»'f- 
ninoculpaaut  negligetia  imputaripof-  «^.««r. 
3  fit  *,  eum  etiam  a  poena  fecurum  effe  de- 
tereaequitasfuadet  ^.  cuius  rei  etiam  a  c/zow  mi- 
veteribusrationem  habita  fuifieindicat  alcijhr'^' 
certamendeM.LiuiopraefedoarcisTa- 
rentinse,  aliis  fententiisfiiisnotantibus 
pra?re(5lum,qu6deiusrocordiaTaretum 
prodirumhoftiefTet,  aliis  pr^miadecer- 
nentibuSjquod  per  quinquennium  arce 
turatus  effet ,  maximeque  vnius  eius  o- 
perareceptum  Tarentum  effet ;  mediis 
adcenfores,  non  adfenatumnotioncm 
deeopertincredicetibus^,  Et  L.Attilio  <l  Uf-K^?* 
prxfedopra?fidij  Locrenfis,cum  videret 
dcditionem  a  ciuibus  ad  Poenos  fa^tam 
impedire  non  poffe^vitio  datum  no  fuit^ 
quod  fecum  militibusRomanis,quicii 
coerant,  vt  coscrudelitatihoftiueripe- 
ret,&reipubl.incolumesferuaret,Rhe- 
gium  deuehi  palTus  eft  ^  Itaque qui  ne-  e  LiVr.  /.24« 
celTitate  coa<^us,quam  ne  di  j  quidem,  vt 

e  4  quodatn 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
quodam  loco  ait  Liuius ,  fuperare  poP- 
a  c,  'uu,i»  ^""^  omnihumanaopedeftitutus,  arce 
feit!ftn.  'ati.  hofti  tiadit ,  eum  nullo  fuppliciodignu 
Z\Tu^J^t  effcexiftimo.namqqifacitquodpotuit, 
ti'i  oioff. (T  legem  impleuit .  &  vafallus  non  tenetur 
^^.m  fi^^c^if^tcJi^  praeftare domino,  nifi quate- 
w.  nusfacere  poteft*.  impoffibiliumenim 

hitextm^^  nulla  cftobllgatio.  Vndeeosqui  necef- 
u.j.c^p.h.  iitate  coadti  Schoraarcera  a  Turcis  ob- 
VfAK^adco.  ^^^^^  iifdem  dediderant,  Vcnetias  re- 
jitt.reg.^L  uerfosin  nullamreprehefionemvenifle 
inctpu  Mi.  refert  Eenatius^.  intelligebatenim  fena- 
d  lo^nAmoi.  tus,quanta VIS  eflet  neceliitatiSj  cui  nulla 
(oncii  34.    virtus  poteft  refiftere.  hinc  plerique  cxi- 

Vecnti  con.      /i^'  *       •     .  •     n  r^  i  • 

€oo.««.i3.  itimantciuiratem^qugiufto  praendioca- 
?amr.conc.i  tct ,  cxcufaria  crimine  laefae  maieftatis,  fi 
TulLn.'  ^o(\i  dedatur  ^ :  praefertim  fi  non  mitta- 
Grat.conc.s.  tuf  fubfidium  ^i  & praefcdlumarcis nofi 
S*,.  '^''  teneriarcemdefendere*,fircxegqu2ead4 
f  <r.  I.  quai,  defenfionemfuntnecefIaria,nonfuppe' 
^^-Tifffil  ditct^  Quo  facit  quod  vafallus  non  te- 
w.  &aitim  netur domino  feruitiapra?ftare, nee eun^ 
^';li?r.>ecognorcere,quotiesderelinquitvaral- 
ttibiiaU.et  lum  in  ncceflitate  .  &  CaroJus  Moli- 
f^.flxot\  "?"sg  tradit^quod  antiqui reges  Galli^e, 
ifit.  do!n,  cr  vrbibus ,  quasdefendere  non  poterant, 
^addit.ad  permittebantfehoftibusdedere.  Itaquc 
w«,(fcc.604,  exiftimo  prf  fe(Jlum  arcisforte  male  mu- 

nitae. 


Liber  tertivs,  2ip 

5  nitae*,  omniopehumana&fpcjfijbfidij 
deftitutum ,  quiquevim  hoftiumferre 
non  poffit  5  pado  vel  quocunque  modo 
fibi,&  pra^fidio  po{reconfulcre5&  arccm 
relinquere,pr2efertim  cum  omnibus  ne- 
quicquam  tentatiSjarcem  aeque  in  pote- 
ftatem  hoftium  venturam  fuifle  conftet. 
nonenimexfpcdandum  eft  id,  cuius  e- 
uentus  nihil operaripoteft^  Quofacit  ^ijupi^tio, 
quod  debitor  fpeciei  etiam  in  moraco-  $*f"*«*-  ^» 
ftitutus, non  tenetur de  mtentu  rei,qux  c«»/f 
seque  apud  creditorem  erat  peritura  \  i>/^/?/>w. 
non  tencbitur  ergo  arcis  pr2Bfe<ftus  fe  la.D.jefKtit. 
praefidiumqjindubitate  morti  obiiccre,  ^«-«i'- W 
qua  non  tarn  rempub.  ieruat,quam  pro-  ^^^.  d.  fi 
dit.VndeCallicratidas  Lacedsemonioru  ««p*'**. 
dux  merito  culpatus  fuit  ,  qui  cla/Iis,- 

quam  priuatse  glorise  iadura  facere  ma- 
luit :  &  Cleombrotus,  qui  inuidiam  ti- 
mens,temerecum  Epaminondacoflixir, 

6  Lacedf  monioru  opes  euertir  c.magni  c  cker,  off. 
enim  viri,  vt  inquit  Q.  Curtius ,  magis  ^^»»- 
eftcontemneremortemjquamodirtevi- 

tam^  &itaquidem  moriendumefTcpro 
patriadocet  Cicero^^fi  mortenoftra  pa-  d  officjiib,u 
triae ptofuturi  fumus,  Quacunque  itaq; 
ratione  omnino  (aluti  reipubl.  &  patriae 
confulendum  eric ,  fiue  dedidone ,  fiue 

e  5         morte 


De  ivre  et  off.  bell. 
mortc,  fi  opus  fit.  vir  eniinfortis  nihil 
fua,  omnia  pro  communivtilitatefacere 
iiMoff^u  dcbetjVt  aliolocooftcdimus^,  Hisadde 
^^fH/ii.2.  quQ^j^xcoftitutionibusregniHifpani^, 
qux  alioqui  fads  feuerg  funt,  is  qui  man- 
date regis  arci  male  coflrudje,  &  immu- 
nita?,iia  vtdefendi  non  pofTitjprajfedus 
fuerit,  idque  regi  indicauerit,no  incidit 
in  crimen  Ijefemaieftatis,  fihoftisvi,  & 
h^ig.hh.A'  fineculpaprgfecftiarcepotiaturb.Poteft 
TJ'J^*'^^'  quoqueprgfedusarcisexhaccau(a,red- 
ditarationejCurdcfendinonpoffit^etia 
non  expedato  hoflium  impetu ,  fi  forte 
rex  non  miferit  fuccelTorem  ,  arcem  de- 
fercre,  fecundum  normamiiHemcon- 
ftitutionib.prsefcriptam  :fi  puta  ipfe  pre- 
fedtus  noluerit  fufciperc  defenfionear- 
cR^./.2o.  cijc^  Cererumvtvtfitjnonnifimagno 
•/"»'■-2.  juji<~JQ  ^^  2j.^3J5  ^  yei  oppidi  cuftodiam 
quis accedere debet^  &  ita  fe  grrere, vt  fi 
forte  quid  aduerficontingat,  ScneccfTi- 
tateaddeditionemcompellatur:  vtnon 
ta  videatur  id  metu  mortis  fecifie ,  quam 
vt  fe  fuosque  reipubl.  confcruaret,  &  ex 
arcemox  omnino  futurahoftium,faltc 
prxfidium  reipubl.  eriperet.  &certevt 
maxime  viri  fortis  officio  fun(5tus  fit,  ta- 
men  vixeft ,  vt  citra  ignorainifle  notam 

arcem 


Liber  tbrtivs.  220 

6  arcemtradat\nain  fi  turpeapudveteres 
habitumfuit,  militem  vnumin  potefta- 
tcm  hoftium  venire.vt  fuperius  oftcndi- 
musa:  quidde  prxfcdo  dicemus,  qui  a'c.d.m^i 

Alius    .  ^M*'"  r  ,  J  1  »» actt  loco 

praefidio  impolitus  &  mreiurando  ad  cduru,i. 
defenfionem  arcis  fc  aftrinxit .  Nihilo- 
minus  rubcundaerit  potius  hf  c  ignomi- 
niajfiitareipub.expediar^quamnequic- 
quam  defendendo5&  fe  fuos^ue  dedcdo 
ad  necem,patriam  deferere,  ac  prodere: 
vtaliolocodiximusb.  Sed  &  ali^  funt  b/^-j^ 
partes prxkdi ,  alia?  militis:  hicfortiter  •" 
pugnarcjillequodreipub.  expeditcura- 
redeber,  Porro  non  mediocris  difcepta- 
tionisfuit  inter eos,  quiderepubl.  fcri- 
pferunt.boni  ne  an  mali  plus  adferat  rei- 

7  pub.  arcis  exftruaio^&quamuis  pleriq; 
inutilem  &  periculofam  effearcem  in  b- 
ptimarep.exiftimentjRomatameaGal- 
lis  capta  praefidio  Capiiolij  rccuperata 
fuit:  &  ^nna  oppidum,  de  qua  fuperius 
diximus,  arcis  &  pr^ridijbeneficiofer- 
uata  fuit .  Multas  iraque  puto  pofTe  exi- 
fterecaufas^exquibusvtiliSjimoneccf- 
fatia  fit  arcis  coftruaio  :  tarn  ad  hoftiu  m 
impeturtiexcipiendum,  quamad  ciues 
in  pace  conferuandos.  Quod  reliquu  efl, 
arcispraefedosmonitosvelim  5ne  facile 

extra- 


De  Ivre  et  opf.  bell, 
extraneis*,  prsefertim  fortibus  viris,  &  8 
principibus^adituminarcemprsebeant, 
memores  cofilij  Pyrrhi  Epirotarum  re- 
gis :  qui  cum  Athenasvenifret,&  inarce 
Palladis  dedudus  eflet ,  natura  &  arte 
rnunitiffima ,  qu'am  magna  admiratione 
contemplatuseratimonuit  principcs ci- 
uiratiSjquieumcomitabanturjneinpo- 
fterum  vlli  regum  poteftatem  facercnt 
ampliusarcem  ingrediendi,  ne  oppor- 
tunitatem  prxfidij  nadusquifpiameam 
inuaderet:  quodconniiumgratum  fuic 
Athenienfibus, 

DE  FVRTIS  ET  ALUS  QVIBVS- 

DAM    DELICTIS    MILITARIBVS. 

/     Mil'ttes  in  furta  defrehenfi  quompdo  ftt-^ 

niendL 
2     Tribum  quale  mfiurandum  exigerc  fdet. 
S     Ti^n  licu'tt longtta  4  tub<ii  audttn  difc^ 

dere. 
4.     Commilitommgladioferire  capitale. 
J      Dare  fc  miUtemyCm  no  Ucefgrauc  crimt* 
S     ^atfapromtUtegerit  funitur. 
7     ^J!}  A  P^  ciuegerUfunitur^ 

Ca  P  V  T    XIX. 

NOn  aliaobcaufam,  vteftapudPIa- 
tonem  de  rep.  homo  in  lupum  cori- 

uerfus 


Liber  tbrtivs.  221 

uerfiis  fuifle  a  poetis  fingitur  ,  qu^m 
quod  rapinis  &  funis dediti ,  hominetn 
dc  humanitatem  prorfus  exuifTe  videan- 
turjfintqjiamnontam  reipfa  homines, 
quam  nomine.ideoque  grauibus  poenis 
cocrcendifunt:  &  quamuis  nulla  poena 
corporalisobfurtumjiureciuili  inter  cl- 
ues ftatuta  fit:  folent  tame  imperatores, 
adfirmandam  difciplinam  militarem,  a 
militibus  in  furto  deprehenfis  feuerio- 

^  respoenasexigcre*.  Itaque Tiberius mi- 
litemprsetorianumjobfurreptumeviri- 
dariopauonem,capitepuniuita.  Aufi-  aStwfo^w 
dius  CailiusmiliteSjquiprouincialibus  ^*^*^* 
vim  aut  damnum  inferrent,  in  crucem 
fuftulit :  extantque  in  banc  rem  innu- 
mera  veterum  imperatorum  excmpla. 
Paulusvcro  I.  C.  militem  in  furto  bal- 
neariodcprehenfum,  ignominiamitte- 
dum  refponditb.  Solent  autemtribuni,  bmi.vk.D, 

*  vbicaftrametataeflent^'jab  omnibus  li-  '^M»**^ 
beris  &  feruis,  qui  in  caftris erant ,  iufiu- 
randumexigere,  fe  nihil  e  caftris furto 
ablaturos;&  fi  quis  quid  inuenifTet^id  ad 
tribunos  allaturum'' .eiusque  iurifiuradi  <=  ^^b^i»^ * 
formulam  refcrt  GelH,&  vtarapinacd-  dTi.%.c*4 
tinerentur  militeSj  nonlicui.tlongiusa 

3  lub^auditu^'j  nifi  imperatoris  aut  tribu- 

niiuifu^ 


De      TVRE    ET     off.  BELt, 

ni  iufTu  5  extra  munimenta  abire ,  neque 

9f>tpraJee-  agmeexcederccquade  re  alibi diximus*. 

"**^^*^'     M.Cato  in  furro  comprehends  inter  co- 

militones  dextras  debere  pr^cidi  ccfuir, 

Modeftinus  eum ,  qui  arma  aliena  fiirri- 

bio/.  3.  ^.  puit.gradumilitif  pellendumrefpoditb. 

luH*miit.    Et fcdulo olim  cauebatur,  vt  maximum 

militum  vinculum  putaretfinguloruin 

amorem  ^  velut  inexplicabilem  nexum: 

vnde  etiam  commilitonem  gladio  ferire 

*capitalefuit :  quiautemlapide  vulne-  4 

c  /.  3m»s.^.  raifetjmilitiareijciebatur^^.Praetereami- 

n'Zt?'^'^  les  honoris  fui  prodigus  ,  qui  pecunia 

tranfigitcum  mcecho  vxoris fua? ,  facra- 

4  '•'"'^*^^-  men  to  foluitur,  &  deportatur  "*.  Graue 

^.      **  quoque crimen  habetur,  dare  fe  milite*  5 

cuinonlicet;&augeiur,vtinGeterisde- 
eL2.D.ier9  h(5lis5dignitate5gradu, fpecic militiaE*^. 
m$id,  Quiautem  pro  militefegerit^cum  mi-  6 
fUminfirM,  les  non  fit,punitur  poena  falfi^  Quo  fpe- 
^faiji!:'''  ^^^  J^x  a  CralTo  &  Scxuola  confl.  lata: 
gCkeroof.  nefcilicet  quis,  quici«is*non  eft,  pro  7 
J^^;^  ^.^  ciuefegeratg:  isqueperegrinitatisreus 
in  cZ*  dicebatur^^  Eftautem  poena falfidepor- 
on,*?c/4^  tatiOjCum  pubhcationebonorum». 

DE  PRAEMIIS  MILITVM. 

-  J     Ref^ubl.oft'migttbernaturfana^fr*" 
mio. 

2     Mili' 


Liber   tertiv5.  riz 

2     CHilites  pr^mils  excitandi, 
^     Mult  a  fTdmta  mditihus  propofita, 

4  Optma  fpolia  (jua. 

5  Triumfhuiquandodecerni  folitm, 

6  CM  OS  triuwfhandi  quamdiu  manferit  a- 

fud  Rom. 
/     Romamex  frouinciU  (^  oppidis fubafi is 

nomina  fumchant, 
S     Milttaria  dona  varia  fuere» 
p      Idilttares  coror?£  quji, 
J  0  Fropofito  prdmio  primum  muros  afcen^ 

dentt^fiplures  fimtd  confcendant^ 
1 1  Frdmta  parenubm  mortuu  debit  a  conce- 

dun tur  fill  IS. 

Ca  P  VT     XX. 

NVll  a  re  melius remp.  gubernari, 
quam  poena  &pr^mio*3multis  phi- 
lofbphorum  fententiiscomprobatuell:. 
ex quibus Solon,  qui  fapiensvnuscxfc- 
ptem,&  legumfcriptor  folusfuir^remp. 
conftaredixir.&Democritusduosom- 
nine  deos  efTe  cefuit,  Poenam  &  Benefi- 
cium.  Lyfander  rogatuSjquam  reip.  for- 
mam  maximeprobaret :  in  qua,  inquit, 
fortibus&ignauisfuQtribuitur\Theo-  3?/«^?.»«  <?- 
phraftus  interrogatus,  quidnam  vitam  ^'^  * 
humanammaximeconleruaretjrefpon- 

dit^be- 


Dh    IVRH   ET    off,  BEtt, 

dit^beneficium  &  poena .  Cicero  neque 
domum,nequc  rempub.ftare  pofle,  d  in 
ca  nee  rede  fadis  praemia  exftent  vlla, 

iienit.dt0.  necfupplicia  peccatisafTerit^  Etnemo 

**•        in  rcip,  periculis  cu  laude  ac  virtute  ver- 

fatur,  vt  idem  ait  3  quinfpe  pofteritatis 

b  or4t,fro  fcuCtuauQ  ducatur ^.  Apud  quos  autem 

^  maxima  virtutis  pra?mia  proponuntur, 

apud  illos  etiam  optimos  viros  guber- 
nare  dixit  Thucydides.  vbi  enim  vberri- 
ma  virtutis  praemia  propofita  eflent,  ad 
ca  Optimo  quofque  in  rempubl*  animo 
contendere.  &vt  Plinius ad Traianum 

tmPane^r.  (cripfit^ :  Prsemiabonorumalorumque, 
bonosacmalosfaciunt :  omniumq;  be- 
neficiorum,  quse  merentibus  tribuutur, 
non  ad  ipfbs  gaudium  magis ,  quam  ad 
fimilesredundat.  atque  eo  impendi  la- 

<J  Hh.^»  borem  ac  periculum  dicit  Liuius  **,  vnde 
emolumetum  atque  honosfperetur,  ni- 
hilque  non  aggrefTuros  homines ,  fi  ma- 
gnis  conatibus  magna  praemia  propo- 
nantur,  magnosqueanimos  magnis  ho- 
noribus  fieri.  I  taque  Socrates  ciuitatera 
optima  effe  dixit  5in  quaplurima  virtuii 
praemiaefTent propofita.  VndeDemo- 

c  ^iuerjifi    fthenes^:  Studio,inquit3&  magna?  curae 

^''        vobis  cfle  debet ,  Athenienfes ,  cum  vt 

omnes 


LffifiR    TERTIVS.  223 

omnes  leges  vcftrae  praeclariffima?  fintj 
rum  ver6h«  inprimis^quasciuitateauc 
inagnam  aut  paruam  efficere  pofTunt-eai 
ver6  qua? funtc^hfle  nimirum^quae  &  bene 
mentis  honoremhabent 5  &  improbos 
fuppliciiscoercent.  nam  fi  omnes  poe-- 
narummetu,  qu*elegibus  fancitSBfunr, 
maleficiis  omnibus  abftineat,  &  omnes 
praemiisbeneficiorum  inuitati  officium 
facereftudeant :  quid  obftat,  quo  minus 
ciuitas  florentiffima  efficiatur  ?  Quare 
quemadmodum  afpero  caftigationis  ge- 
nere  militaris  difciplina  indiget  :ita  quo- 

2quepra?miisadvirtutem^cxcitandirunt 
milites»  inquoaplerifque  pcccaturjeo 
quodjVtTadtusait^procliui'fitiniuria?, 
quam  beneficio  vice  cxfoluereiquia  gra- 
tia onerijvltio  in  quseftu  habetur ;  cu  ta- 
men  ideo  multaepereantrefp.  vtait  Eu- 
ripides in  Hecuba,  quod  qui  bonus  & 
ftrenuus  eft  vir,  nihil  plusquam  igna- 
uusfcrtprsemij.  Cyrus  auremilitarivir- 
tute  pr^ftantibus  viris  maximum  hono- 
rem  habuit^Sc  multis  eos  prgmiisafFecir. 
ApudRomanos  quoqueplurimavirtu- 

3  tis  prsemia*  militibus  propofita  fuere., 
qug  hie  obiter  recenfebimus.  Itaque  in- 
primisducibus^regibuscjue^quorumau- 

f         fpicio 


De    IVRB    ET     off.    BELt. 

fpicio  res  gercbantur  ,  quique  fuifinet 
corporibusdimicantes^  fpolia  hoftiuni 
ducibus  derraxiifent ,  quae  opima*voca-  4 
bant  5  praemij  caufa  tributum  eft,  vt  opi- 
ma  ilia  fpolia  loui  Feretrioincapitoliu 
ferrent:  quae  ter  folum  a  Romanis  duci- 
bus ,  qui  fortem  ftrenuamquc  operam 
reip.nauarutjdelatafuiirecomperimus. 
Prima  Romulus  vrbis  audor&  parens, 
de  Acrone  Casninenfiu  duce^poft  raptas 
Sabinas  detulifle  fertur  :  quo  tempore 
&u».ub.u  louis  Fcretrijtemplumdicauit^  ncque 
magno  poft  interuallo ,  Cornelius  Cof- 
fuSjdux  ea  terapeftate  inclytus,  fecunda 
dctulit  opima  fpolia  de  Larte  Tolunio, 
rege  Veientium, quern  acie  vicit  &  con- 
fa  Liv*. W.4.  fecjjb^  tertia  Claudius  Marcellus  manu 
flrenuus5&  bonus  imperator,deVirido- 
maro  Gallorum  duce,  apud  Padu  vi<5to, 
tb.i,cM^2,*  opima  fpolia  deportauitS  Fueruntprae- 
tereafummisducibusob  rem  bello  bene 
geftamtriumphidecreti^:  qux  maxima  5 
merces vidoriae  fuit.  fed  non  ex  quibuf- 
cunque  vidoriis  triupharelicitum  fuit: 
fed  ciim  bellorum  &  vidoriarumcaufe 
eo  munere  dignaeviderentur.  fuit  enim 
legecautum,  nequistriumpharct,  nifi 
qui  quinque  millia  hoftium  vna  acie  ex» 

cidiiTer. 


LiBER   TERTIVS.  224 

cidi(ret5&  magnas  copiasiufta  acie  fudiP 
fer.  poena  im  peratoribus  infli(fla,qui  aut 
hoftium  occifbrum  in  pra?lio ,  autamif. 
forum  ciuiumfalfum  niimerum  fenatui 
rcferrent .  nam  nee  cum  qui  magnis  ac- 
ceptiscladibuSj&  nimium  cruetavi<5to- 
ria  e(kt  potitus  ,  tanquam  lugubri  6c 

Eaiui  compendij,  quod  multis  funeri» 
us,  non multis commodisrcmp.  afFe- 
cilTet,  triumphare  palTi  fun t .  Fuit  quoq; 
legecautum,  vtnonnifiproaudoim- 
perio,  non  pro  recupcratis  his  qu^  bcllo 
amiffa  erant5triumphus  cuiquam  decer- 
nerctuf  :&  quide  itadcmunij/i  fuodudtu 
&aufpicio,  &infua5  noninalienapro- 
uincia ,  eaque  pacata ,  &  nuUo  manente 
bdlohoftesprofligafret&vicifret,  Pr^- 
tcrea  fi  contra  piratasjferuos,  aut  fugiti- 
uos,  velaliud  genus hominu Romano 
nomine indignumbellatumforet 5  tan- 
quam belli  caufa  erubefcenda ,  quamuis 
partavidoria,authoftibusfufis,euerfiP 
que.nemini  triumphare  licuit.Fuitquo» 
queanimaduerfum  ,  tametfi fufis  fuga- 
tisquehoftibusrestriumphodignasim- 
peratores  geffifTent^fi  tamen  nequc  con- 
rul,nequcpraetorcxercituipra?fui(ret:& 
nifilcgitiraura  haberet  magiftratum,cu- 

f  2  ius 


De  ivre   et   off.  bell, 
iusdudu  &  impcrio  vidi  effent ,  &  pro- 
fligati  hoftes ,  triupharc  ncmini  fas  full, 
Sed  &  exduobusimperatoribusin  ma- 
giftratu  pofitis,illi  qui  fupremo  gradu  e- 
ratjfoli  triumpharepermiflumfuit:  ne 
fcilicet  in  honoretriumphi  minor  pote- 
ftasmaiori9quaretur:neueaufpicia,qug 
maioris  magiftratus  erant ,  cum  minori- 
busconfuriderentur.  ideoqueconful  cu 
didatore  aut  praetore  non  friumphabat. 
exhisautemcaufis,  ex  quibus  Komani 
duces  triumphare  non  potuerunt ,  mi- 
noribus  triuphis  8c  ouadone  honefbti 
funt*  Porro  quantumuis  quis  praeclaras 
res  maximeq;  vtiles  reipubl.  ciuili  bello 
geffiflet,  imperator  tame  eo  nomine  ap- 
pellaius  non  eft5neque  vllaefupplicatio- 
nesdecretaefunt,  nequeaut  ouans^aut 
triumphans  vrbem  intrauit :  quia  vt  ne- 
cefTaria?  iftse  ;  ita  lugubres  femper  exi- 
Aimata?  vidorise  fuinrvrpote  non  exter- 
nOjfeddomeftico  parte  cruore.  Conftac 
quoqueciuem  Romanum^quamuis  rei- 
publ. perniciofum&infeftum,  bello  vi- 
dumin  triupho  duci  no  potuifle.  Man- 
fit  aut6  mos  Romae  de  domitis  nation!- 
bus  bello  vidis  rrium phandi*,  ad Probu  6 
vfqi  impcraeorerojqui  vltimus  Ca§farum 

trium- 


Liber  tertivs.  225 

triumphafTc  dicitur »  Plura  de  iiirc  triii- 
phandi,  &  quo  apparatu  &  popa  Roma- 
ni  triumphos  ageren  t ;  videre  licet  apud 
Val.Max^&  Alexand^ab  Alex*>.  Solent  ^  ^^•2<•'«^8 
quoq-,  Romani  duces  honoris  caufajcx  \b7.fap!z2. 
oppidis&prouinciis  vi fubadis  cogno-  &i^(>-(-6" 

7  mentadefumere'^,  vttres  Meteili :  vnus  ^'^* 
ex  deui(5ta  Numidia,  Numidici :  alter  ex 
Macedonia, Macedonici  :tertius  ex  Gre- 
ta, Cretici  cognomcnta  fumpfere.  Fuit 
quoque  Meteilus  Balearicus^  ex  deuidis 
Balearibusdenominarus :  Martius  Co- 
rioIanus,exCoriolisoppidoVolicoru: 
duo  Scipiones  Africani,maior  &  minor, 

ex  Africa:  &  Scipio  quoque  AfiaticuSjCx 
Afiacognomina  tulere^  fimiliter&alij 
quampiurimi,  quorum  exempla  fccuti 

Eoftea  Carfares ,  ex  bello  domitis  genti- 
us  nationibusque  illuftriacognometa 
ad  immortalem  gloria  tulere.  Sxpe  po- 
puli  dccrero ,  nonnunquaacclamatione 
ienatus.  vndeArabici,  Adiabenici,  Par- 
thici,  Armenici,  Germanici ,  Sarmatici, 
Africi  diuerfis  tituliscognomina  cepe- 
rc^.Rorro  militariadona^quae  prifcis  te-  ^'Vf**^; 
poriDus  multibus  fortem  in  belio  opera  ^emaidttr, 
nauantibuSjaducibusdabaturjfuereva-  '«^•^•f''?-»»» 

8  ria*:  &  quide  precia  militi.^  inter  alia  hec 

f  3  habita 


Dfi    TVRE    ST   OFF,   BELl, 

habita  funt  maxima  :  vt  pod  exhauftos 
labores,  militesemeritis  ftipendiis,  fen- 
guine  &  fudore  partis  agris  donarentur, 
hos  cnim  IsetiiTimosfrudtus ,  veiut  opti- 
mampr^dam  laborum  periculorumc^ue 
1  f>4td  tu  I  accipiebant '.  Prater  ha?c,  vt  ad  decora 
»»'^/''^*«:militiaemagisacccndcrentanimos,quo- 
/.'a  d!m  4"^ honoratior teftatiorque eorum vir» 
Hftnirc  exL  fus  forct ,  pracmio  propofito  militares 
^J^,"^^^  coronas  ,  ampliirimaquc  alia  honoris 
*  munera  inuenere  :  vtpore  aureos  tor« 
ques,dupliccm  annonam,  interdum  mi* 
litiae  vacationem ,  nonnunquam  duplex 
ftipendium  ob  virtutis  praemium  impe- 
ratoreslargitifunt :  fuereque  illi,  quorii 
opera  in  belloinfignisexftitiflet ,  perdi- 
t^eque  &  afflidtae  res  reftitutae  effent,  plu- 
rics  donis  muneribusque  aifedi.  Itaquc 
legiraus  L.Sicinium  Dentatum,  virum 
clarumingeniofa(5tis4ue,obegregiafa- 
cinoramilitaria,  praeter  odtoaurcas co- 
ronas, ciuicas  quatuordecim ,  murales 
trcs^obfidionale  vnajtorquibus  cixxxiij^ 
armillis  clx.  haflis  purls  duodeuiginti , 
b  v^Mae,  phakris  viginti  quinq;donatum  fuifle'»^ 
^J»  «^»»  huicproximus  fuit  Malius  Capitolinus, 
qui  fpolia  hoftiu  caeforu  ad  xxx.  retulit, 
&  dona  imperatorumad  xi.accepit:  in 

quibus 


Liber   tertivs.  J25 

quibus  duas  infignes  murales  coronas, 
ciuicasoao^Ncmoautem>quip^^cla^u  a  Lmi.s. 
facinus  gcfferat,  proutcuiufqimeritum 
virtusqj  fuiflet ,  milicaribus  donis  indo- 

p  natusabiir.  Militares  verocoronas^fue- 
runtmultifariasitriuphaleSjOualeSjObfi- 
'dionalcs^ciuicafjmurales^nauales^caftre- 
fes,quibus  donabatur  imperatores,  &  a- 
lij,quivrbes,  caftra,  aurcxercitusobfi- 
dione  hbcraflent,  ciucmque  feruafTentj 
primiimue  muros  hoftium  afcendilTct  t«  ^  ceiUnoa^ 

lo  Porro  propofito  prf  mio*,  primu  muros  "^"    *^'*'^ 
hoftium  afcedenii ,  fi  duo  vel  plures  vna 
confcedant  eodemometo^an  praemium 
omnibusdebeatur  3  qua^ri  folet  ^  an  vero 
ncmini.&videturneminideberi^^rquod  ^^'^/"^7^ 
inuicefibi  obftat,  &  alter  alteri  fit  impc-  d^in, 
dimeto**,  &  inter  partes  nulla  po/TitefTe  ^  (;J'^^|.",'^ 
vidoriae.  idq;  veru  eft^fi  conftet  impcra-  fiit. 
toremvnitantudarivoluide^:  vtpore  fi  ^J-fi^^-^» 
pro  praemio aiiignet tale equu : nee enim  ^arxummto 
huiufmodi  fpecics  miiltiplicationereci-  '^•'•ww«w, 
pit.alioqui  vero  omnibus  praemium  de- 
beriexiftimo.  Nam,  vt  Africanus  refpo- 
ditg,primus  no  foliim  isdicitur,qui  ante  f^,  o/ae 
alique  efi:;  (kd  etia  is ,  ante  que  nemo  eft,  'v^io- p»ptL 
&Paulus^:  Proximuseftjinquitjquem  ^J^  a"^* 
ncmoantccedit.Idedicenduerit,etiamfi  wi».;W« 

dubium 


Db    IVRB   KT    OFF.  BELl, 

a  trfmttnit  dubium  fir,quispnorcon(ccderita.idq[j 

!.7Jw  «  c^^3"^  Scipiofccutuseft.  namciimcapta 

yu.D.JUrtb.  Carthaginc  nouajintcrQjTybcriliu cc- 

^'  turioncm  Icgionis  c\uzrxx^^  Sex.  Digi-» 

tium  fociu  nauale,  magna  contetio,quae 

propc  fcditioncm  efletj0riretur3&  quili- 

betprofitereturfeprimummurumafcc- 

dilTe :  ideocji muralis corona? decus ad fe 

pertinere:Scipio'c6cioneaduocatapro- 

nuciauitjfefatiscompcrtum  habere,  Q^ 

Tybcriliu  6c  Sex.  Digitiu  pariter  in  mu- 

rum  afcendiffe,  feque  eos  ambos  virtutis 

bLw7.26.  caufa  coronis  muralibusdonare^.  Au- 

guflus  ail  rem  faciliusphaleras,  torques, 

&quicquidauroconftaret5quammura- 

leSjCaftrefeSjautciuicas  coronas  munera 

dedit.  Ceterum  conftitutiones  quoquc 

Hifpani^  mulrapr^miaiiSjquifortemin 

bello  operam  nauarunr,tribuit<^ :  qua?  & 

^^*^'f'^  filiisdonaparetibusmortuisdebita*c6-  ^^ 

diu^/.s.   cedit^^.quodPififtratusolimcauiffefcr- 

^•''^•*'  tur.  Lege  vero  Solonisapud  Atheniefes 

cautum  fuir^vt  pra?ter  eadona,qua?  mill- 

tibus  duces  impartiti  f utrant ,  filij  qui  in 

bello  occubuiffent,  publicealerenrur,^ 

bonis  difciplinis  inftruerentur,  &  Con- 

Jjl'^uffic,  ftatinusfilios  in  paiernam  militiam  vo- 


CMfiLofjk, 

mLhbAz,    carivoIuit.« 


F    I    N    I    5i 


NOTE  AS  TO  ERRATA  IN  THE  ORIGINAL  TEXT. 

[Extracted  from  Translator's  Note  in  second  volume  of  this  work.] 

CORRECTIONS  OF  THE  TEXT. 

For  the  purposes  of  the  translation  the  following  corrections  of  the 
text  as  reproduced  photographically  in  Vol.  I  have  been  adopted : 


Page 

13,  1.  3  from  bottom,  read  sine.. sine 
for  siue.  .siue. 

52rt,  1.  15,  dele  ab. 

53fl^  1.  7,  read  debitor!  for  creditori. 

650,  1.  7,  read  inultum  for  multum. 

65«,  1.  1 1,  read  fastigio  for  flagitio. 

71,  1.  9,  read  induciis  for  iudiciis. 

98«,  11.  14,  15,  read  veritatem  for  a  veri- 
tate. 

98«,  1.  15,  read  nimis  for  ius. 

98«^  1.  17,  read  sine  for  siue. 

109,  1.  12,  read  mihi  for  tibi. 

131,  1.  14,  insert  iniusta  before  poena. 

133^^  11.  19  and  last,  read  Lavinii  for 
Lanuvini. 

1360,  1.  2  from  bottom,  insert  non  be- 
fore concedentibus. 

144,  1.  12,  insert  plena  before  ciuium. 

146«,  1.  20,  read  cxanimarentur  for  ex- 
aminarentur. 


Page 

150«,  1.  15,  read  agar  for  agger. 

151,  1.  6  from  bottom,  read  praebituri 

for  perituri. 
1840^  1.  8,  read  Macer  for  Marcianus. 
187,  1.  30,  read  Marcus  for  Decius. 
194«,  1.  10,  read  duces  for  duce. 
210,  1.  7  from  bottom,  read  Luceriam 

for  lucernam. 
21 1, 1.  3  from  bottom,  read  dedecore  for 

decore. 
215«^  1.  8  from  bottom,  read  Taurome- 

nianam  for  Tauritanam. 
218«,  1.  9,  read  Schodram  for  Schoram. 
226,  1.  1 1  from  bottom,  read  pares  for 

partes. 
[Note  also,  p.  4,  1.  9,  the  usual  reading 

is  oratores,   not   oratorum.     And, 

query,  p.  146,  1.  4,  read  coortos  for 

cohortesf^ 


ERRORS  IN  THE  MARGINAL  REFERENCES. 

These  are  not  uncommon,  and  the  second  edition — which  was  pub- 
lished at  Antwerp  in  1597,  therefore  after  Ayala's  death — gives  very 
little  help  in  detecting  them.  The  most  usual  error  is  in  a  number,  say  of 
a  Book  of  Livy  or  of  a  Causa  in  the  Decretum :  sometimes  a  passage  is 
assigned  by  mistake  to  the  Digest  instead  of  to  the  Code :  sometimes  a 
small,  but  disconcerting  slip  is  made  in  the  name  of  a  Title  in  the  Digest 
or  the  Code  (thus  de  non  fcsn.  is  given  for  de  nautico  fani.) . 

It  is  not  proposed  to  give  a  list  of  such  errors  as  have  been  found : 
instead,  the  translator  has  corrected  them  in  the  margin  of  the  transla- 
tion. In  the  few  cases  where  he  remains  baffled  (whether  by  an  error 
or  by  an  obscurity)  he  has  printed  the  reference  as  it  stands  in  the  orig- 
inal (see,  e.  g.,  note  «,  p.  100«,  vol.  i,  and  note  «,  p.  219,  vol.  i.). 


227 


UCSOUTHf  Rf,  (^ffiiii'jAi  I  ihRARY  FACILITY 


AA    001  004  809 


